TEDxBoston
Geraldine Hamilton: Body parts on a chip
Geraldine Hamilton: Dijelovi tijela na čipu
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Relativno je lako zamisliti novi lijek, bolji tretman za neku bolest. Teško je, pak, testirati ga, a to može odlagati obećavajuće nove lijekove godinama. U ovom dobro objašnjenom predavanju Geraldine Hamilton pokazuje kako njen laboratorij stvara organe i dijelove tijela na čipovima, jednostavnim strukturama sa svim potrebnim dijelovima za testiranje novih lijekova – čak i onih iskrojenih za jednu jedinu osobu. (Snimljeno na TEDxBoston)
Geraldine Hamilton - Bio researcher
Geraldine Hamilton builds organs and body parts on a chip -- to test new, custom cures. Full bio
Geraldine Hamilton builds organs and body parts on a chip -- to test new, custom cures. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We have a global health challenge
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Danas imamo globalni zdravstveni problem
00:14
in our hands today,
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u našim rukama,
00:16
and that is that the way we currently
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a to je da je način na koji trenutno
00:19
discover and develop new drugs
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otkrivamo i razvijamo nove lijekove
00:22
is too costly, takes far too long,
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preskup, predugo traje,
00:26
and it fails more often than it succeeds.
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i češće ne uspije no što uspije.
00:30
It really just isn't working, and that means
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Jednostavno ne radi, a to znači
00:33
that patients that badly need new therapies
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da pacijenti koji ozbiljno trebaju nove tretmane
00:36
are not getting them,
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njih ne dobivaju,
00:38
and diseases are going untreated.
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i bolesti ostaju neliječene.
00:41
We seem to be spending more and more money.
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Čini se da trošimo sve više i više novca.
00:44
So for every billion dollars we spend in R&D,
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Svakom milijardom dolara koje potrošimo u istraživanje i razvoj,
00:48
we're getting less drugs approved into the market.
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imamo manje i manje lijekova odobrenih za tržište.
00:52
More money, less drugs. Hmm.
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Više novca, manje lijekova. Hmm.
00:55
So what's going on here?
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Što se ovdje događa?
00:57
Well, there's a multitude of factors at play,
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U igri je više faktora,
01:00
but I think one of the key factors
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no mislim da je jedan od ključnih
01:02
is that the tools that we currently have
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taj da nas alati koje trenutno imamo na raspolaganju
01:04
available to test whether a drug is going to work,
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za provjeravanje hoće li lijek raditi,
01:08
whether it has efficacy,
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biti učinkovit,
01:10
or whether it's going to be safe
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ili pak biti siguran za uporabu
01:12
before we get it into human clinical trials,
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prije nego što počnemo s kliničkim testiranjima na ljudima,
01:15
are failing us. They're not predicting
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oni nas izdaju. Ne predviđaju
01:17
what's going to happen in humans.
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što će se dogoditi u ljudima.
01:21
And we have two main tools available
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I imamo dva glavna alata
01:23
at our disposal.
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na raspolaganju.
01:25
They are cells in dishes and animal testing.
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To su stanice u zdjelicama i testovi na životinjama.
01:29
Now let's talk about the first one, cells in dishes.
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Idemo popričati o prvom, stanicama u zdjelicama.
01:33
So, cells are happily functioning in our bodies.
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Dakle, stanice sretno obavljaju svoje zadatke u našim tijelima.
01:36
We take them and rip them out
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Uzmemo ih, iščupamo
01:38
of their native environment,
throw them in one of these dishes,
throw them in one of these dishes,
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iz njihovog prirodnog okruženja,
bacimo u jednu od ovih zdjelica,
bacimo u jednu od ovih zdjelica,
01:41
and expect them to work.
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i očekujemo da nastave raditi.
01:42
Guess what. They don't.
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Pogodite što. Ne rade.
01:45
They don't like that environment
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Ne sviđa im se ta okolina
01:46
because it's nothing like
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jer nimalo ne sliči onoj
01:48
what they have in the body.
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koju imaju u tijelu.
01:51
What about animal testing?
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Što s testiranjima na životinjama?
01:53
Well, animals do and can provide
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Pa, životinje mogu dati i daju nam
01:55
extremely useful information.
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izuzetno korisne informacije.
01:58
They teach us about what happens
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Poučavaju nas tomu što se događa
01:59
in the complex organism.
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u kompleksnom organizmu.
02:02
We learn more about the biology itself.
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Naučimo više o samoj biologiji.
02:05
However, more often than not,
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No, životinjski modeli češće
02:08
animal models fail to predict
what will happen in humans
what will happen in humans
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ne mogu dobro predvidjeti što će se
dogoditi u ljudima kada im damo neki lijek
dogoditi u ljudima kada im damo neki lijek
02:12
when they're treated with a particular drug.
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nego što mogu.
02:15
So we need better tools.
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Stoga trebamo bolje alate.
02:17
We need human cells,
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Trebamo humane stanice,
02:19
but we need to find a way to keep them happy
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no trebamo naći načina da ih održimo sretnima
02:22
outside the body.
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van tijela.
02:24
Our bodies are dynamic environments.
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Naša tijela su dinamična okruženja.
02:26
We're in constant motion.
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Stalno smo u pokretu.
02:28
Our cells experience that.
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Naše stanice to osjete.
02:31
They're in dynamic environments in our body.
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One su u našim tijelima u dinamičnom okruženju.
02:33
They're under constant mechanical forces.
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Pod stalnim mehaničkim silama.
02:36
So if we want to make cells happy
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Stoga ako ih želimo održati sretnima
02:39
outside our bodies,
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van naših tijela,
02:40
we need to become cell architects.
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trebamo postati arhitekti stanica.
02:42
We need to design, build and engineer
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Trebamo dizajnirati, izgraditi i osmisliti
02:47
a home away from home for the cells.
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dom izvan doma za stanice.
02:50
And at the Wyss Institute,
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A na Institutu Wyss,
02:52
we've done just that.
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smo učinili baš to.
02:54
We call it an organ-on-a-chip.
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Zovemo ga organ-na-čipu.
02:57
And I have one right here.
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I imam jedan upravo ovdje.
02:58
It's beautiful, isn't it?
But it's pretty incredible.
But it's pretty incredible.
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Predivno je, zar ne?
Ali je vrlo nevjerojatno.
Ali je vrlo nevjerojatno.
03:01
Right here in my hand is a breathing, living
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Upravo ovdje na mojoj ruci je dišuće, živo
03:06
human lung on a chip.
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plućno krilo na čipu.
03:08
And it's not just beautiful.
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I nije samo predivno.
03:11
It can do a tremendous amount of things.
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Može raditi golemu količinu stvari.
03:13
We have living cells in that little chip,
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Imamo živuće stanice u tom malom čipu,
03:17
cells that are in a dynamic environment
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stanice koje su u dinamičnom okolišu i
03:19
interacting with different cell types.
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imaju interakcije s drugim tipovima stanica.
03:22
There's been many people
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Puno je ljudi pokušalo
03:24
trying to grow cells in the lab.
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uzgojiti stanice u labosu.
03:26
They've tried many different approaches.
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Isprobali su različite pristupe.
03:29
They've even tried to grow
little mini-organs in the lab.
little mini-organs in the lab.
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Čak su probali i uzgojiti
mini-organe u laboratoriju.
mini-organe u laboratoriju.
03:32
We're not trying to do that here.
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Ovdje to ne pokušavamo.
03:33
We're simply trying to recreate
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Samo pokušavamo rekreirati
03:35
in this tiny chip
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u ovom malom čipu
03:37
the smallest functional unit
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najmanju funkcionalnu jedinicu
03:40
that represents the biochemistry,
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koja predstavlja biokemiju,
03:43
the function and the mechanical strain
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funkciju i mehanički napor
03:46
that the cells experience in our bodies.
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koji stanice doživljavaju u našim tijelima.
03:49
So how does it work? Let me show you.
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Pa kako to radi? Pokazat ću vam.
03:52
We use techniques from the computer chip
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Koristimo tehnike iz industrije
03:55
manufacturing industry
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računalnih čipova
03:56
to make these structures at a scale
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da stvorimo ove strukture na razini
03:59
relevant to both the cells and their environment.
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stanica i njihovog okoliša.
04:02
We have three fluidic channels.
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Imamo tri kanala za fluide.
04:04
In the center, we have a porous, flexible membrane
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U sredini imamo poroznu, savitljivu membranu
04:07
on which we can add human cells
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na koju postavimo humane stanice
04:09
from, say, our lungs,
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iz recimo, naših pluća,
04:11
and then underneath, they had capillary cells,
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pa potom ispod imaju kapilarne stanice,
04:13
the cells in our blood vessels.
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stanice naših krvnih žila.
04:15
And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip
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I možemo potom primijeniti mehaničke sile na čip
04:19
that stretch and contract the membrane,
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što rasteže i kontrahira membranu,
04:22
so the cells experience the same mechanical forces
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pa stanice doživljavaju iste mehaničke sile
04:25
that they did when we breathe.
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kao kada dišemo.
04:28
And they experience them how they did in the body.
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I to na isti način na koji su ih iskusile u tijelu.
04:31
There's air flowing through the top channel,
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Zrak prolazi kroz gornji kanal,
04:34
and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients
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pa potom uspostavimo protok hranjive tekućine
04:37
through the blood channel.
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kroz krvnu mrežu.
04:40
Now the chip is really beautiful,
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Sad, čip je stvarno prekrasan,
04:42
but what can we do with it?
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no što zapravo možemo s njim?
04:44
We can get incredible functionality
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Možemo dobiti izuzetnu funkcionalnost
04:47
inside these little chips.
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u ovim malim čipovima.
04:49
Let me show you.
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Pokazat ću vam.
04:50
We could, for example, mimic infection,
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Možemo, na primjer, oponašati infekciju
04:53
where we add bacterial cells into the lung.
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tako što dodamo bakterijske stanice u plućno krilo.
04:56
then we can add human white blood cells.
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Potom možemo dodati humane bijele krvne stanice.
04:59
White blood cells are our body's defense
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Bijele krvne stanice su obrambeni mehanizam
05:02
against bacterial invaders,
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našeg tijela protiv uljeza,
05:03
and when they sense this
inflammation due to infection,
inflammation due to infection,
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i kad osjete ovu upalu
zbog infekcije
zbog infekcije
05:06
they will enter from the blood into the lung
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ući će u plućno krilo iz krvi
05:09
and engulf the bacteria.
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i opkoliti bakterije.
05:11
Well now you're going to see this happening
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Sada ćete vidjeti kako se to odvija
05:13
live in an actual human lung on a chip.
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uživo na pravom ljudskom plućnom krilu na čipu.
05:17
We've labeled the white blood cells
so you can see them flowing through,
so you can see them flowing through,
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Označili smo bijele krvne stanice tako
da ih vidite kako prolaze,
da ih vidite kako prolaze,
05:20
and when they detect that infection,
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i kada detektiraju infekciju,
05:22
they begin to stick.
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počnu se priljubljivati.
05:24
They stick, and then they try to go into the lung
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Priljube se i pokušavaju ući u plućno krilo
05:28
side from blood channel.
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iz krvne žile.
05:29
And you can see here, we can actually visualize
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Kako vidite, možemo zapravo prikazati
05:33
a single white blood cell.
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pojedinu bijelu krvnu stanicu.
05:37
It sticks, it wiggles its way through
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Priljubi se, promigolji se do
05:39
between the cell layers, through the pore,
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međuslojeva stanica, kroz pore,
05:41
comes out on the other side of the membrane,
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dođe na drugu stranu membrane,
05:44
and right there, it's going to engulf the bacteria
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i upravo ovdje, pokušava opkoliti bakteriju
05:47
labeled in green.
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koja je zeleno obojana.
05:49
In that tiny chip, you just witnessed
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U ovom minijaturnom čipu upravo ste svjedočili
05:52
one of the most fundamental responses
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jednom od osnovnih odgovora
05:55
our body has to an infection.
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našeg tijela na infekciju.
05:57
It's the way we respond to -- an immune response.
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To je način na koji odgovaramo – imunosni odgovor.
06:01
It's pretty exciting.
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Vrlo je uzbudljivo.
06:03
Now I want to share this picture with you,
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Sad, želim podijeliti ovu sliku s vama
06:06
not just because it's so beautiful,
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ne zato što je tako lijepa
06:08
but because it tells us an enormous
amount of information
amount of information
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već zato što nam daje golemu
količinu informacija
količinu informacija
06:11
about what the cells are doing within the chips.
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o tome što stanice rade unutar čipova.
06:14
It tells us that these cells
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Pokazuje nam da ove stanice
06:16
from the small airways in our lungs,
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iz malih hodnika u naši plućima
06:19
actually have these hairlike structures
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zapravo imaju ovakve četkaste strukture
06:20
that you would expect to see in the lung.
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koje biste i očekivali u plućima.
06:22
These structures are called cilia,
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Ove stanice se zovu cilije,
06:24
and they actually move the mucus out of the lung.
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i one zapravo miču mukozni sekret van pluća.
06:27
Yeah. Mucus. Yuck.
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Da. Šlajm. Fuj.
06:28
But mucus is actually very important.
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Ali mukozni sekret je vrlo važan.
06:31
Mucus traps particulates, viruses,
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Mukoza zarobljava čestice, viruse,
06:33
potential allergens,
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potencijalne alergene,
06:35
and these little cilia move
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i ove cilije pomiču
06:36
and clear the mucus out.
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i izbacuju mukozni sekret van.
06:39
When they get damaged, say,
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Kada se oštete, recimo,
06:41
by cigarette smoke for example,
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zbog dima cigarete,
06:43
they don't work properly,
and they can't clear that mucus out.
and they can't clear that mucus out.
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ne rade kako trebaju,
i ne mogu izbaciti mukozni sekret.
i ne mogu izbaciti mukozni sekret.
06:46
And that can lead to diseases such as bronchitis.
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To može dovesti do bolesti poput bronhitisa.
06:50
Cilia and the clearance of mucus
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Cilije i čišćenje mukoze
06:52
are also involved in awful diseases like cystic fibrosis.
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su također uključeni u teže bolesti poput cistične fibroze.
06:57
But now, with the functionality
that we get in these chips,
that we get in these chips,
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Ali sad, s funkcionalnošću
dobivenom ovim čipovima
dobivenom ovim čipovima
07:00
we can begin to look
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možemo početi tražiti
07:02
for potential new treatments.
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potencijalne nove tretmane
07:05
We didn't stop with the lung on a chip.
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Nismo se zaustavili na plućima na čipu.
07:07
We have a gut on a chip.
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Imamo i crijeva na čipu.
07:08
You can see one right here.
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Možete vidjeti jedan čip ovdje.
07:10
And we've put intestinal human cells
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I postavili smo humane crijevne stanice
07:14
in a gut on a chip,
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u crijeva na čipu
07:16
and they're under constant peristaltic motion,
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i rade pod konstantnim peristaltičkim kretnjama,
07:18
this trickling flow through the cells,
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što provodi kroz stanice,
07:22
and we can mimic many of the functions
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i možemo oponašati mnoge funkcije
07:24
that you actually would expect to see
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koje biste očekivali
07:26
in the human intestine.
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u ljudskim crijevima.
07:28
Now we can begin to create models of diseases
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Sad možemo stvoriti model bolesti
07:32
such as irritable bowel syndrome.
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poput sindroma iritabilnog crijeva.
07:34
This is a disease that affects
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Ovo je bolest koja zahvaća
07:36
a large number of individuals.
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velik broj osoba.
07:38
It's really debilitating,
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Vrlo je otežavajuća,
07:40
and there aren't really many good treatments for it.
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i ne postoji puno dobrih načina tretiranja za nju.
07:44
Now we have a whole pipeline
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Sad imamo cijelo postrojenje
07:46
of different organ chips
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različitih čipova s organima
07:49
that we are currently working on in our labs.
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na kojima radimo u našim labosima.
07:52
Now, the true power of this technology, however,
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No prava moć ove tehnologije, pak,
07:56
really comes from the fact
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zapravo dolazi iz činjenice
07:58
that we can fluidically link them.
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da ih možemo povezati fluidima.
08:00
There's fluid flowing across these cells,
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Preko i kroz ove stanice prolazi fluid,
08:02
so we can begin to interconnect
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tako da možemo povezati
08:04
multiple different chips together
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različite čipove u seriju
08:07
to form what we call a virtual human on a chip.
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i sastaviti ono što zovemo virtualnim čovjekom na čipu.
08:12
Now we're really getting excited.
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Sad smo stvarno uzbuđeni.
08:15
We're not going to ever recreate
a whole human in these chips,
a whole human in these chips,
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Nećemo nikad sastaviti
cijelog čovjeka na ovim čipovima,
cijelog čovjeka na ovim čipovima,
08:19
but what our goal is is to be able to recreate
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ali naš cilj je da budemo u mogućnosti osposobiti
08:23
sufficient functionality
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dovoljnu funkcionalnost
08:25
so that we can make better predictions
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koja će nam omogućiti bolja predviđanja
08:27
of what's going to happen in humans.
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onoga što će se dogoditi u ljudima.
08:29
For example, now we can begin to explore
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Na primjer, sad možemo početi istraživati
08:32
what happens when we put
a drug like an aerosol drug.
a drug like an aerosol drug.
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što se događa kad stavimo
lijek, recimo aerosolni lijek.
lijek, recimo aerosolni lijek.
08:36
Those of you like me who have asthma,
when you take your inhaler,
when you take your inhaler,
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Vi koji imate astmu
kada uzmete vaš inhalator,
kada uzmete vaš inhalator,
08:39
we can explore how that drug comes into your lungs,
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mi možemo istražiti kako taj lijek dolazi u vaša pluća,
08:42
how it enters the body,
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kako ulazi u tijelo,
08:43
how it might affect, say, your heart.
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kako može, recimo, utjecati na vaše srce.
08:45
Does it change the beating of your heart?
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Mijenja li vam puls?
08:47
Does it have a toxicity?
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Ima li otrovna svojstva?
08:49
Does it get cleared by the liver?
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Uklanja li ga jetra?
08:51
Is it metabolized in the liver?
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Metabolizira li ga?
08:53
Is it excreted in your kidneys?
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Izlučuju li ga vaši bubrezi?
08:55
We can begin to study the dynamic
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Možemo početi proučavati dinamiku
08:57
response of the body to a drug.
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odgovora tijela na lijek.
09:00
This could really revolutionize
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Ovo bi moglo stvarno revolucionizirati
09:01
and be a game changer
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i promijeniti pravila igre
09:03
for not only the pharmaceutical industry,
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ne samo farmaceutskoj industriji,
09:06
but a whole host of different industries,
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već i jako puno drugih industrija
09:08
including the cosmetics industry.
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uključujući kozmetičku industriju.
09:11
We can potentially use the skin on a chip
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Možemo potencijalno koristiti kožu na čipu,
09:14
that we're currently developing in the lab
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što upravo razvijamo u labosu,
09:16
to test whether the ingredients in those products
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da testiramo jesu li sastojci proizvoda
09:18
that you're using are actually
safe to put on your skin
safe to put on your skin
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koje koristite uistinu sigurni
za staviti na vašu kožu,
za staviti na vašu kožu,
09:21
without the need for animal testing.
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i to bez potrebe za testovima na životinjama.
09:24
We could test the safety
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Možemo testirati sigurnost
09:26
of chemicals that we are exposed to
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kemikalija kojima smo izloženi
09:28
on a daily basis in our environment,
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svakodnevno iz naše okoline,
09:30
such as chemicals in regular household cleaners.
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poput kemikalija u preparatima za čišćenje kuće.
09:34
We could also use the organs on chips
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Možemo isto tako koristiti organe na čipovima
09:37
for applications in bioterrorism
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za primjene u bioterorizmu
09:40
or radiation exposure.
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ili istraživanju radijacije-
09:43
We could use them to learn more about
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Možemo ih iskoristiti da naučimo više o
09:46
diseases such as ebola
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bolestima poput ebole
09:49
or other deadly diseases such as SARS.
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ili drugim smrtonosnim bolestima poput SARS-a.
09:53
Organs on chips could also change
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Organi na čipovima bi mogli promijeniti
09:55
the way we do clinical trials in the future.
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i način na koji ćemo raditi klinička testiranja.
09:58
Right now, the average participant
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U ovom trenutku prosječni član test grupe
10:01
in a clinical trial is that: average.
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u kliničkom testiranju je upravo to; prosječan.
10:04
Tends to be middle aged, tends to be female.
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Najčešće srednje dobi, najčešće žena.
10:07
You won't find many clinical trials
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Nećete naći puno kliničkih testova
10:10
in which children are involved,
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u koje su uključena djeca,
10:11
yet every day, we give children medications,
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no ipak svaki dan dajemo djeci lijekove,
10:15
and the only safety data we have on that drug
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i jedini podaci o sigurnosti tog lijeka
10:19
is one that we obtained from adults.
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su oni dobiveni od odraslih.
10:22
Children are not adults.
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Djeca nisu odrasli.
10:23
They may not respond in the same way adults do.
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Ne moraju odgovoriti na isti način kao mi.
10:27
There are other things like genetic differences
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Postoje i druge stvari, poput genetske razlike
10:29
in populations
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u populaciji
10:30
that may lead to at-risk populations
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što može dovesti do rizičnih populacija
10:34
that are at risk of having an adverse drug reaction.
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koje su rizične po tome što mogu dobiti
negativnu reakciju zbog lijeka.
negativnu reakciju zbog lijeka.
10:37
Now imagine if we could take cells
from all those different populations,
from all those different populations,
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Sad zamislite kad bismo mogli uzeti
stanice od svih tih različitih populacija,
stanice od svih tih različitih populacija,
10:40
put them on chips,
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staviti na čipove,
10:42
and create populations on a chip.
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i stvoriti populacije na čipu.
10:44
This could really change the way
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Ovo zbilja može promijeniti način na koji
10:46
we do clinical trials.
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radimo klinička istraživanja.
10:48
And this is the team and the people
that are doing this.
that are doing this.
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A ovo je tim ljudi
koji radi na ovome.
koji radi na ovome.
10:51
We have engineers, we have cell biologists,
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Imamo inžinjere, stanične biologe,
10:54
we have clinicians, all working together.
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imamo kliničare, svi rade zajedno.
10:58
We're really seeing something quite incredible
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Zbilja vidimo nešto jako nevjerojatno
11:00
at the Wyss Institute.
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na Institutu Wyss.
11:02
It's really a convergence of disciplines,
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To je zapravo spajanje disciplina,
11:04
where biology is influencing the way we design,
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gdje biologija utječe na način na koji dizajniramo,
11:07
the way we engineer, the way we build.
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oblikujemo i izgrađujemo.
11:10
It's pretty exciting.
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Vrlo je uzbudljivo.
11:12
We're establishing important industry collaborations
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Uspostavljamo važnu kolaboraciju industrija
11:15
such as the one we have with a company
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poput one koju smo osnovali s tvrtkom
11:18
that has expertise in large-scale
digital manufacturing.
digital manufacturing.
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koja ima iskustva u digitalnoj proizvodnji
širokih razmjera.
širokih razmjera.
11:22
They're going to help us make,
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2019
Pomoći će nam napraviti,
11:24
instead of one of these,
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umjesto samo jednog,
11:26
millions of these chips,
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milijune ovakvih čipova,
11:27
so that we can get them into the hands
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da ih možemo predati u ruke
11:29
of as many researchers as possible.
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što većem broju istraživača.
11:32
And this is key to the potential of that technology.
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A ovo je ključ potencijala ove tehnologije.
11:36
Now let me show you our instrument.
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Da vam pokažem naš instrument.
11:39
This is an instrument that our engineers
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1989
Ovo je instrument čiji prototip naši inženjeri
11:41
are actually prototyping right now in the lab,
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upravo izgrađuju u labosu,
11:43
and this instrument is going to give us
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i ovaj instrument će nam dati
11:45
the engineering controls that we're going to require
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inženjerske kontrole potrebne da
11:48
in order to link 10 or more organ chips together.
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povežemo deset ili više organskih čipova.
11:52
It does something else that's very important.
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Također radi nešto drugo, vrlo bitno.
11:54
It creates an easy user interface.
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Stvara lako sučelje za korisnika.
11:57
So a cell biologist like me can come in,
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Tako da stanični biolog poput mene može doći,
12:00
take a chip, put it in a cartridge
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2008
uzeti čip, staviti ga u postolje
12:02
like the prototype you see there,
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1932
poput prototipa koji vidite ovdje,
12:04
put the cartridge into the machine
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staviti postolje u stroj
12:06
just like you would a C.D.,
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na isti način na koji biste stavili CD,
12:08
and away you go.
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i to je to.
12:09
Plug and play. Easy.
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Uključi i igraj. Vrlo lako.
12:12
Now, let's imagine a little bit
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Idemo sad zamisliti malo
12:14
what the future might look like
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kako bi mogla izgledati budućnost
12:15
if I could take your stem cells
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kad bih mogla uzeti vaše matične stanice
12:18
and put them on a chip,
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i staviti na čip,
12:19
or your stem cells and put them on a chip.
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ili vaše stanice i staviti na čip.
12:22
It would be a personalized chip just for you.
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To bi bio vaš personalizirani čip.
12:26
Now all of us in here are individuals,
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Sad, svi ovdje smo individue,
12:29
and those individual differences mean
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i sve naše individualne razlike znače
12:32
that we could react very differently
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da možemo reagirati na lijekove vrlo različito
12:34
and sometimes in unpredictable ways to drugs.
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i na ponekad nepredvidljive načine.
12:39
I myself, a couple of years back,
had a really bad headache,
had a really bad headache,
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I sama sam, prije nekoliko godina,
imala tešku glavobolju,
imala tešku glavobolju,
12:43
just couldn't shake it, thought,
"Well, I'll try something different."
"Well, I'll try something different."
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nisam ju mogla otresti i pomislila sam,
"Pa, idemo probati nešto drugačije."
"Pa, idemo probati nešto drugačije."
12:46
I took some Advil. Fifteen minutes later,
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Uzela sam jedan Advil. Petnaest minuta kasnije
12:48
I was on my way to the emergency room
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bila sam na putu za hitan prijem u bolnicu
12:50
with a full-blown asthma attack.
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sa izraženim napadajem astme.
12:52
Now, obviously it wasn't fatal,
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Naime, očito je da nije bio smrtonosan.
12:53
but unfortunately, some of these
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No nažalost, neke od ovakvih
12:57
adverse drug reactions can be fatal.
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negativnih reakcija na lijekove mogu biti fatalne.
13:00
So how do we prevent them?
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Pa kako da ih spriječimo?
13:02
Well, we could imagine one day
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Mogli bismo zamisliti da jednog dana
13:05
having Geraldine on a chip,
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imamo Geraldine na čipu,
13:07
having Danielle on a chip,
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imamo Danielle na čipu,
13:09
having you on a chip.
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imamo vas na čipu.
13:10
Personalized medicine. Thank you.
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Personalizirana medicina. Hvala vam.
13:13
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Geraldine Hamilton - Bio researcherGeraldine Hamilton builds organs and body parts on a chip -- to test new, custom cures.
Why you should listen
Geraldine Hamilton’s career spans from academic research to biotech start-ups to pharma. Her research focus has been on the development and application of human-relevant in-vitro models for drug discovery. She was one of the founding scientists, VP of Scientific Operations and Director of Cell Products, in a start-up biotech company (CellzDirect), that successfully translated and commercialized technology from academic research to supply the pharmaceutical industry with hepatic cell products and services for safety assessment and drug-metabolism studies.
Hamilton received her Ph.D. in cell biology/toxicology from the University of Hertfordshire (England) in conjunction with GlaxoSmithkline, followed by a post-doctoral research fellowship at the University of North Carolina. Her current research interests and prior experience include: organs on-a-chip, toxicology and drug metabolism, liver cell biology, mechanisms regulating gene expression and differentiation, regulation of nuclear receptors and transcriptional activation in hepatocytes by xenobiotics, human cell isolation and cryopreservation techniques.
Geraldine Hamilton | Speaker | TED.com