TEDxProvincetown
Noah Wilson-Rich: How you can help save the bees, one hive at a time
诺亚·威尔逊-里奇: 是什么杀害了蜜蜂——如何拯救它们
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蜜蜂正以创纪录的速度面临灭绝，但是生态学家诺亚·威尔逊-里奇对另一件事很感兴趣：哪里的蜜蜂更健康和繁盛？为了找到答案，他在美国各地招募了公民科学家，在他们的后院，花园以及屋顶搭建蜂箱。了解这些小数据工厂是如何改变我们对蜜蜂赖以生存的栖息地的了解——并保持我们未来食物系统的稳定。
Noah Wilson-Rich - Beekeeper
Noah Wilson-Rich studies bees and bee diseases. He founded Best Bees Company to support people who want to own and care for their own beehive. Full bio
Noah Wilson-Rich studies bees and bee diseases. He founded Best Bees Company to support people who want to own and care for their own beehive. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Pollinator decline is a grand challenge
in the modern world.
in the modern world.
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授粉者减少是现代世界
所面临的一个巨大挑战。
所面临的一个巨大挑战。
在20万种传粉物种中，
00:16
Of the 200,000 species of pollinators,
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我们对蜜蜂最为了解，
00:19
honeybees are the most well-understood,
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部分原因是我们人类与蜜蜂的
悠长历史可以追溯到8000年前，
悠长历史可以追溯到8000年前，
00:22
partly because of our long history
with them dating back 8,000 years ago
with them dating back 8,000 years ago
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在如今的西班牙发现的洞穴壁画中。
00:26
to our cave drawings
in what is now modern-day Spain.
in what is now modern-day Spain.
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然而，我们知道蜜蜂
这一关键物种正面临灭绝。
这一关键物种正面临灭绝。
00:30
And yet we know that
this indicator species is dying off.
this indicator species is dying off.
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仅去年一年，我们在美国境内
就失去了40%的蜂巢。
就失去了40%的蜂巢。
00:34
Last year alone, we lost 40 percent
of all beehives in the United States.
of all beehives in the United States.
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这个数据在严冬地区甚至更高，
00:39
That number is even higher
in areas with harsh winters,
in areas with harsh winters,
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比如在马萨诸塞州这里，
00:42
like here in Massachusetts,
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我们在一年内就损失了
00:43
where we lost 47 percent of beehives
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47%的蜂巢。
00:46
in one year alone.
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你能想象如果去年人类数量
减少了一半会怎样吗？
减少了一半会怎样吗？
00:48
Can you imagine if we lost
half of our people last year?
half of our people last year?
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00:52
And if those were
the food-producing people?
the food-producing people?
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如果这些人都是负责食品生产的呢？
00:55
It's untenable.
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这是无法承受的状况。
00:57
And I predict that in 10 years,
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我预测在10年后，
蜜蜂将会灭绝。
01:00
we will lose our bees.
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01:04
If not for the work of beekeepers
replacing these dead beehives,
replacing these dead beehives,
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如果不是养蜂人替换掉
这些无用的蜂巢的话，
这些无用的蜂巢的话，
我们将失去赖以生存的食物：
01:08
we would be without foods
that we rely upon:
that we rely upon:
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水果，蔬菜，
01:11
fruits, vegetables,
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松脆的杏仁和坚果，
01:13
crunchy almonds and nuts,
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苹果派，
01:15
tart apples,
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酸柠檬。
01:16
sour lemons.
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01:18
Even the food that our cattle rely
upon to eat, hay and alfalfa -- gone,
upon to eat, hay and alfalfa -- gone,
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即使是牛所依赖的食物，
如干草和苜蓿，也都将消失，
如干草和苜蓿，也都将消失，
01:24
causing global hunger,
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导致全球饥荒，
经济崩溃，
01:26
economic collapse,
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道德危机席卷全球。
01:27
a total moral crisis across earth.
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01:31
Now, I first started keeping bees
here in Cape Cod
here in Cape Cod
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我开始在科德角这里养蜂，
是在我刚获得了
蜜蜂免疫学的博士学位之后。
蜜蜂免疫学的博士学位之后。
01:34
right after I finished my doctorate
in honeybee immunology.
in honeybee immunology.
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（笑声）
01:37
(Laughter)
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（掌声）
01:40
(Applause)
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01:45
Imagine getting such a degree
in a good economy --
in a good economy --
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想象一下，在良好的经济环境下，
拿到这么一个学位——
拿到这么一个学位——
那是在2009年：
01:49
and it was 2009:
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01:52
the Great Recession.
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经济大萧条时期。
01:54
And I was onto something.
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我要准备做点什么，
我知道我可以找到改善
蜂群生存状况的方法。
蜂群生存状况的方法。
01:56
I knew that I could find out
how to improve bee health.
how to improve bee health.
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在普罗温斯敦的科德角社区，
01:59
And so the community
on Cape Cod here in Provincetown
on Cape Cod here in Provincetown
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公民科学的时机已经成熟，
02:03
was ripe for citizen science,
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人们都在想办法参与并提供帮助。
02:04
people looking for ways
to get involved and to help.
to get involved and to help.
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因此我们在咖啡店与一些人会面。
02:07
And so we met with people in coffee shops.
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一位叫娜塔莉的了不起的女士，
她在特鲁罗的家里有8个蜂箱，
她在特鲁罗的家里有8个蜂箱，
02:10
A wonderful woman named Natalie
got eight beehives at her home in Truro,
got eight beehives at her home in Truro,
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她还把我们介绍给
一位叫瓦莱利的朋友，
一位叫瓦莱利的朋友，
02:13
and she introduced us
to her friend Valerie,
to her friend Valerie,
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瓦莱利允许我们在她名下的
一个废弃网球场上搭建了60个蜂箱。
一个废弃网球场上搭建了60个蜂箱。
02:15
who let us set up 60 beehives at
an abandoned tennis court on her property.
an abandoned tennis court on her property.
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02:21
And so we started testing
vaccines for bees.
vaccines for bees.
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于是，我们开始测试蜜蜂疫苗。
我们开始研究益生菌。
02:25
We were starting to look at probiotics.
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我们叫它“蜜蜂酸奶”——
02:27
We called it "bee yogurt" --
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让蜜蜂更健康的方法。
02:29
ways to make bees healthier.
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02:31
And our citizen science project
started to take off.
started to take off.
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我们的公民科学计划开始启动。
02:35
Meanwhile, back in my apartment here,
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与此同时，回到我所住的公寓，
我有点担心房东的态度。
02:38
I was a bit nervous about my landlord.
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02:40
I figured I should tell him
what we were doing.
what we were doing.
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我觉得我应该告诉他
我们正在做的事情。
我们正在做的事情。
（笑声）
02:43
(Laughter)
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我忐忑不安；我真以为会收到驱逐令，
02:44
I was terrified; I really thought
I was going to get an eviction notice,
I was going to get an eviction notice,
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这真是我们最不想要的，对吧？
02:47
which really was
the last thing we needed, right?
the last thing we needed, right?
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我一决定要在美好的
一天逮住他说话，
一天逮住他说话，
02:50
I must have caught him
on a good day, though,
on a good day, though,
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不过当我告诉他我们在做什么
02:52
because when I told him what we were doing
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以及我们是如何建立
非盈利城市养蜂实验室的时候，
非盈利城市养蜂实验室的时候，
02:54
and how we started our nonprofit
urban beekeeping laboratory,
urban beekeeping laboratory,
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他说，“太棒了！
我们在后巷也弄一个蜂箱吧。”
我们在后巷也弄一个蜂箱吧。”
02:57
he said, "That's great!
Let's get a beehive in the back alley."
Let's get a beehive in the back alley."
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我很震惊。
03:01
I was shocked.
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我完全惊呆了。
03:02
I was completely surprised.
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我是说，不但没有收到驱逐令，
03:04
I mean, instead of getting
an eviction notice,
an eviction notice,
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还增加了一个数据点。
03:06
we got another data point.
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在这张照片中的后巷，
03:08
And in the back alley of this image,
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你在这里看到的，这个隐藏的蜂箱——
03:10
what you see here, this hidden beehive --
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那个蜂箱第一年产的蜜
03:13
that beehive produced
more honey that first year
more honey that first year
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比我们管理的任何蜂箱的蜜都要多。
03:15
than we have ever experienced
in any beehive we had managed.
in any beehive we had managed.
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这永远改变了我们的研究视角。
03:19
It shifted our research
perspective forever.
perspective forever.
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它把我们的研究问题
从“如何拯救死去的和垂死的蜜蜂？”
从“如何拯救死去的和垂死的蜜蜂？”
03:21
It changed our research question away from
"How do we save the dead and dying bees?"
"How do we save the dead and dying bees?"
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转变成“哪里最适合蜜蜂生长？”
03:26
to "Where are bees doing best?"
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我们开始能够把地图拼起来，
03:29
And we started to be able
to put maps together,
to put maps together,
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看看所有这些公民科学家的蜂箱，
03:31
looking at all of these
citizen science beehives
citizen science beehives
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从在阳台放蜂箱的，
03:34
from people who had
beehives at home decks,
beehives at home decks,
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到在花园，商业屋顶放蜂箱的。
03:36
gardens, business rooftops.
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我们开始让公众参与进来，
03:38
We started to engage the public,
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越多的人参与，提供越多的数据点
03:40
and the more people who got
these little data points,
these little data points,
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我们的地图就越精确。
03:43
the more accurate our maps became.
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如果在座的各位正在思考，
“我怎样才能参与其中？”
“我怎样才能参与其中？”
03:44
And so when you're sitting here thinking,
"How can I get involved?"
"How can I get involved?"
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你可以听一听我朋友弗雷德的故事，
03:47
you might think about a story
of my friend Fred,
of my friend Fred,
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他是一名商业地产开发商。
03:50
who's a commercial real estate developer.
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他也在想着同样的事情。
03:52
He was thinking the same thing.
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有一天他正在开会，
03:54
He was at a meeting,
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考虑要如何改善跟租客的关系
03:55
thinking about what he could do
for tenant relations
for tenant relations
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和规模化的可持续性。
03:58
and sustainability at scale.
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当他在茶歇的时候，
04:00
And while he was having a tea break,
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他把蜂蜜放进茶里，
注意到了在蜂蜜罐上
注意到了在蜂蜜罐上
04:01
he put honey into his tea
and noticed on the honey jar
and noticed on the honey jar
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一则会议主办方关于
企业可持续性的信息。
企业可持续性的信息。
04:05
a message about corporate sustainability
from the host company of that meeting.
from the host company of that meeting.
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这激发了一个想法。
04:08
And it sparked an idea.
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他回到办公室。
04:10
He came back to his office.
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发了一封电子邮件，
又打了一个电话，就这么简单——
又打了一个电话，就这么简单——
04:12
An email, a phone call later,
and -- boom! --
and -- boom! --
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我们的计划在他的帮助下走向了全国。
04:15
we went national together.
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04:18
We put dozens of beehives
on the rooftops of their skyscrapers
on the rooftops of their skyscrapers
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我们放了几十个蜂箱
在他们摩天大楼的屋顶上，
在他们摩天大楼的屋顶上，
横跨全国九个城市。
04:21
across nine cities nationwide.
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九年以后——
04:24
Nine years later --
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（掌声）
04:25
(Applause)
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九年以后，我们为蜜蜂研究
筹集了一百多万美元的资金。
筹集了一百多万美元的资金。
04:31
Nine years later, we have raised
over a million dollars for bee research.
over a million dollars for bee research.
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我们在全国有一千个蜂箱
作为小数据点，
作为小数据点，
04:36
We have a thousand beehives
as little data points across the country,
as little data points across the country,
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遍布18个州和郡，
04:41
18 states and counting,
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我们为当地的养蜂业
创造了有偿工作，一共有65个人
创造了有偿工作，一共有65个人
04:43
where we have created paying jobs
for local beekeepers, 65 of them,
for local beekeepers, 65 of them,
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得以在自己的社区管理蜂箱，
04:47
to manage beehives
in their own communities,
in their own communities,
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积极动员普通民众，
04:50
to connect with people, everyday people,
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这些民众现在也成为了数据点，
一起发挥作用。
一起发挥作用。
04:53
who are now data points
together making a difference.
together making a difference.
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04:57
So in order to explain
what's actually been saving bees,
what's actually been saving bees,
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为了说明究竟是什么拯救了蜜蜂，
它们正在什么地方蓬勃发展，
05:00
where they're thriving,
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我首先要告诉你的是：
什么杀死了它们。
什么杀死了它们。
05:01
I need to first tell you
what's been killing them.
what's been killing them.
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蜜蜂的三大杀手
05:04
The top three killers of bees
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是农药，比如杀虫剂，除草剂和杀菌剂；
05:06
are agricultural chemicals such as
pesticides, herbicides, fungicides;
pesticides, herbicides, fungicides;
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大量种类的疾病；
05:09
diseases of bees, of which there are many;
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以及栖息地的丧失。
05:12
and habitat loss.
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所以我们做的是研究地图
05:13
So what we did is we looked on our maps
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以及识别蜜蜂繁盛的地区。
05:15
and we identified areas
where bees were thriving.
where bees were thriving.
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我们发现这些地区大多位于城市中。
05:18
This was mostly in cities, we found.
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目前数据显示，城市蜂箱生产的蜂蜜
05:21
Data are now showing that urban
beehives produce more honey
beehives produce more honey
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比乡村和郊区的多。
05:24
than rural beehives and suburban beehives.
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城市蜂箱比乡村和
郊区的蜂箱寿命更长，
郊区的蜂箱寿命更长，
05:26
Urban beehives have a longer life span
than rural and suburban beehives,
than rural and suburban beehives,
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城市蜜蜂更具有生物多样性；
05:31
and bees in the city are more biodiverse;
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城市地区的蜜蜂种类较多。
05:34
there are more bee species in urban areas.
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（笑声）
05:36
(Laughter)
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有点奇怪吧？
05:38
Right?
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为什么呢？
05:39
Why is this?
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05:41
That was our question.
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这正是我们思考的问题。
我们先研究了这三种蜜蜂杀手，
05:43
So we started with
these three killers of bees,
these three killers of bees,
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并进行逆向思考：
05:45
and we flipped it:
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这些在城市里有哪些不同之处？
05:46
Which of these is different in the cities?
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第一，杀虫剂。
05:48
So the first one, pesticides.
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我们与哈佛大学公共卫生学院合作，
05:50
We partnered up with
the Harvard School of Public Health.
the Harvard School of Public Health.
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与他们分享了数据。
05:52
We shared our data with them.
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我们从人们家里和商业建筑屋顶的
公民科学蜂箱
公民科学蜂箱
05:54
We collected samples
from our citizen science beehives
from our citizen science beehives
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收集了很多样本，
05:57
at people's homes and business rooftops.
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研究了杀虫剂水平。
05:58
We looked at pesticide levels.
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我们认为，蜜蜂生长得更好的
地区杀虫剂可能会更少。
地区杀虫剂可能会更少。
06:00
We thought there would be less pesticides
in areas where bees are doing better.
in areas where bees are doing better.
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但事实并非如此。
06:04
That's not the case.
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我们的研究发现——
橙色柱状表示波士顿，
橙色柱状表示波士顿，
06:05
So what we found here in our study
is -- the orange bars are Boston,
is -- the orange bars are Boston,
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我们以为这些柱状代表的应该是
06:09
and we thought those bars
would be the lowest,
would be the lowest,
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杀虫剂含量最低的地方。
06:11
there would be the lowest
levels of pesticides.
levels of pesticides.
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事实上，城市中杀虫剂使用量最多。
06:14
And, in fact, there are
the most pesticides in cities.
the most pesticides in cities.
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06:18
So the pesticide hypothesis
for what's saving bees --
for what's saving bees --
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因此关于拯救蜜蜂的杀虫剂假说——
城市的杀虫剂更少——
06:21
less pesticides in cities --
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不成立。
06:22
is not it.
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这样的结论对于
一个科学家来说是很平常的。
一个科学家来说是很平常的。
06:24
And this is very typical
of my life as a scientist.
of my life as a scientist.
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很多时候，我的假设
06:28
Anytime I've had a hypothesis,
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不仅得不到证据支撑，
反倒相反的假设才是正确的。
反倒相反的假设才是正确的。
06:30
not only is it not supported,
but the opposite is true.
but the opposite is true.
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（笑声）
06:33
(Laughter)
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但这仍然是一个有趣的发现，对吧？
06:34
Which is still an interesting
finding, right?
finding, right?
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于是我们继续前进，提出了
06:36
We moved on.
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疾病假说。
06:37
The disease hypothesis.
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我们研究了所有蜂箱中出现的疾病。
06:38
We looked at diseases
all over our beehives.
all over our beehives.
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我们在对北卡罗来纳州的
类似研究中发现：
类似研究中发现：
06:41
And what we found in a similar study
to this one with North Carolina State is:
to this one with North Carolina State is:
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无论是在城市，郊区，还是乡村地区，
06:45
there's no difference
between disease in bees
between disease in bees
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蜜蜂疾病都没有表现出任何区别。
06:47
in urban, suburban and rural areas.
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疾病无处不在；
蜜蜂都在陆续生病和死亡。
蜜蜂都在陆续生病和死亡。
06:49
Diseases are everywhere;
bees are sick and dying.
bees are sick and dying.
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事实上，城市里有更多的蜜蜂疾病。
06:51
In fact, there were more diseases
of bees in cities.
of bees in cities.
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这是北卡罗来纳州罗利市的照片。
06:54
This was from Raleigh, North Carolina.
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所以，我又得出了恰好相反的假设。
06:56
So again, my hypothesis was not supported.
The opposite was true.
The opposite was true.
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我们又继续研究。
07:00
We're moving on.
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（笑声）
07:02
(Laughter)
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栖息地假说。
07:04
The habitat hypothesis.
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这张图说的是蜜蜂生命旺盛的地区，
栖息地环境更好——
栖息地环境更好——
07:06
This said that areas where bees
are thriving have a better habitat --
are thriving have a better habitat --
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应该有更多的花朵，对吗？
07:10
more flowers, right?
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但是我们不知该
如何对这一假设进行检验。
如何对这一假设进行检验。
07:11
But we didn't know how to test this.
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所以我们召开了一次有趣的会议。
07:13
So I had a really interesting meeting.
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我与朋友兼同事安娜·麦登，
她也是TED演讲人，
她也是TED演讲人，
07:15
An idea sparked with my friend
and colleague Anne Madden,
and colleague Anne Madden,
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提出了这个想法。
07:18
fellow TED speaker.
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我们想到了基因组技术，比如
“AncestryDNA”或者“23andMe”的那种。
“AncestryDNA”或者“23andMe”的那种。
07:19
We thought about genomics,
kind of like AncestryDNA or 23andMe.
kind of like AncestryDNA or 23andMe.
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你们做过这种检测吗？
07:24
Have you done these?
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就是往管子里吐痰，然后发现，
“我是德国人（的后裔）！”
“我是德国人（的后裔）！”
07:26
You spit in a tube and
you find out, "I'm German!"
you find out, "I'm German!"
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（笑声）
07:28
(Laughter)
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我们为蜜蜂也开发了类似的技术。
07:29
Well, we developed this for honey.
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取一份蜂蜜样本，
比对所有植物的DNA，
比对所有植物的DNA，
07:31
So we have a sample of honey
and we look at all the plant DNA,
and we look at all the plant DNA,
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然后我们发现，“这是漆树（的花蜜）！”
07:35
and we find out, "I'm sumac!"
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（笑声）
07:37
(Laughter)
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这是我们在普罗温斯敦发现的。
07:38
And that's what we found
here in Provincetown.
here in Provincetown.
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所以我们有史以来第一次可以证明
07:40
So for the first time ever,
I'm able to report to you
I'm able to report to you
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哪一种蜂蜜来自我们这一社区。
07:43
what type of honey is from right here
in our own community.
in our own community.
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我们运用的是“蜂蜜DNA”，
一个基因组检测技术。
一个基因组检测技术。
07:46
HoneyDNA, a genomics test.
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普罗温斯敦的春蜜来自于女贞【植】。
07:48
Spring honey in Provincetown
is from privet.
is from privet.
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什么是女贞？就是树篱。
07:51
What's privet? Hedges.
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这意味着什么？
07:53
What's the message?
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为了拯救蜜蜂，不要修剪你的篱笆。
07:54
Don't trim your hedges to save the bees.
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（笑声）
07:57
(Laughter)
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我知道这有点尴尬，
也会存在争议，
也会存在争议，
07:58
I know we're getting crunchy
and it's controversial,
and it's controversial,
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所以在你朝我扔西红柿之前，
08:01
so before you throw your tomatoes,
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我们来聊一聊夏蜜，即睡莲蜜。
08:02
we'll move to the summer honey,
which is water lily honey.
which is water lily honey.
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如果你在夏天吃普罗温斯敦的蜂蜜，
08:05
If you have honey from Provincetown
right here in the summer,
right here in the summer,
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你喝的就是睡莲汁；
08:08
you're eating water lily juice;
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秋天，是漆树蜂蜜。
08:10
in the fall, sumac honey.
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我们有史以来第一次深入研究蜂蜜。
08:12
We're learning about our food
for the first time ever.
for the first time ever.
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如果你要做城市规划，
现在我们可以想你汇报:
现在我们可以想你汇报:
08:15
And now we're able to report,
if you need to do any city planning:
if you need to do any city planning:
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种什么植物好？
08:19
What are good things to plant?
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我们知道的关于
蜜蜂对花园的好处有哪些？
蜜蜂对花园的好处有哪些？
08:21
What do we know the bees are going to
that's good for your garden?
that's good for your garden?
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对于任何一个社区来说，
我们现在终于知道答案了。
我们现在终于知道答案了。
08:24
For the first time ever for any community,
we now know this answer.
we now know this answer.
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对我们来说更有趣的是更深层次的数据。
08:28
What's more interesting for us
is deeper in the data.
is deeper in the data.
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3382
如果你来自加勒比海，想探索
自己继承的一片土地，
自己继承的一片土地，
08:31
So, if you're from the Caribbean
and you want to explore your heritage,
and you want to explore your heritage,
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3366
巴哈马蜜是来自月桂科【植】，
08:35
Bahamian honey is from the laurel family,
191
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2714
含肉桂和鳄梨风味。
08:37
cinnamon and avocado flavors.
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2635
但是更有趣的是一茶匙蜂蜜里
08:40
But what's more interesting is
85 different plant species
85 different plant species
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包含85种不同的植物品种。
08:43
in one teaspoon of honey.
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这就是我们需要的测量方式，大数据。
08:45
That's the measure we want, the big data.
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印度蜂蜜来自橡树。
08:47
Indian honey: that is oak.
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2975
我们测试的每一个印度样品
都是来自橡树，
都是来自橡树，
08:50
Every sample we've tested
from India is oak,
from India is oak,
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一口能尝出来印度蜂蜜里
含有172种不同风味。
含有172种不同风味。
08:53
and that's 172 different flavors
in one taste of Indian honey.
in one taste of Indian honey.
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普罗温斯敦的蜂蜜
在春天采自116种植物，
在春天采自116种植物，
08:57
Provincetown honey goes from
116 plants in the spring
116 plants in the spring
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3550
夏天则超过200种植物。
09:01
to over 200 plants in the summer.
200
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2941
这是就我们需要检验栖息地假说的数据。
09:04
These are the numbers that we need
to test the habitat hypothesis.
to test the habitat hypothesis.
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3448
在另一种公民科学方法中，
09:07
In another citizen science approach,
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1749
你发现了食物的秘密，
而我们也获得了一些有趣的数据。
而我们也获得了一些有趣的数据。
09:09
you find out about your food
and we get some interesting data.
and we get some interesting data.
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3268
我们现在发现在农村地区，
09:12
We're finding out now that in rural areas,
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540711
2234
一种蜂蜜样本平均含有150种植物。
09:14
there are 150 plants on average
in a sample of honey.
in a sample of honey.
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3511
这是农村地区的数据。
09:18
That's a measure for rural.
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1520
那么郊区呢，你认为结果如何？
09:20
Suburban areas, what might you think?
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在对民众友好但是不利于
花粉传播的郊区草坪上采集的
花粉传播的郊区草坪上采集的
09:22
Do they have less or more plants
in suburban areas with lawns
in suburban areas with lawns
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蜂蜜会包含多少植物？
09:26
that look nice for people
but they're terrible for pollinators?
but they're terrible for pollinators?
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4010
结果是郊区的植物多样性很低，
09:30
Suburbs have very low plant diversity,
210
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2590
所以如果你的草坪很漂亮，
09:32
so if you have a beautiful lawn,
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1879
很不错，但你可以做更多的改善。
09:34
good for you, but you can do more.
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2979
你可以在草坪上开辟一片野花草地
09:37
You can have a patch of your lawn
that's a wildflower meadow
that's a wildflower meadow
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使你的栖息地多样化，
09:40
to diversify your habitat,
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1432
从而改善传粉者的健康。
09:42
to improve pollinator health.
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2221
任何人都能做到这一点。
09:44
Anybody can do this.
216
572683
1914
城市地区拥有最多和最好的栖息地，
09:46
Urban areas have
the most habitat, best habitat,
the most habitat, best habitat,
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4093
正如你在这里看到的：
超过200种不同的植物。
超过200种不同的植物。
09:50
as you can see here:
over 200 different plants.
over 200 different plants.
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2558
我们的栖息地假说
有史以来第一次得到认可。
有史以来第一次得到认可。
09:53
We have, for the first time ever,
support for the habitat hypothesis.
support for the habitat hypothesis.
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3580
09:57
We also now know
how we can work with cities.
how we can work with cities.
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3223
我们现在也知道该如何与城市合作。
波士顿市的栖息地比周边的郊区
10:00
The City of Boston has
eight times better habitat
eight times better habitat
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2405
要优越8倍。
10:03
than its nearby suburbs.
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当我们与政府合作的时候，
我们可以扩大这一规模。
我们可以扩大这一规模。
10:04
And so when we work
with governments, we can scale this.
with governments, we can scale this.
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3754
你可能会想，在我的墓碑上会刻着，
10:08
You might think
on my tombstone, it'll say,
on my tombstone, it'll say,
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2009
“诺亚长眠于此。请种一朵花吧。” 对吧？
10:10
"Here lies Noah. Plant a flower." Right?
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598228
2337
我是说，在经历了
这一切之后，我已筋疲力尽。
这一切之后，我已筋疲力尽。
10:12
I mean -- it's exhausting
after all of this.
after all of this.
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3126
10:16
But when we scale together,
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1633
但当我们一起扩大规模时，
当我们去找政府和城市规划者的时候——
10:17
when we go to governments
and city planners --
and city planners --
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605912
2195
就像在波士顿，蜂蜜树源主要是椴树，
10:20
like in Boston, the honey
is mostly linden trees,
is mostly linden trees,
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2326
我们会说，“如果需要
替换一棵枯树，考虑用椴树。”
替换一棵枯树，考虑用椴树。”
10:22
and we say, "If a dead tree
needs to be replaced, consider linden."
needs to be replaced, consider linden."
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3426
10:25
When we take this information
to governments, we can do amazing things.
to governments, we can do amazing things.
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3421
当我们把这些信息递交给政府，
就相当于开展了一次壮举。
就相当于开展了一次壮举。
这是弗雷德公司的屋顶。
10:29
This is a rooftop from Fred's company.
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1849
我们可以在全世界的屋顶上种植那些植物，
10:31
We can plant those things
on top of rooftops worldwide
on top of rooftops worldwide
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3714
开始恢复栖息地，以及保障食物系统。
10:34
to start restoring habitat
and securing food systems.
and securing food systems.
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3061
我们还与世界银行合作，
10:38
We've worked with the World Bank
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1532
以及与海地总统代表团合作。
10:39
and the presidential delegation
from the country of Haiti.
from the country of Haiti.
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2742
我们与耶鲁大学以及
埃塞尔比亚的优秀毕业生合作。
埃塞尔比亚的优秀毕业生合作。
10:42
We've worked with wonderful graduate
students at Yale University and Ethiopia.
students at Yale University and Ethiopia.
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3754
在这些国家，
我们可以通过确定蜂蜜的种类
我们可以通过确定蜂蜜的种类
10:46
In these countries,
we can add value to their honey
we can add value to their honey
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2413
来为他们的蜂蜜增值，
10:48
by identifying what it is,
239
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1272
告诉人们该种植什么植物，
10:49
but informing the people of what to plant
240
637905
1988
从而恢复栖息地以及
保障他们的食物系统。
保障他们的食物系统。
10:51
to restore their habitat
and secure their food systems.
and secure their food systems.
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3182
我认为这对应对自然灾害来说更重要。
10:55
But what I think is even more important
is when we think about natural disasters.
is when we think about natural disasters.
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3868
有史以来，我们第一次
10:59
For the first time,
243
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1151
知道如何在任何栖息地有可能被摧毁前，
11:00
we now know how we can have
a baseline measure of any habitat
a baseline measure of any habitat
244
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3052
做基线测量。
11:03
before it might be destroyed.
245
651266
1992
回想一下你的家乡。
11:05
Think about your hometown.
246
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1677
环境面临着哪些风险？
11:06
What risks does
the environment pose to it?
the environment pose to it?
247
654983
3427
这是玛利亚飓风过境后，
我们拯救波多黎各的方法。
我们拯救波多黎各的方法。
11:10
This is how we're going to save
Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria.
Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria.
248
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3519
11:14
We now have a baseline measure of honey,
249
662541
2849
现在我们有了蜂蜜的基线测量，
飓风前后蜂蜜的DNA。
11:17
honey DNA from before and after the storm.
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665414
2755
我们从乌马考市开始。
11:20
We started in Humacao.
251
668193
2010
11:22
This is right where
Hurricane Maria made landfall.
Hurricane Maria made landfall.
252
670227
2523
这正是玛利亚飓风登陆的地点。
我们通过三角测量法分析蜂蜜的
DNA样本，搞清了该复原哪些植物
DNA样本，搞清了该复原哪些植物
11:24
And we know what plants to replace
and in what quantity and where
and in what quantity and where
253
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3809
以及需要的数量和地点。
11:28
by triangulating honey DNA samples.
254
676607
2815
11:32
You might even think about right here,
255
680112
2000
你可能会想，
这一片连接和哺育我们的美丽大地，
11:34
the beautiful land
that connected us, that primed us,
that connected us, that primed us,
256
682136
2667
所有公民科学开始的地方，
11:36
all the citizen science to begin with,
257
684827
1867
侵蚀，冬季风暴
11:38
the erosion, the winter storms
258
686718
2149
正在逐年恶化。
11:40
that are getting more violent every year.
259
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2254
我们该采取什么措施，
11:43
What are we going to do about this,
260
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1875
来保护如此珍贵的土地呢？
11:45
our precious land?
261
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1779
我们通过观测蜂蜜DNA，
11:46
Well, looking at honey DNA,
262
694871
1339
就可以找出哪些植物的根
长得很深，可以保持水土，
长得很深，可以保持水土，
11:48
we can see what plants are good
for pollinators that have deep roots,
for pollinators that have deep roots,
263
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3300
又对授粉者有益，
11:51
that can secure the land,
264
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1811
我们所有人都可以参与进来，
11:53
and together, everybody can participate.
265
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2209
一起拯救这一茶匙的蜂蜜。
11:55
And the solution fits in a teaspoon.
266
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2366
11:58
If your hometown might get swept away
or destroyed by a natural disaster,
or destroyed by a natural disaster,
267
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4794
如果你的家乡可能会
被自然灾害卷走或者摧毁，
被自然灾害卷走或者摧毁，
我们现在就有了一份如何在地球上，
12:03
we now have a blueprint suspended in time
268
711324
3297
甚至在火星上的温室里
12:06
for how to restore that on Earth,
269
714645
2528
重建家园的蓝图。
12:09
or perhaps even in a greenhouse on Mars.
270
717197
4193
12:14
I know it sounds crazy,
but think about this:
but think about this:
271
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3495
我明白，这听起来
太不可思议，但是想想看：
太不可思议，但是想想看：
在未来可能会是这样一番景象：
12:17
a new Provincetown,
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12:19
a new hometown,
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一个全新的普罗温斯敦，
12:21
a place that might be familiar
that's also good for pollinators
that's also good for pollinators
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一个全新的家乡，
一个似曾相识且对授粉者有利的地方，
12:24
for a stable food system,
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12:25
when we're thinking about the future.
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拥有稳定的食物系统，
12:29
Now, together, we know
what's saving bees --
what's saving bees --
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团结协作让我们懂得了
如何拯救蜜蜂——
如何拯救蜜蜂——
通过拥有植物多样性的栖息地。
12:32
by planting diverse habitat.
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12:34
Now, together, we know how bees
are going to save us --
are going to save us --
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团结协作让我们懂得了
蜜蜂将如何拯救人类——
蜜蜂将如何拯救人类——
通过作为环境健康的标记，
12:38
by being barometers
for environmental health,
for environmental health,
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作为信息源泉的蓝图，
12:42
by being blueprints,
sources of information,
sources of information,
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成为小数据工厂只是时间问题。
12:44
little data factories suspended in time.
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12:48
Thank you.
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谢谢各位。
（掌声）
12:49
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Noah Wilson-Rich - BeekeeperNoah Wilson-Rich studies bees and bee diseases. He founded Best Bees Company to support people who want to own and care for their own beehive.
Why you should listen
Noah Wilson-Rich founded Best Bees Company in his Boston apartment while getting his Ph.D. at Tufts University. Best Bees supplies gardeners and any other interested parties in the Boston area with beehives, as well as the resources, materials and appropriate consultation for their upkeep. This service is a nontraditional means of raising money for research to improve honey bee health. Profits from installing and managing these honey beehives goes to fund Wilson-Rich's research into bee diseases.
Noah Wilson-Rich | Speaker | TED.com