TED2016
Christiana Figueres: The inside story of the Paris climate agreement
Christiana Figueres: 巴黎气候协议的内情
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如果让你拯救这个星球，你会做些什么？当Christiana Figueres奉联合国之命，来主导2015年12月举行的巴黎气候会议（COP21），她的反应是很多人都会做出的反应：她认为要使来自195个国家的领导人在如何放缓气候变化问题上达成共识是不可能的。让我们来看看她是如何从怀疑到乐观，并且帮助整个世界来达成历史上最重要的气候协议。
Christiana Figueres - Climate advocate
Christiana Figueres is the executive secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), who led the recent COP 21 climate talks in Paris. Full bio
Christiana Figueres is the executive secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), who led the recent COP 21 climate talks in Paris. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I have one more reason for optimism:
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我乐观的原因还有这个：
00:15
climate change.
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那便是气候变化。
00:16
Maybe you don't believe it,
but here is the fact.
but here is the fact.
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也许你对此不太相信，
然而这便是事实。
然而这便是事实。
00:20
On December 12, 2015,
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在2015年的12月12日的巴黎，
00:24
in Paris, under the United Nations,
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受命于联合国的邀请，
00:27
195 governments got together
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195个国家代表齐聚一堂，
00:31
and unanimously --
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并达成全部共识 ——
00:34
if you've worked with governments,
you know how difficult that is --
you know how difficult that is --
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如果你和政府打过交道，
你应该知道这非常困难，
你应该知道这非常困难，
00:37
unanimously decided
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全体一致的达成共识，
00:40
to intentionally change the course
of the global economy
of the global economy
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有心去改变全球经济发展的进程，
00:44
in order to protect the most vulnerable
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来保护做弱势的一方，
00:47
and improve the life of all of us.
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以及提升我们所有人的生活。
00:50
Now, that is a remarkable achievement.
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这真的是一项了不起的成就。
00:52
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
00:55
But it is even more remarkable
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然而，更不得了的地方是，
00:57
if you consider where we had been
just a few years ago.
just a few years ago.
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如果你回想一下几年前，
01:01
2009, Copenhagen.
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2009，在哥本哈根的会议。
01:03
Who remembers Copenhagen?
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谁还记得哥本哈根会议吗？
01:06
Well, after years of working
toward a climate agreement,
toward a climate agreement,
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经过了长年累月有关气候协议的努力，
01:11
the same governments
convened in Copenhagen
convened in Copenhagen
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同样的与会国家被召集到哥本哈根，
01:16
and failed miserably.
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结局却是惨不忍睹。
01:18
Why did it fail miserably?
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为什么会这样呢？
01:21
For many different reasons,
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理由有很多，
01:22
but primarily because
of the deeply entrenched divide
of the deeply entrenched divide
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但最主要是因为存在于
南北半球国家之间的，
南北半球国家之间的，
01:26
between the global
North and the global South.
North and the global South.
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那根深蒂固的分歧。
01:30
So now, six months after this failure,
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然而如今，在失败过后的6个月，
01:34
I was called in
to assume the responsibility
to assume the responsibility
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我被委任接受这项，
01:38
of the global climate change negotiations.
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全球气候变化谈判的职责。
01:40
You can imagine, the perfect moment
to start this new job.
to start this new job.
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你能想象，
这是个开始新工作的最佳时刻。
这是个开始新工作的最佳时刻。
01:44
The global mood on climate change
was in the trash can.
was in the trash can.
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全球对于气候变化的态度一团糟。
01:48
No one believed
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没有人会相信，
01:50
that a global agreement
could ever be possible.
could ever be possible.
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全球能在此问题上达成共识，
01:54
In fact, neither did I.
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实际上，我也是这么想的。
01:57
If you promise not to tell anyone
outside of this wonderful TED audience,
outside of this wonderful TED audience,
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除了在座优秀的TED观众，
你能守口如瓶的话，
你能守口如瓶的话，
02:02
I'm going to divulge a secret
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我准备告诉你们一个秘密，
02:04
that has been gratefully
buried by history.
buried by history.
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这个秘密一直被历史完好封存着。
02:09
On my first press conference,
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在我首次的新闻发布会上，
02:12
a journalist asked, "Um, Ms. Figueres,
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有一名记者提问到：“ Figueres女士，
02:15
do you think that a global agreement
is ever going to be possible?"
is ever going to be possible?"
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你是否认为要达成全球共识
是不可能完成的？”
是不可能完成的？”
02:20
And without engaging brain,
I heard me utter,
I heard me utter,
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大脑还没反应过来时，
我听见自己说道，
我听见自己说道，
02:24
"Not in my lifetime."
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” 这辈子是不可能了。“
02:27
Well, you can imagine
the faces of my press team
the faces of my press team
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当然，你可以想象到
我们新闻团队的表情，
我们新闻团队的表情，
02:30
who were horrified
at this crazy Costa Rican woman
at this crazy Costa Rican woman
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大家都被这个
来自哥斯达黎加的疯女人所震惊，
来自哥斯达黎加的疯女人所震惊，
02:34
who was their new boss.
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而且这个女人还是他们的新上司。
02:36
And I was horrified, too.
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其实，我当时也被自己吓到了。
02:39
Now, I wasn't horrified at me,
because I'm kind of used to myself.
because I'm kind of used to myself.
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我并非被那个早已习惯了的自己所吓到，
02:42
I was actually horrified
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我真正害怕的是，
02:44
at the consequences
of what I had just said,
of what I had just said,
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我话语所带来的后果，
02:48
at the consequences for the world
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为这个我们子孙都会生活的这个世界，
02:50
in which all our children
are going to have to live.
are going to have to live.
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所带来的后果。
02:56
It was frankly a horrible moment for me,
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老实讲，对我来说，那是个可怕的一刻，
02:59
and I thought, well, no, hang on,
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然后我想，不，我要挺住，
03:01
hang on.
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我要挺住。
03:02
Impossible is not a fact,
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不可能不是一个既定事实，
03:06
it's an attitude.
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而是一种态度。
03:08
It's only an attitude.
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这仅仅是一种态度。
03:11
And I decided right then and there
that I was going to change my attitude
that I was going to change my attitude
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就在那刻，我立马改变了我的态度，
03:16
and I was going to help the world
change its attitude on climate change.
change its attitude on climate change.
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我也要帮助这个世界，
来改变他们对气候变化的态度。
来改变他们对气候变化的态度。
03:21
So I don't know --
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我不知道——
03:24
No, just this? Thanks.
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仅仅是这样？谢谢。
03:26
I don't know --
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我不知道——
03:30
what you would do
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如果让你拯救这个星球，
03:31
if you were told
your job is to save the planet.
your job is to save the planet.
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你会怎么做？
03:37
Put that on the job description.
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然后把它写到你的工作描述中。
03:41
And you have full responsibility,
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虽然你并没有被赋予任何权利，
03:43
but you have absolutely no authority,
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但你会感到十足的使命感。
03:46
because governments are sovereign
in every decision that they take.
in every decision that they take.
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因为政府在作出每个决定时
有着至高无上的权力。
有着至高无上的权力。
03:52
Well, I would really love to know
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我着实很想了解，
03:56
what you would do
on the first Monday morning,
on the first Monday morning,
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在第一个星期一的早晨，
你会怎么做？
你会怎么做？
03:58
but here's what I did: I panicked.
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我当时是：怕的要死。
04:00
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:02
And then I panicked again,
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接着，我还是感到害怕，
04:04
because I realized I have no idea
how we're going to solve this problem.
how we're going to solve this problem.
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因为我意识到，
我不知道该如何解决这个问题。
我不知道该如何解决这个问题。
04:09
And then I realized I have no idea
how we're going to solve this problem,
how we're going to solve this problem,
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我不知道该如何解决这个问题，
04:13
but I do know one thing:
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但我知道一点：
04:16
we have got to change
the tone of this conversation.
the tone of this conversation.
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我们要改变这个会话的氛围。
04:21
Because there is no way
you can deliver victory
you can deliver victory
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如果你不积极面对，
04:24
without optimism.
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你是不可能成功的。
04:27
And here,
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此时此刻，
04:28
I use optimism as a very simple word,
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我以乐观向上这个非常简单的词，
04:33
but let's understand it
in its broader sense.
in its broader sense.
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但让我们从广义层面上来理解这个词。
04:36
Let's understand it as courage,
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让我们把它理解为勇气，
04:38
hope, trust, solidarity,
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希望，信任以及齐心协力，
04:42
the fundamental belief
that we humans can come together
that we humans can come together
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秉持着人类能够聚集在一起的基本信念
04:47
and can help each other
to better the fate of mankind.
to better the fate of mankind.
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以及能够为了更好的命运而相互帮助。
04:51
Well, you can imagine
that I thought that without that,
that I thought that without that,
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试想一下，如果我不这么想，
04:54
there was no way we were going
to get out of the paralysis of Copenhagen.
to get out of the paralysis of Copenhagen.
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可能我们便没有办法从
哥本哈根的无力状态里走出来。
哥本哈根的无力状态里走出来。
04:57
And for six years,
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时隔六年，
04:59
I have stubbornly, relentlessly
injected optimism into the system,
injected optimism into the system,
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我怀抱着不屈不饶，冷酷无情的态度，
向这个体系注入乐观主义，
向这个体系注入乐观主义，
05:05
no matter what the questions
from the press --
from the press --
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无论新闻发布会上会有怎样的问题，
05:08
and I have gotten better at those --
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我现在变得更会处理这些问题了——
05:10
and no matter what the evidence
to the contrary.
to the contrary.
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而且，无论对立面有着怎样的蛛丝马迹。
05:13
And believe you me, there has been
a lot of contrary evidence.
a lot of contrary evidence.
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相信我，反证一直有很多。
05:21
But relentless optimism into the system.
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随着不屈不饶的把乐观主义带入体系，
05:26
And pretty soon,
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过了没多久，
05:28
we began to see changes
happening in many areas,
happening in many areas,
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我们开始在很多领域里碰到挑战，
05:34
precipitated by thousands of people,
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使数百万千的人们突然陷入其中，
05:37
including many of you here today,
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也包括今天在座的各位，
05:40
and I thank you.
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对此，我向你们表达我的谢意。
05:42
And this TED community
will not be surprised
will not be surprised
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我想，TED群体应该不会
对我待会要说的话感到惊讶，
对我待会要说的话感到惊讶，
05:47
if I tell you the first area
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我们当时见证了，
05:49
in which we saw remarkable change
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第一个领域的惊人变化，
05:52
was ...
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便是...
05:55
technology.
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科技。
05:57
We began to see that clean technologies,
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我们开始关注清洁技术，
06:00
in particular renewable
energy technologies,
energy technologies,
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特别是可再生能源技术，
06:02
began to drop price
and increase in capacity,
and increase in capacity,
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开始降低成本，并提高生产力，
06:05
to the point where today
we are already building
we are already building
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为了我们如今已经建立起来的
06:08
concentrated solar power plants
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集中太阳能发电厂，
06:10
that have the capacity
to power entire cities,
to power entire cities,
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能够拥有足够的能量来攻击整个城市，
06:14
to say nothing of the fact
of what we are doing on mobility
of what we are doing on mobility
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而对那些我们在流动性
以及智能大厦中
以及智能大厦中
06:18
and intelligent buildings.
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的作为闭口不提。
06:21
And with this shift in technologies,
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然而，有了科技这个转变，
06:24
we were able to begin to understand
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我们开始能够理解，
06:27
that there was a shift
in the economic equation,
in the economic equation,
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从经济均衡来看，也是个转变，
06:31
because we were able to recognize
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因为我们能够认识到，
06:33
that yes, there are
huge costs to climate change,
huge costs to climate change,
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一，气候变化需要巨大的成本，
06:36
and yes, there are compounded risks.
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二，其中也有各种风险。
06:39
But there also are economic advantages
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但其中也有经济优势，
06:42
and intrinsic benefits,
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以及内在利益，
06:43
because the dissemination
of the clean technologies
of the clean technologies
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因为清洁技术的散播，
06:46
is going to bring us cleaner air,
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能够带给我们更新鲜的空气，
06:50
better health,
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使我们更健康，
06:52
better transportation,
more livable cities,
more livable cities,
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交通也更顺畅，更多宜居的城市，
06:54
more energy security,
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更多能源保证，
06:56
more energy access
to the developing world.
to the developing world.
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以及会有更多能够助于世界发展的能源出现。
06:59
In sum, a better world
than what we have now.
than what we have now.
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总而言之，会有一个
比我们现在还要棒的世界。
比我们现在还要棒的世界。
07:03
And with that understanding,
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有了这个觉悟，
07:06
you should have witnessed,
in fact, part of you were,
in fact, part of you were,
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你应该见证一下，
事实上，你已经参与其中，
事实上，你已经参与其中，
07:10
the spread of ingenuity and excitement
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经历了其聪明才智和兴奋的蔓延，
07:14
that went through,
first through nonnational governments,
first through nonnational governments,
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首当其冲的是非政府方，
07:18
the private sector, captains of industry,
insurance companies,
insurance companies,
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私营企业，业界巨头，保险公司，
07:22
investors, city leaders,
faith communities,
faith communities,
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投资方，市领导人，各种信仰的社区，
07:27
because they all began to understand,
this actually can be in their interest.
this actually can be in their interest.
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因为他们都开始懂得，
这着实和他们的切身利益有关。
这着实和他们的切身利益有关。
07:32
This can actually
improve their bottom line.
improve their bottom line.
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这确实可以提升他们的最终盈利。
07:37
And it wasn't just the usual suspects.
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而这并非是秋后算账。
07:44
I have to tell you I had the CEO
of a major, major oil and gas company
of a major, major oil and gas company
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我必须和你说，有个在非常大型的石油和天然气公司
任职的首席执行官，
任职的首席执行官，
07:50
come to me at the beginning of last year
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在去年年初的时候找到我，
07:52
and say --
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和我说道 --
07:54
privately, of course --
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当然，是私底下 --
07:57
he did not know how
he was going to change his company,
he was going to change his company,
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他当时不知道该如何改变
目前的公司状况，
目前的公司状况，
08:01
but he is going to change it,
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但是他又这个打算，
08:03
because he's interested
in long-term viability.
in long-term viability.
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因为他看中的是公司长久的可行性。
08:06
Well, now we have a shift
in the economic equation,
in the economic equation,
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嗯，现在，我们在经济均衡方面有了转变，
08:12
and with that, with broader
support from everyone,
support from everyone,
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而由于这个转变，以及大家广泛的支持，
08:16
it did not take very long
before we saw that national governments
before we saw that national governments
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我们见证各国政府
在对自身国家利益上的觉悟，
在对自身国家利益上的觉悟，
08:22
woke up to the fact
that this is in their national interest.
that this is in their national interest.
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也不会太久。
08:27
And when we asked countries
to begin to identify
to begin to identify
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并且当我们开始让各国政府去定义，
08:31
how they could contribute
to global efforts
to global efforts
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他们改如何为全球做出贡献时，
08:35
but based on their national interest,
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但是是在本国利益的基础上，
08:38
189 countries out of 195,
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195个国家中的189个国家，
08:42
189 countries sent their
comprehensive climate change plans,
comprehensive climate change plans,
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189个国家都献出了
他们应对气候变化的详尽计划，
他们应对气候变化的详尽计划，
08:47
based on their national interest,
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这计划是在本国利益基础上，
08:49
concurrent with their priorities,
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同时结合了他们的重点，
08:51
consistent with their national
sustainable development plans.
sustainable development plans.
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并与各国持久发展计划相符合。
08:56
Well,
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当然，
08:58
once you protect
the core interests of nations,
the core interests of nations,
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一旦你保护了各国的核心利益，
09:04
then you can understand
that nations were ready
that nations were ready
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你会了解到各国也准备好，
09:07
to begin to converge onto a common path,
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开始通往同一条道路，
09:11
onto a common direction of travel
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朝向同一个方向，
09:14
that is going to take us
probably several decades,
probably several decades,
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这也将带给我们可能数十个年头，
09:17
but over those several decades
is going to take us
is going to take us
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或者超过数十个年头，
09:20
into the new economy,
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一番新经济的景象，
09:21
into a decarbonized,
highly resilient economy,
highly resilient economy,
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进入一个脱碳化，高度强韧经济时期，
09:25
And the national contributions
that are currently on the table
that are currently on the table
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而那时各国所做出的贡献，
09:28
on behalf of national governments
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也将代表各国政府，展示于人前，
09:31
are insufficient to get us
to a stabilized climate,
to a stabilized climate,
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虽还不足于带给我们一个稳定的气候，
09:35
but they are only the first step,
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但这迈出的第一步，
09:37
and they will improve over time.
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将随着时间的推延，得到提升。
09:39
And the measurement, reporting
and verification of all of those efforts
and verification of all of those efforts
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而这些结果的衡量，汇报以及验证，
09:43
is legally binding.
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是具有法律约束力的。
09:45
And the checkpoints that we're
going to have every five years
going to have every five years
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而这些我们每五年都要面对的关卡，
09:49
to assess collective progress
towards our goal are legally binding,
towards our goal are legally binding,
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为了达到我们目标而评估总体进展，
也是具有法律约束力的，
也是具有法律约束力的，
09:53
and the path itself toward
a decarbonized and more resilient economy
a decarbonized and more resilient economy
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而这条通往脱碳化，
更加强韧经济的道路，
更加强韧经济的道路，
09:58
is legally binding.
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也是具有法律约束力的。
10:00
And here's the more important part:
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还有更重要的点是：
10:02
What did we have before?
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我们之前拥有的是什么？
10:03
A very small handful of countries
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屈指可数的国家，
10:07
who had undertaken very reduced,
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都经历了非常缩减的，
10:11
short-term emission reduction commitments
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短期的减排承诺，
10:14
that were completely insufficient
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而这仅仅是不够的，
10:17
and furthermore,
largely perceived as a burden.
largely perceived as a burden.
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另外，很大程度上被视为一种负担。
10:21
Now what do we have?
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那现在我们拥有的是什么？
10:22
Now we have all countries of the world
contributing with different intensities
contributing with different intensities
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我们现在有的是来自世界的各个国家，
用不同的方式，
用不同的方式，
10:28
from different approaches
in different sectors,
in different sectors,
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在不同的区域，以不同的强度
来做出他们的贡献，
来做出他们的贡献，
10:30
but all of them
contributing to a common goal
contributing to a common goal
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但是他们都是为了同一个目标，
10:35
and along a path
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怀着整体环保的心情，
10:37
with environmental integrity.
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朝着同一方向。
10:40
Well, once you have all of this in place
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一旦所有事物都适得其所，
10:44
and you have shifted this understanding,
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你会开始改变想法，
10:46
then you see that governments
were able to go to Paris
were able to go to Paris
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然后你会看到
各个国家都愿意前往巴黎，
各个国家都愿意前往巴黎，
10:51
and adopt the Paris agreement.
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对巴黎协议表示认同。
10:53
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
11:01
So,
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所以，
11:03
as I look back
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当我回顾一切，
11:08
over the past six years,
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回顾这过去的六年，
11:14
first I remember
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跳出的第一件事，
11:16
the day the Paris agreement was adopted.
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便是巴黎协议被采纳的那天。
11:20
I cannot tell you
the euphoria in the room.
the euphoria in the room.
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我形容不出那时在房间里的愉悦。
11:23
5,000 people jumping out of their seats,
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5000个人都高兴的从椅子上跳了起来，
11:26
crying, clapping, screaming, yelling,
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哭泣，鼓掌，尖叫，呐喊着，
11:30
torn between euphoria and still disbelief
at what they had just seen,
at what they had just seen,
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欣喜之情和难以置信间的纠葛，
是他们之前刚见证到的，
是他们之前刚见证到的，
11:35
because so many people
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因为有太多的人，
11:38
had worked for years towards this,
and this was finally their reality.
and this was finally their reality.
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为达成这个目标而工作数年，
然而现在终于实现了。
然而现在终于实现了。
11:44
And it wasn't just those
who had participated directly.
who had participated directly.
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而这不仅仅是直接参与的那些人。
11:49
A few weeks ago, I was with a colleague
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几周前，我和一位同事，
11:52
who was trying to decide
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他当时在为他美丽的妻子Natasha，
11:54
on a Tahitian pearl that he wanted
to give to his wonderful wife Natasha.
to give to his wonderful wife Natasha.
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选择大溪地珍珠来作为礼物的时候。
12:01
And once he had finally decided
what he was going to buy,
what he was going to buy,
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当他终于决定要买哪个的时候，
12:06
the jeweler said to him,
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店员和他说道，
12:08
"You know, you're very lucky
that you're buying this now,
that you're buying this now,
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“你知道吗，你现在买下这个十分幸运，
12:10
because these pearls could go extinct
very soon because of climate change."
very soon because of climate change."
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因为这些珍珠灰因为气候变化，
很快就会不复存在。“
很快就会不复存在。“
12:16
"But," the jeweler said, "have you heard,
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“但是，”店员说道，“你知道吗，
12:19
the governments
have just come to a decision,
have just come to a decision,
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政府刚提出一个决策，
12:22
and Tahiti could have a chance."
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大溪地可能还有一线生机。“
12:26
Well, what a fantastic confirmation
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这证实太棒了，
12:30
that perhaps, perhaps here is hope,
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可能，有可能便有希望，
12:34
here is a possible chance.
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这是个可能性。
12:37
I'm the first one to recognize
that we have a lot of work still to do.
that we have a lot of work still to do.
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我是第一个意识到我们还有很多事要去做。
12:42
We've only just started
our work on climate change.
our work on climate change.
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在气候变化的问题上，
我们仅仅只是开始。
我们仅仅只是开始。
12:45
And in fact, we need to make sure
that we redouble our efforts
that we redouble our efforts
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而且事实上，我们要确保能够，
在接下来十分重要的五年内，
在接下来十分重要的五年内，
12:49
over the next five years
that are the urgent five years.
that are the urgent five years.
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增加我们的成效。
12:54
But I do believe
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而且我相信，
12:57
that we have come over the past six years
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我们所经历的这六年，
13:00
from the impossible
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我们从不可能，
13:02
to the now unstoppable.
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成长为如今的势不可挡。
13:04
And how did we do that?
By injecting transformational optimism
By injecting transformational optimism
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而我们又是如何做到的呢？
通过注入具有转变意义的乐观态度，
通过注入具有转变意义的乐观态度，
13:09
that allowed us to go
from confrontation to collaboration,
from confrontation to collaboration,
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那使得我们能够从对峙到合作，
13:13
that allowed us to understand
that national and local interests
that national and local interests
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那使得我们去理解国家以及当地的利益，
13:16
are not necessarily at odds
with global needs,
with global needs,
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而并非是于全球需求所抗衡的，
13:19
and that if we understand that,
we can bring them together
we can bring them together
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并且如果我们理解这点，
就能够使大家团结起来，
就能够使大家团结起来，
13:22
and we can merge them harmoniously.
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我们可以使大家都和睦相处。
13:24
And as I look forward
to other global issues
to other global issues
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当我回顾其他的全球议题时，
13:28
that will require
our attention this century --
our attention this century --
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需要我们对这世纪的关注 --
13:32
food security, water security,
home security, forced migration --
home security, forced migration --
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食品安全，水源安全，
家庭保全，强制迁移 --
家庭保全，强制迁移 --
13:39
I see that we certainly do not know
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我想我们目前还不是十分清楚，
13:41
how we are going to solve
those problems yet.
those problems yet.
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该如何解决这些问题。
13:45
But we can take a page
out of what we have done on climate change
out of what we have done on climate change
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但我们可以为在气候变化上做出的贡献，
画下新的篇章，
画下新的篇章，
13:49
and we can understand
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并且我们知道，
13:51
that we have got to reinterpret
the zero-sum mentality.
the zero-sum mentality.
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我们应该重新定义零和心态。
13:57
Because we were trained to believe
that there always are winners and losers,
that there always are winners and losers,
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因为我们老是被灌输
应该去相信，凡是都有输有赢，
应该去相信，凡是都有输有赢，
14:02
and that your loss is my gain.
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不是你输，就是我赢。
14:04
Well, now that we're in a world
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然而，我们共同生活在同一个世界，
14:06
in which we have reached
planetary boundaries
planetary boundaries
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一个我们都会碰到许多界限的世界，
14:09
and that we are not
just so interconnected,
just so interconnected,
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我们并非只是相互联结，
14:12
but increasingly
interdependent on each other,
interdependent on each other,
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而是越来越相互依靠，
14:15
your loss is no longer my gain.
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输了的对立面，不再是赢了。
14:18
We're either all losers
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我们要么全盘皆输，
14:22
or we all can be winners.
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要么大获全胜。
14:24
But we are going to have to decide
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我们需要在从无到有中，
14:27
between zero and sum.
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进行选择。
14:31
We're going to have to decide
between zero benefit for all
between zero benefit for all
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我们需要在毫无利益，
14:35
or living life as the sum of all of us.
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还是为全人类畅享生活中作出选择。
14:39
We've done it once. We can do it again.
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我们已经做到过了。我们还可以再做到。
14:42
Thanks.
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谢谢。
14:43
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christiana Figueres - Climate advocateChristiana Figueres is the executive secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), who led the recent COP 21 climate talks in Paris.
Why you should listen
Christiana Figueres has been the executive secretary of the UNFCCC since July 2010. She has directed five consecutive successful Conferences of the Parties, and is now charged with the intergovernmental process to deliver the 2015 Paris agreement on climate change.
Figueres has a long trajectory in the field of global climate change, having been a member of the Costa Rican negotiating team 1995- 2009, and having played a number of key roles in the governance of the UNFCCC before formally joining the secretariat. She initiated her life of public service as Minister Counselor at the Embassy of Costa Rica in Bonn, Germany in 1982. Moving to the USA, she was Director of Renewable Energy in the Americas (REIA) and in 1995 founded the nonprofit Center for Sustainable Development of the Americas (CSDA) which she directed for eight years. She designed and helped to establish national climate change programs throughout Latin America and served as high level advisor to both governments and private companies. In 2001 she received the Hero for the Planet Award from National Geographic.
Christiana Figueres | Speaker | TED.com