TEDGlobal 2012
Kirby Ferguson: Embrace the remix
科尔比 弗古森 ：拥抱混搭
Filmed:
Readability: 4.4
1,488,573 views
没什么是原创的,科尔比 弗古森说到。一切创作的源泉都是混搭。从鲍伯迪伦 到 史蒂夫 乔布斯, 我们最伟大的创造来自于假借，偷窃和改头换面
Kirby Ferguson - Filmmaker and Remixer
Kirby Ferguson explores creativity in a world where "everything is a remix." Full bio
Kirby Ferguson explores creativity in a world where "everything is a remix." Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
We're going to begin in 1964.
0
758
3291
我们从1964 年开始谈起。
00:19
Bob Dylan is 23 years old, and his career
1
4049
2973
鲍勃 · 迪伦才 23 岁
00:22
is just reaching its pinnacle.
2
7022
2161
和他的事业正处在颠峰。
00:25
He's been christened the voice of a generation,
3
9183
2441
他被尊为时代之声
00:27
and he's churning out classic songs
4
11624
2460
他在以看似不可能的速度，
00:29
at a seemingly impossible rate,
5
14084
1963
制作经典歌曲
00:31
but there's a small minority of dissenters, and they claim
6
16047
4451
但有少数的异议，并且他们声称
00:36
that Bob Dylan is stealing other people's songs.
7
20498
3739
鲍勃 · 迪伦在剽窃其他人的歌曲。
00:40
2004. Brian Burton, aka Danger Mouse,
8
24237
4140
2004.布莱恩 · 伯顿，也就是危险老鼠，
00:44
takes the Beatles' "White Album,"
9
28377
1913
取了披头士的"白色专辑"，
00:46
combines it with Jay-Z's "The Black Album"
10
30290
1777
结合专辑Jay-Z的"黑色专辑"
00:47
to create "The Grey Album."
11
32067
1824
创建了"灰色专辑"。
00:49
"The Grey Album" becomes an immediate sensation online,
12
33891
1919
"灰色专辑"立即在网上疯传
00:51
and the Beatles' record company sends out countless
13
35810
2760
披头士乐队的唱片公司发出了无数
00:54
cease-and-desist letters for "unfair competition
14
38570
3240
停止"不公平竞争
00:57
and dilution of our valuable property."
15
41810
3881
和稀释重要财产。“的信函
01:01
Now, "The Grey Album" is a remix.
16
45691
1992
好了，"灰色专辑"是混搭的，
01:03
It is new media created from old media.
17
47683
2397
它是从旧媒体造出的新媒体。
01:05
It was made using these three techniques:
18
50080
2585
它是由以下三种技巧来造成的：
01:08
copy, transform and combine.
19
52665
3242
复制、 转换和合并。
01:11
It's how you remix. You take existing songs,
20
55907
1922
过程是：你把现有的歌曲，
01:13
you chop them up, you transform the pieces,
21
57829
1720
截成小段、 变换这些片断，
01:15
you combine them back together again,
22
59549
1840
最后再结合起来，
01:17
and you've got a new song, but that new song
23
61389
1977
你造出了一首新歌，但这首新歌
01:19
is clearly comprised of old songs.
24
63366
2734
很明显是老歌曲组成的。
01:22
But I think these aren't just the components of remixing.
25
66100
3313
但我觉得这些不是只是复配的组件。
01:25
I think these are the basic elements of all creativity.
26
69413
3044
我认为这些是所有创新的基本要素。
01:28
I think everything is a remix,
27
72457
1811
我认为一切都是混搭，
01:30
and I think this is a better way to conceive of creativity.
28
74268
4691
而且我认为这是对创造力更好的态度。
01:34
All right, let's head back to 1964, and let's hear
29
78959
2993
好吧，让我们回到 1964 年，让我们听听
01:37
where some of Dylan's early songs came from.
30
81952
3021
其中的一些迪伦早期的歌曲是从哪来的。
01:40
We'll do some side-by-side comparisons here.
31
84973
1877
我们要在这里做一些横向比较。
01:42
All right, this first song you're going to hear
32
86850
1206
好吧，第一首歌你会听到
01:43
is "Nottamun Town." It's a traditional folk tune.
33
88056
2414
是"诺塔芒城"。它是一个传统的民间曲调。
01:46
After that, you'll hear Dylan's "Masters of War."
34
90470
2581
之后，你会听到迪伦的"战争之王"。
01:48
Jean Ritchie: ♫ In Nottamun Town, not a soul would look out, ♫
35
93058
4900
让 · 里奇： ♫ 在 诺塔芒城，一个灵魂都不会向往看，♫
01:53
♫ not a soul would look up, not a soul would look down. ♫
36
97958
6598
♫ 灵魂不会向上看，没有一个灵魂会向下瞧。♫
02:00
Bob Dylan: ♫ Come you masters of war, ♫
37
104556
4274
鲍勃 · 迪伦： ♫ 来吧战争之王，♫
02:04
♫ you that build the big guns, you that build the death planes, ♫
38
108830
8605
♫ 你构建枪支，你的打造死亡的飞机，♫
02:13
♫ You that build all the bombs. ♫
39
117435
3069
♫ 你，造成所有的炸弹。♫
02:16
Kirby Ferguson: Okay, so that's the same basic melody
40
120504
1922
柯比弗格森： 好吧，这就是相同的基本旋律
02:18
and overall structure. This next one is "The Patriot Game,"
41
122426
3159
与整体结构。这下一个是"爱国者游戏 “
02:21
by Dominic Behan. Alongside that,
42
125585
1992
由多米尼克本汉。同时，
02:23
you're going to hear "With God on Our Side," by Dylan.
43
127577
2274
你将听到迪伦的"上帝在我们这边"。
02:25
Dominic Behan: ♫ Come all ye young rebels, ♫
44
129851
5258
多米尼克本汉： ♫ 来吧，你们反叛的年轻人，♫
02:31
♫ and list while I sing, ♫
45
135109
4530
♫ 在我唱时，♫
02:35
♫ for the love of one's land is a terrible thing. ♫
46
139639
8212
♫列出爱一个人的土地是件可怕的事情。♫
02:43
BD: ♫ Oh my name it is nothin', ♫
47
147851
5812
BD ： ♫ 哦我的名字什么都不是，♫
02:49
♫ my age it means less, ♫
48
153663
4528
♫ 我的年龄不是问题 ♫
02:54
♫ the country I come from is called the Midwest. ♫
49
158191
6819
♫ 我来自的国家被称为中西部。♫
03:00
KF: Okay, so in this case, Dylan admits
50
165010
1626
KF： 好的所以在这种情况下，迪伦承认
03:02
he must have heard "The Patriot Game," he forgot about it,
51
166636
2440
他一定会听说过"爱国者游戏"，他忘了这件事，
03:04
then when the song kind of bubbled back up
52
169076
1559
然后当这首歌有点回想起来时，
03:06
in his brain, he just thought it was his song.
53
170635
2311
在他的大脑中，他认为那是他的歌。
03:08
Last one, this is "Who's Going To Buy You Ribbons,"
54
172946
1232
最后一个，这是"谁会给你买丝带，"
03:10
another traditional folk tune.
55
174178
1560
另一个传统民间小调。
03:11
Alongside that is "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right."
56
175738
2297
旁边的是"不要犹豫，那没关系。"
03:13
This one's more about the lyric.
57
178035
1825
这更多关于歌词。
03:15
Paul Clayton: ♫ It ain't no use to sit and sigh now, ♫
58
179860
6891
保罗 · 克莱顿： ♫坐地叹息没有用♫
03:22
♫ darlin', and it ain't no use to sit and cry now. ♫
59
186751
7864
♫ 亲爱的 ，现在坐地叹息没有用。♫
03:30
BD: ♫ It ain’t no use to sit and wonder why, babe, ♫
60
194615
5945
BD： ♫坐地冥想没有用，宝贝，♫
03:36
♫ if you don't know by now, ♫
61
200560
3652
♫ 如果你现在还不明白♫
03:40
♫ and it ain't no use to sit and wonder why, babe, ♫
62
204212
5391
♫ 坐地冥想为什么真的没有用，宝贝，♫
03:45
♫ it'll never do somehow. ♫
63
209603
2887
♫ 它永远不会有用。♫
03:48
KF: Okay, now, there's a lot of these.
64
212490
2272
KF： 好吧，现在，有了很多例子。
03:50
It's been estimated that two thirds of the melodies
65
214762
2014
据预计，迪伦有三分之二
03:52
Dylan used in his early songs were borrowed.
66
216776
2543
在他早期的歌中用过的旋律都是借来的。
03:55
This is pretty typical among folk singers.
67
219319
1856
这在民间歌手中相当平常。
03:57
Here's the advice of Dylan's idol, Woody Guthrie.
68
221175
2363
这里是迪伦的偶像 Woody Guthrie的意见。
03:59
"The worlds are the important thing.
69
223538
1530
"世界是重要的事情，
04:00
Don't worry about tunes. Take a tune,
70
225068
1832
就是别担心歌的曲调。一首曲子，
04:02
sing high when they sing low,
71
226900
1676
当他们唱低，你就唱高
04:04
sing fast when they sing slow, and you've got a new tune."
72
228576
3208
当他们唱得慢，你就唱快。你就有一首新的曲子。"
04:07
(Laughter) (Applause)
73
231784
3997
（笑声）（掌声）
04:11
And that's, that's what Guthrie did right here,
74
235781
1947
这就是 Guthrie 就在这里做的
04:13
and I'm sure you all recognize the results.
75
237728
2607
相信大家都承认这结果。
04:16
(Music)
76
240335
5917
（音乐）
04:22
We know this tune, right? We know it?
77
246252
2395
我们听过这首曲子，正确吗？我们听过它吗？
04:24
Actually you don't.
78
248647
1413
其实你没有。
04:25
That is "When the World's on Fire," a very old melody,
79
250060
2684
这就是"当世界起火"的非常老的旋律，
04:28
in this case performed by the Carter Family.
80
252744
2261
这个由卡特家族演奏。
04:30
Guthrie adapted it into "This Land Is Your Land."
81
255005
2678
Guthrie 改编它为"这片土地是你的土地"。
04:33
So, Bob Dylan, like all folk singers, he copied melodies,
82
257683
4320
所以，鲍勃 · 迪伦，像所有的民歌手，他复制旋律，
04:37
he transformed them, he combined them with new lyrics
83
262003
2722
他改变了它们，将它们与新歌词结合
04:40
which were frequently their own concoction
84
264725
2397
这经常是自己炮制
04:43
of previous stuff.
85
267122
2261
以前的东西。
04:45
Now, American copyright and patent laws run counter
86
269383
3663
现在，关于我们建立在别人的工作的概念，
04:48
to this notion that we build on the work of others.
87
273046
2723
美国的版权和专利法律背道而驰。
04:51
Instead, these laws and laws around the world
88
275769
2667
这些法律和世界各地的法律都
04:54
use the rather awkward analogy of property.
89
278436
3722
使用财产似的笨拙的类比。
04:58
Now, creative works may indeed be kind of like property,
90
282158
2443
现在，创意作品可能确实是有点像财产，
05:00
but it's property that we're all building on,
91
284601
2309
但它的价值，是基于我们后来附加的创造上，
05:02
and creations can only take root and grow
92
286910
2489
只要一有创意的土壤
05:05
once that ground has been prepared.
93
289399
2716
且只有这样创意才能继续生根发芽
05:08
Henry Ford once said, "I invented nothing new.
94
292115
2846
亨利 · 福特曾经说过："我没发明什么新的
05:10
I simply assembled the discoveries of other men
95
294961
2003
我只重新组合他人的发现
05:12
behind whom were centuries of work.
96
296964
2587
那背后是几个世纪的积累。
05:15
Progress happens when all the factors that make for it
97
299551
2383
当所有的因素，已准备好
05:17
are ready and then it is inevitable."
98
301934
4030
进步才会实现，才成为必然"。
05:21
2007. The iPhone makes it debut.
99
305964
4545
2007年，iPhone 首次亮相。
05:26
Apple undoubtedly brings this innovation to us early,
100
310509
2667
苹果无疑将这种创新给我们带来早了，
05:29
but its time was approaching because its core technology
101
313176
2497
因为及其核心技术曾被数十年来不断发展，
05:31
had been evolving for decades.
102
315673
2046
但它的时代已经接近。
05:33
That's multi-touch, controlling a device
103
317719
1982
这就是多点触控来控制设备的技术
05:35
by touching its display.
104
319701
1777
这就是多点触控来控制设备的技术
05:37
Here is Steve Jobs introducing multi-touch
105
321478
2419
这里是史蒂夫 · 乔布斯在引入多点触摸
05:39
and making a rather foreboding joke.
106
323897
2240
并说着预言性的玩笑。
05:42
Steve Jobs: And we have invented a new technology
107
326137
2803
史蒂夫 · 乔布斯： 与我们发明了一种新技术
05:44
called multi-touch.
108
328940
2260
被称为多点触摸。
05:47
You can do multi-fingered gestures on it,
109
331200
2453
你可以抓取的手势，
05:49
and boy have we patented it. (Laughter)
110
333653
3611
而且我们申请了专利！（笑声）
05:53
KF: Yes. And yet, here is multi-touch in action.
111
337264
4166
KF： 是的。然而，这里是多点触控的进展。
05:57
This is at TED, actually, about a year earlier.
112
341430
2021
这是在 TED，其实，较早前一年左右。
05:59
This is Jeff Han, and, I mean, that's multi-touch.
113
343451
2468
这是杰夫·韩，我的意思是，这就是多点触控。
06:01
It's the same animal, at least.
114
345919
1751
它至少是相同的动物。
06:03
Let's hear what Jeff Han has to say about this
115
347670
1767
让我们听听杰夫汉已谈论这
06:05
newfangled technology.
116
349437
1826
新奇的技术。
06:07
Jeff Han: Multi-touch sensing isn't anything --
117
351263
2168
杰夫 · 汉： 多点触摸感应不是别的什么 — —
06:09
isn't completely new. I mean, people like Bill Buxton
118
353431
2206
不是全新的。我的意思是，人们喜欢比尔巴克斯顿
06:11
have been playing around with it in the '80s.
119
355637
1649
它在八十年代玩弄它。
06:13
The technology, you know, isn't the most exciting thing here
120
357286
3199
这项技术，你知道，现在并不是最令人兴奋的事情
06:16
right now other than probably its newfound accessibility.
121
360485
3062
除了它也许开拓了新的应用范围
06:19
KF: So he's pretty frank about it not being new.
122
363547
1933
KF： 所以他相当坦率,这个技术不是新的。
06:21
So it's not multi-touch as a whole that's patented.
123
365480
2543
所以，不是多点触控整体被专利保护，
06:23
It's the small parts of it that are,
124
368023
2137
这是它的小部分才是。
06:26
and it's in these small details where
125
370160
1304
正是在这些小细节中
06:27
we can clearly see patent law contradicting its intent:
126
371464
3118
我们可以清楚地看到专利法反驳其意图：
06:30
to promote the progress of useful arts.
127
374582
3161
为促进有价值艺术的进步。
06:33
Here is the first ever slide-to-unlock.
128
377743
3184
这里是第一个 滑动解锁。
06:36
That is all there is to it. Apple has patented this.
129
380927
2869
就这么简单。苹果，这已获得专利。
06:39
It's a 28-page software patent, but I will summarize
130
383796
2812
它是一种 28 页软件专利，但我会总结它所涵盖的内容。
06:42
what it covers. Spoiler alert: Unlocking your phone
131
386608
3936
注意,你们可能要失望了： 解锁您的电话
06:46
by sliding an icon with your finger. (Laughter)
132
390544
2937
通过滑动用手指的图标。（笑声）
06:49
I'm only exaggerating a little bit. It's a broad patent.
133
393481
3017
我只一点有点夸大。它是一种广泛的专利。
06:52
Now, can someone own this idea?
134
396498
2849
现在，有人可以拥有这种想法吗？
06:55
Now, back in the '80s, there were no software patents,
135
399347
2430
现在，早在八十年代，没有软件专利
06:57
and it was Xerox that pioneered the graphical user interface.
136
401777
3161
开创了图形用户界面的施乐公司才那么干。
07:00
What if they had patented pop-up menus,
137
404938
2918
如果他们拥有弹出菜单专利
07:03
scrollbars, the desktop with icons that look like folders
138
407856
4424
滚动条，在桌面上的图标看起来像文件夹
07:08
and sheets of paper?
139
412280
1987
和一张纸吗？
07:10
Would a young and inexperienced Apple
140
414267
2349
一个年轻和缺乏经验的苹果
07:12
have survived the legal assault from a much larger
141
416616
2869
会经受住从大得多的施乐公司的法律攻击
07:15
and more mature company like Xerox?
142
419485
4080
而变得更成熟吗？
07:19
Now, this idea that everything is a remix might sound
143
423565
2447
现在，这一切都是混搭的想法可能听起来
07:21
like common sense until you're the one getting remixed.
144
426012
4127
像是常识一样除非你是正被混编的人。
07:26
For example ...
145
430139
1650
例如 … …
07:27
SJ: I mean, Picasso had a saying.
146
431789
1239
SJ： 我的意思是，毕加索曾说
07:28
He said, "Good artists copy. Great artists steal."
147
433028
3557
他说，"好的艺术家拷贝。伟大的艺术家偷窃。"
07:32
And we have, you know,
148
436585
2322
我们有，你懂，
07:34
always been shameless about stealing great ideas.
149
438907
3128
一直对偷窃伟大的想法不觉无耻。
07:37
KF: Okay, so that's in '96. Here's in 2010.
150
442035
1898
KF： 好的，这是在 96年。现在是 2010 年。
07:39
"I'm going to destroy Android because it's a stolen product."
151
443933
2909
"我要销毁安卓系统，因为它是一个盗窃来的产品。"
07:42
(Laughter)
152
446842
1542
（笑声）
07:44
"I'm willing to go thermonuclear war on this." (Laughter)
153
448384
3639
"我愿意就此开动热核战争"。（笑声）
07:47
Okay, so in other words, great artists steal, but not from me.
154
452023
3504
好了，所以换句话说，伟大的艺术家窃取，但不是从我。
07:51
(Laughter)
155
455527
2351
（笑声）
07:53
Now, behavioral economists might refer to this sort of thing as loss aversion
156
457878
3608
现在，行为经济学家可能会将这种事称为损失厌恶心理
07:57
We have a strong predisposition towards protecting
157
461486
2219
我们有强烈倾向于保护
07:59
what we feel is ours.
158
463705
1929
我们自己的东西。
08:01
We have no such aversion towards copying
159
465634
1918
我们没有对复制其他人厌恶
08:03
what other people have, because we do that nonstop.
160
467552
2733
因为我们不停地做。
08:06
So here's the sort of equation we're looking at.
161
470285
2475
所以这是我们看着的等式。
08:08
We've got laws that fundamentally treat creative works as property,
162
472760
2657
我们得从根本上将创意作品视为财产的法律
08:11
plus massive rewards or settlements
163
475417
2785
和在侵权行为中巨大的回报或浅规则
08:14
in infringement cases, plus huge legal fees
164
478202
2197
再加上若要在法庭上保护自己的巨大的法律费用
08:16
to protect yourself in court,
165
480399
1663
再加上若要在法庭上保护自己的巨大的法律费用
08:17
plus cognitive biases against perceived loss.
166
482062
3504
加上认知偏见反对感知损失。
08:21
And the sum looks like this.
167
485566
2143
与总和看起来像这样。
08:23
That is the last four years of lawsuits
168
487709
2823
这是过去四年在智能手机领域的诉讼
08:26
in the realm of smartphones.
169
490532
2566
这是过去四年在智能手机领域的诉讼
08:28
Is this promoting the progress of useful arts?
170
493098
5771
这是宣扬有用艺术的进展情况吗？
08:34
1983. Bob Dylan is 42 years old, and his time
171
498869
5768
1983。 鲍勃 · 迪伦是 42 岁的时候
08:40
in the cultural spotlight is long since past.
172
504637
3326
他在文化聚光灯下的时代早已过去。
08:43
He records a song called "Blind Willie McTell,"
173
507963
2609
他录了一首歌叫做"盲的 威利 麦克塔，"
08:46
named after the blues singer, and the song
174
510572
2186
这首歌的名字以蓝调歌手命名
08:48
is a voyage through the past, through a much darker time,
175
512758
3670
歌曲是穿梭到过去，到一个当时更黑暗的时代
08:52
but a simpler one, a time when musicians like Willie McTell
176
516428
3150
但有一种简单音乐的过去，人们喜欢威利 麦克塔的过去
08:55
had few illusions about what they did.
177
519578
2520
有他们所做的几个幻想。
08:57
"I jump 'em from other writers
178
522098
2250
"我从其他作家那抄来的
09:00
but I arrange 'em my own way."
179
524348
2565
但我用我自己的方式。
09:02
I think this is mostly what we do.
180
526913
1717
我认为这是我们主要做的。
09:04
Our creativity comes from without, not from within.
181
528630
3366
我们的创意来自于外界,而不是我们内心。
09:07
We are not self-made. We are dependent on one another,
182
531996
2921
我们不是闭门造车，而是相互依赖的，
09:10
and admitting this to ourselves isn't an embrace
183
534917
2825
对我们自己承认这一点并不是
09:13
of mediocrity and derivativeness.
184
537742
2834
对平庸和变种的拥抱。
09:16
It's a liberation from our misconceptions,
185
540576
2633
这是一次我们从误解中的解放，
09:19
and it's an incentive to not expect so much from ourselves
186
543209
3083
这是不对自己期望过高的感知
09:22
and to simply begin.
187
546292
2735
只要开始就好。
09:24
Thank you so much. It was an honor to be here.
188
549027
2950
非常感谢。能够在这里是我的荣幸。
09:27
Thank you. (Applause)
189
551977
2777
谢谢。（掌声）
09:30
Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)
190
554754
3384
谢谢。谢谢。（掌声）
09:34
Thank you. (Applause)
191
558138
3341
谢谢。（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kirby Ferguson - Filmmaker and RemixerKirby Ferguson explores creativity in a world where "everything is a remix."
Why you should listen
What's a remix? In Kirby Ferguson's view, any piece of art that contains a recognizable reference to another work--a quote from a lyric, a borrowed riff, a filmic homage. Which makes almost everything a remix, from a Led Zeppelin song to a classic film from George Lucas. His deeply researched and insanely fun four-part web series, "Everything Is a Remix," dives into the question: Is remixing a form of creativity, a production of the new on the shoulders of what precedes it, or is it just copying? He comes out firmly on the side of creativity, calling for protections for people who, with good intentions, weave together bits of existing culture into something fresh and relevant.
His next web series is called "This Is Not a Conspiracy Theory," an attempt to explore how US politics came to be the way they are.
Kirby Ferguson | Speaker | TED.com