TED2019
Juna Kollmeier: The most detailed map of galaxies, black holes and stars ever made
朱娜 · 柯迈耶: 关于星系，黑洞和恒星最详细的地图
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人类研究恒星已有数千年的历史，但天体物理学家朱娜·柯迈耶肩负着一项特殊任务：绘制有史以来最详细的三维宇宙地图。她分享了她的团队在斯隆数字巡天计划中的工作，以前所未有的细节对数百万颗恒星、黑洞和星系进行测绘成像。她说，如果我们保持这样的速度，到2060年，就能绘制出可观测宇宙中的每一个大星系。她说：“我们用了几千年的时间就从处理蛤壳进步到提出广义相对论。如果我们再坚持40年，就能绘制出所有星系的地图。”
Juna Kollmeier - Theoretical astrophysicist
Using all the techniques known to astronomy -- mathematics, computers and data from telescopes on the ground and in space -- Juna Kollmeier seeks to understand how the universe formed by mapping stars, galaxies and black holes at scale. Full bio
Using all the techniques known to astronomy -- mathematics, computers and data from telescopes on the ground and in space -- Juna Kollmeier seeks to understand how the universe formed by mapping stars, galaxies and black holes at scale. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
When I was a kid,
I was afraid of the dark.
I was afraid of the dark.
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当我还是孩子时，我很惧怕黑暗。
00:18
The darkness is where the monsters are.
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黑暗是怪兽出没的地方。
00:21
And I had this little night light
outside of my bedroom
outside of my bedroom
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我的卧室外面有一盏小小的夜灯，
00:26
so that it would never get too dark.
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这样我的房间就不会一片漆黑。
00:29
But over time, my fear of the dark
turned to curiosity.
turned to curiosity.
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但是随着时间推移，
我对黑暗的恐惧变成了好奇。
我对黑暗的恐惧变成了好奇。
00:35
What is out there in the "dark-dark?"
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黑暗中都有什么？
00:39
And it turns out
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我发现
00:41
that trying to understand the darkness
is something that's fascinated humans
is something that's fascinated humans
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数千年来，人类一直在试图探索黑暗，
00:46
for thousands of years, maybe forever.
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这种好奇心可能永远不会消逝。
00:49
And we know this
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我们知道这一点，
00:51
because we find their ancient relics
of their attempts to map the sky.
of their attempts to map the sky.
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是因为我们找到了祖先们试图绘制
星空位置的古老遗迹。
星空位置的古老遗迹。
00:58
This tusk is over 30,000 years old.
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这只象牙已经有3万年的历史了。
01:02
Some people think
that it's a carving of Orion
that it's a carving of Orion
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有些人认为这里雕刻的是猎户座，
01:05
or maybe a calendar.
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也可能只是一个日历。
01:07
We don't know.
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我们不知道。
01:09
The Fuxi star map is over 6,000 years old,
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伏羲星图已有6000多年的历史，
它来自中国一座新石器时代的古墓。
01:14
and it's from a neolithic tomb
in ancient China.
in ancient China.
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01:17
And that little pile of clamshells
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中间那个死人脚下的
一堆蛤壳——
01:19
underneath the dead guy's
foot in the middle --
foot in the middle --
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01:23
that's supposed to be the Big Dipper.
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应该是北斗七星。
也许是吧。
01:25
Maybe.
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01:27
The Nebra disk is uncontroversial.
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内布拉星象盘上的图案
更是一目了然。
更是一目了然。
01:30
You don't have to be an astronomer to know
that you're looking at the Moon phases
that you're looking at the Moon phases
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即使你不是天文学家，也能认出
这图案代表月相或日食中的太阳。
01:34
or the Sun in eclipse.
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凑在一起的那七颗星
就是昴宿星，七姐妹星。
就是昴宿星，七姐妹星。
01:36
And that little group of seven stars,
that's the Pleiades, the Seven Sisters.
that's the Pleiades, the Seven Sisters.
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01:41
But in any case, the point is clear:
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但无论如何，有一点是清楚的：
01:44
astronomers have been
mapping the sky for a long time.
mapping the sky for a long time.
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天文学家对天空进行测绘
已经有很长时间了。
已经有很长时间了。
01:48
Why?
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他们为什么这么做呢？
01:50
It's our calling card
as a species in the galaxy
as a species in the galaxy
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这是我们作为星系中的一个物种
来解决问题的标志。
01:55
to figure things out.
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01:58
We know our planet,
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我们了解我们的星球，
能治愈我们的疾病，
02:00
we cure our diseases,
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会烹饪我们的食物，
02:01
we cook our food,
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甚至还能离开我们的星球进入太空。
02:03
we leave our planet.
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02:08
But it's not easy.
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但这并不容易。
02:11
Understanding the universe is battle.
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探索宇宙是一场战斗。
02:14
It is unrelenting, it is time-varying,
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充满艰辛，变幻无穷，
我们所有人都置身其中。
02:18
and it is one we are all in together.
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02:21
It is a battle in the darkness
against the darkness.
against the darkness.
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这是一场在黑暗中对抗黑暗的战斗。
02:26
Which is why Orion has weapons.
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这就是猎户座拥有武器的原因。
02:34
In any case, if you're
going to engage in this battle,
going to engage in this battle,
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无论如何，如果你要参与这场战斗，
就需要了解身处的战场。
02:37
you need to know the battlefield.
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测绘天空地图的
02:39
So at its core,
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核心包括三个基本要素。
02:40
mapping the sky involves
three essential elements.
three essential elements.
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有发光的观测对象，
02:43
You've got objects
that are giving off light,
that are giving off light,
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有收集光线的望远镜，
02:46
you've got telescopes
that are collecting that light,
that are collecting that light,
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还有帮助你
02:49
and you've got instruments
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分析理解这些光线的仪器。
02:51
that are helping you understand
what that light is.
what that light is.
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我们当中很多人
都用眼睛观测过月相图，
都用眼睛观测过月相图，
02:54
Many of you have mapped
the Moon phases over time
the Moon phases over time
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眼睛是很基础的望远镜。
02:57
with your eyes, your eyes being
your more basic telescope.
your more basic telescope.
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我们也理解了大脑
扮演着什么样的角色，
扮演着什么样的角色，
03:02
And you've understood
what that means with your brains,
what that means with your brains,
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大脑就是最基础的分析仪器。
03:04
your brains being one
of your more basic instruments.
of your more basic instruments.
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如果你和一个朋友在一起，
03:07
Now, if you and a buddy get together,
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03:11
you would spend over 30 years,
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花费30多年的时间，
你就能绘制出1000 颗
恒星极其精确的图像。
恒星极其精确的图像。
03:14
you would map 1,000 stars
extremely precisely.
extremely precisely.
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03:19
You would move
the front line to the battle.
the front line to the battle.
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你要把前线搬到战场上去。
03:21
And that's what Tycho Brahe
and his buddy, or his assistant, really,
and his buddy, or his assistant, really,
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这就是第谷 · 布拉赫和他的伙伴，
确切的说是他的助手，
确切的说是他的助手，
03:25
Johannes Kepler did back in the 1600s.
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约翰尼斯 · 开普勒在17世纪所做的。
他们移动了这条线，
03:28
And they moved the line,
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弄清楚了行星的运动轨迹，
03:30
figured out how planets worked,
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它们是如何围绕太阳运转的。
03:32
how they moved around the Sun.
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03:35
But it wasn't until about 100 years ago
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但直到大约100年前，
我们才意识到
03:37
that we realized
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这个宇宙很大。
03:40
it's a big universe.
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03:42
It seems like the universe
is just infinite, which it is,
is just infinite, which it is,
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宇宙看起来是无边无际的，
事实也确实如此，
事实也确实如此，
但是可观测的宇宙是有限的。
03:46
but the observable universe is finite.
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03:49
Which means we can win the battle.
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这意味着我们可以赢得这场战斗。
03:54
But if you're going to map the universe,
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但如果你要绘制宇宙地图，
03:57
you're not going to do it
with one or two of your besties.
with one or two of your besties.
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叫上一两个好朋友是不够的。
04:00
Mapping the universe takes an army,
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绘制宇宙地图需要一支军队，
04:03
an army of curious, creative, craftspeople
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一支充满好奇心、富有创造力、
技艺精湛的军队，
技艺精湛的军队，
他们齐心协力，
就可以完成非凡的任务。
就可以完成非凡的任务。
04:07
who, working together,
can accomplish the extraordinary.
can accomplish the extraordinary.
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04:12
I lead this army of creatives,
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我领导着这支创意大军，
参加了第五代斯隆
数字巡天项目，简称SDSS。
数字巡天项目，简称SDSS。
04:14
in the fifth generation
of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, SDSS.
of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, SDSS.
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04:18
And this is how astronomers have managed
to shepherd individual curiosity
to shepherd individual curiosity
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这就是天文学家们
如何在工业时代成功的：
如何在工业时代成功的：
他们激发了个人的好奇心，
04:23
through its industrial age,
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保留了个人探索的能力，
04:25
preserving the individual ability
to make discoveries
to make discoveries
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同时投入巨大的机器来
真正推进探索的边界。
真正推进探索的边界。
04:28
but putting into place mega machinery
to truly advance the frontier.
to truly advance the frontier.
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04:33
In SDSS, we divide the sky
into three mappers:
into three mappers:
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在SDSS中，我们将天空
分割成三个探索区域：
分割成三个探索区域：
一个探索恒星，一个探索黑洞，
04:36
one for the stars, one for the black holes
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一个探索星系。
04:40
and one for the galaxies.
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我的测绘范围包含两个半球，
04:42
My survey has two hemispheres,
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5个望远镜，或者11个，
取决于你怎么计数，
取决于你怎么计数，
04:44
five telescopes, or 11,
depending on how you count,
depending on how you count,
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10个摄谱仪
04:48
10 spectrographs
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以及数百万个观测对象。
04:50
and millions of objects.
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这真是一个庞然大物。
04:52
It's a monster.
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下面我们来看看这几个区域。
04:53
So let's go through the mappers.
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04:57
The Milky Way galaxy has 250 billion
plus or minus a few hundred billion stars.
plus or minus a few hundred billion stars.
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银河系有2500亿颗恒星，
误差可能有几千亿。
误差可能有几千亿。
05:05
That is not a number
that you hold in your head.
that you hold in your head.
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这个数字大到难以想象。
这个数字对任何人来说
05:07
That is a number that doesn't
make practical sense
make practical sense
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都没有实际意义。
05:10
to pretty much anybody.
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生活中根本见不到这么大的数字。
05:11
You never get 250 billion jelly beans
in your hand. You know?
in your hand. You know?
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05:17
We're nowhere near mapping
all of those stars yet.
all of those stars yet.
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我们离测绘出所有这些
恒星的分布还差得远。
恒星的分布还差得远。
05:21
So we have to choose
the most interesting ones.
the most interesting ones.
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所以我们必须聚焦最有趣的那些。
05:24
In SDSS-V, we're mapping six million stars
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在SDSS-V中，我们正在
测绘600万颗恒星的图像，
测绘600万颗恒星的图像，
我们认为可以测算它们的年龄。
05:29
where we think we can measure their age.
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05:31
Because if you can measure
the age of a star,
the age of a star,
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因为如果你能测算一颗恒星的年龄，
那就像在银河系里分布着六百万个时钟。
05:33
that's like having six million clocks
spread all throughout the Milky Way.
spread all throughout the Milky Way.
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05:37
And with that information,
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有了这些信息，
我们就可以揭开银河系的
历史和化石记录，
历史和化石记录，
05:39
we can unravel the history
and fossil record of our galaxy
and fossil record of our galaxy
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了解它的起源。
05:43
and learn how it formed.
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05:47
I'm just going to cut
right to the chase here.
right to the chase here.
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我直接切入正题。
05:50
Black holes are among the most perplexing
objects in the universe.
objects in the universe.
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黑洞是宇宙中最令人困惑的物质之一。
05:55
Why?
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为什么?
因为它们几乎是数学实体化的结果，
以一种我们几乎无法理解的
以一种我们几乎无法理解的
05:56
Because they are literally just
math incarnate, in a physical form,
math incarnate, in a physical form,
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物理形式存在着。
06:00
that we barely understand.
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06:03
It's like the number zero being animated
and walking around the corridors here.
and walking around the corridors here.
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就像数字0的动画影像
在我们身边走来走去一样。
在我们身边走来走去一样。
06:07
That would be super weird.
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那太奇怪了。
而黑洞的存在更令人匪夷所思。
06:09
These are weirder.
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它不像一个篮球，
06:10
And it's not just like a basketball
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不是把它塞进一个小点，
密度就变得非常大。
密度就变得非常大。
06:12
that you smoosh down into a little point
and it's super dense and that's weird.
and it's super dense and that's weird.
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06:16
No, smooshed basketballs have a surface.
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被压缩的篮球好歹还有表面，
这些东西没有表面，
我们现在已经知道黑洞这点了。
我们现在已经知道黑洞这点了。
06:19
These things don't have surfaces,
and we know that now.
and we know that now.
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06:23
Because we've seen it.
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因为我们见过黑洞，
或者应该说，我们看到它没有表面。
06:24
Or the lack of it.
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06:27
What's really interesting
about black holes
about black holes
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黑洞最有意思的地方在于，
我们可以通过研究穿过一个
06:29
is that we can learn a lot about them
by studying the material
by studying the material
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没有信息返回的点的
物质来充分了解黑洞。
物质来充分了解黑洞。
06:33
just as it passes through that point
of no information return.
of no information return.
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因为在那个点，
06:38
Because at that point,
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该物质会发射出大量的X射线、
可见光、紫外线和无线电波。
可见光、紫外线和无线电波。
06:39
it's emitting lots of X-rays
and optical and UV and radio waves.
and optical and UV and radio waves.
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我们可以知道这些黑洞是如何膨胀的。
06:45
We can actually learn
how these objects grow.
how these objects grow.
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06:48
And in SDSS, we're looking at over
half a million supermassive black holes,
half a million supermassive black holes,
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在SDSS中，我们观察了
超过50万个超大质量黑洞，
超过50万个超大质量黑洞，
试图了解它们是如何形成的。
06:54
to try to understand how they formed.
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06:58
Like I said,
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就像我说的，
07:00
we live in the Milky Way,
you guys are all familiar with that.
you guys are all familiar with that.
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我们生活在银河系，你们都很熟悉。
07:04
The Milky Way is a completely
average galaxy.
average galaxy.
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银河系是个十分普通的星系，
07:08
Nothing funny going on.
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没有任何光怪陆离的现象。
07:10
But it's ours, which is great.
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而这正是我们的家乡，这一点很不错。
07:14
We think that the Milky Way,
and all the Milky Ways,
and all the Milky Ways,
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我们认为银河系，以及所有的银河系，
在过去都发生了
07:18
have this really disturbing past
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惊心动魄的爆炸。
07:21
of literally blowing themselves apart.
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07:25
It's like every average guy you know
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就好比你认识的每个普通人
都曾是朋克摇滚的叛逆少年。
07:29
has a history as a punk rock teenager.
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07:32
That's very bizarre.
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这是非常奇怪的。
07:36
Stars are blowing up in these systems,
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恒星在这些系统中爆炸，
中心形成了黑洞，
07:38
black holes are growing at their centers
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并释放出巨大的能量。
07:40
and emitting a tremendous
amount of energy.
amount of energy.
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这是怎么发生的，
这种变化是怎么发生的?
这种变化是怎么发生的?
07:43
How does that happen,
how does this transformation happen?
how does this transformation happen?
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而在SDSS，我们要深入
这些星系怪物的内部，
这些星系怪物的内部，
07:46
And at SDSS, we're going
to the bellies of the beast
to the bellies of the beast
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一路上将观察到的景象放大，
07:48
and zooming way in,
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看看这些过程在哪里发生，
07:50
to look at these processes
where they are occurring
where they are occurring
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以便了解恒星变成黑洞的过程。
07:53
in order to understand how Sid Vicious
grows up into Ward Cleaver.
grows up into Ward Cleaver.
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08:01
My arsenal.
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这些是我的研究设备。
这是我的两个大望远镜。
08:02
These are my two big telescopes.
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新墨西哥州的阿帕奇点天文台
拥有斯隆望远镜，
拥有斯隆望远镜，
08:04
The Apache Point Observatory
hosts the Sloan telescope in New Mexico,
hosts the Sloan telescope in New Mexico,
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智利的拉斯坎帕纳斯天文台
08:09
and the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile
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拥有2.5米宽的杜邦望远镜。
08:11
hosts the two-and-a-half-meter
telescope, the du Pont.
telescope, the du Pont.
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08:15
Two and a half meters
is the size of our mirror,
is the size of our mirror,
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2.5米是我们镜子的大小，
这对第谷和开普勒来说是很大的，
08:18
which was huge for Tycho and Kepler.
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但是以今天的标准来看
它实际上没有那么大，
它实际上没有那么大，
08:20
But it's actually not so big today.
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还有更大的望远镜。
08:22
There are way bigger telescopes out there.
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但在SDSS中，我们在
这些旧望远镜上连接了新仪器，
这些旧望远镜上连接了新仪器，
08:24
But in SDSS we use new instruments
on these old telescopes
on these old telescopes
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使它们变得更有趣。
08:29
to make them interesting.
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08:32
We capture light from all
of those objects into our aperture,
of those objects into our aperture,
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我们把所有这些观测对象的
光都捕捉到光圈里，
光都捕捉到光圈里，
让这些光聚焦在焦平面上，
08:37
and that light is then focused
at the focal plane,
at the focal plane,
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我们的仪器就在那里处理这些光。
08:40
where our instruments sit
and process that light.
and process that light.
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08:42
What's new in SDSS-V
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SDSS-V 的创新之处
在于我们将焦平面完全变成了机器人。
08:44
is that we're making the focal plane
entirely robotic.
entirely robotic.
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08:49
That's right: robots.
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没错：机器人。
（笑声）
08:51
(Laughter)
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08:53
So I'm going to show them to you,
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我要给你们看看，
但是它们很凶猛，很可怕，
08:55
but they're fierce and terrifying,
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我想让你们深呼吸做好准备。
08:58
and I want you all to just take a breath.
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09:01
(Exhales) Trigger warning.
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（呼气）前方高能。
09:03
And with no apologies to all
the Blade Runners among you,
the Blade Runners among you,
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胆子大的人也要小心，
09:08
here they are.
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它们来了。
（笑声）
09:09
(Laughter)
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我有1000个这样的仪器，
09:11
I have 1,000 of these,
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有500个分布于每个半球的
每个望远镜的焦平面上。
每个望远镜的焦平面上。
09:13
500 in the focal plane
of each telescope in each hemisphere.
of each telescope in each hemisphere.
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09:18
And this is how they move on the sky.
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这就是它们在天空中运动的方式。
09:20
So these are our objects and a star field,
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这些是我们的观测对象和一个恒星场，
这样就看到了恒星，星系，黑洞。
09:22
so you've got stars,
galaxies, black holes.
galaxies, black holes.
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机器人移动到我们经过的
那些观测对象，
那些观测对象，
09:24
And our robots move to those objects
as we pass over them
as we pass over them
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为了从这些恒星，星系和
09:29
in order to capture the light
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黑洞——是的，黑洞——捕捉光线。
09:31
from those stars and galaxies
and black holes, and yes,
and black holes, and yes,
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09:35
it is weird to capture black hole light,
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捕捉黑洞的光线很奇怪，
但我刚刚就说过
黑洞就是个奇怪的现象。
黑洞就是个奇怪的现象。
09:37
but we've already gone over
that black holes are weird.
that black holes are weird.
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09:42
One more thing.
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还有一件事。
09:44
Stars are exploding all the time,
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恒星一直在爆炸，
就像这颗1987年
在我们“宇宙后院”中爆炸的恒星。
在我们“宇宙后院”中爆炸的恒星。
09:47
like this one did back in 1987
in our cosmic backyard.
in our cosmic backyard.
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09:53
Black holes are growing all the time.
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黑洞的规模一直在变大。
09:59
There is a new sky every night.
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天空在每天晚上都会焕然一新。
10:03
Which means we can't just
map the sky one time.
map the sky one time.
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这意味着我们不能只测绘一次，
必须再反复几次。
10:06
We have to map the sky multiple times.
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10:10
So in SDSS-V, we're going back
to each part of the sky multiple times
to each part of the sky multiple times
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所以在SDSS-V中，
我们要多次回到天空的每个部分，
我们要多次回到天空的每个部分，
为了看看这些观测对象
是如何随着时间变化的。
是如何随着时间变化的。
10:15
in order to see how
these objects change over time.
these objects change over time.
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因为这些时间上的变化蕴含了物理原理，
10:18
Because those changes in time
encode the physics,
encode the physics,
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蕴含了这些观测对象
形成和变化的秘密。
形成和变化的秘密。
10:21
and they encode how these objects
are growing and changing.
are growing and changing.
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10:27
Mow the sky.
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这一步就是“修整天空”。
10:30
OK, let me just recap.
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现在我们来总结一下。
10:32
Global survey, two hemispheres,
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全球巡视，两个半球，
5个望远镜，10个摄谱仪，
数以百万计的观测对象，“修整天空”，
数以百万计的观测对象，“修整天空”，
10:36
five telescopes, 10 spectrographs,
millions of objects, mow the sky,
millions of objects, mow the sky,
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创造性的军队，机器人，就是这些。
10:41
creative army, robots, yeah.
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10:44
So you're thinking, "Wow.
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你可能觉得不可思议。
她的团队一定是包揽了太空测绘工作，
10:46
She must have this
industrial machine going,
industrial machine going,
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没有空间留给个人，
留给好奇的天才，对吧?
留给好奇的天才，对吧?
10:48
no room for the individual, curious,
lone wolf genius," right?
lone wolf genius," right?
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10:52
And you'd be 100 percent wrong.
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那你就大错特错了。
10:55
Meet Hanny's Voorwerp.
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来认识一下哈尼天体。
10:57
Hanny van Arkel was a Dutch schoolteacher
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哈尼·冯·阿科尔
曾经是一名荷兰教师，
曾经是一名荷兰教师，
她在分析SDSS数据的公共版本时，
10:59
who was analyzing the public
versions of the SDSS data,
versions of the SDSS data,
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发现了这种极其罕见的星体形态，
11:03
when she found this
incredibly rare type of object,
incredibly rare type of object,
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现在成为了我们的主要研究对象。
11:07
which is now a subject of major study.
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11:10
She was able to do this
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她之所以能做到这一点，
是因为SDSS自成立以来，
根据斯隆基金会的授权，
根据斯隆基金会的授权，
11:12
because SDSS, since its beginning
and by mandate from the Sloan Foundation,
and by mandate from the Sloan Foundation,
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已将其数据向大众公开，
11:16
has made its data both publicly available
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广大群众都可以使用。
11:19
and usable to a broad range of audiences.
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11:23
She's a citizen -- yeah, clap for that.
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她只是个普通公民，很了不起，
为她鼓掌吧。
11:26
Clap for that.
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（掌声）
11:27
(Applause)
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哈尼是一个草根科学家，
11:31
Hanny is a citizen scientist,
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我喜欢叫他们这样的人
11:32
or as I like to call them,
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“公民战士”。
11:34
"citizen warriors."
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11:36
And she shows that you don't have to be
a fancy astrophysicist to participate.
a fancy astrophysicist to participate.
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她的例子说明你不需要成为
一个杰出天体物理学家也能参与其中。
一个杰出天体物理学家也能参与其中。
11:43
You just have to be curious.
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只需要保持好奇心。
11:46
A few years ago,
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几年前，
我四岁的孩子问：“月亮也有月亮吗？”
11:48
my four-year-old asked,
"Can moons have moons?"
"Can moons have moons?"
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11:51
And I set about to answer this question
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我开始准备认真回答这个问题，
因为尽管许多四岁左右的孩子
11:53
because even though many
four-year-olds over all of time
four-year-olds over all of time
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一直都在问这个问题，
11:57
have probably asked this question,
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但许多专家，包括我自己，都不知道答案。
11:59
many experts, including myself,
didn't know the answer.
didn't know the answer.
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12:04
These are the moons in our solar system
that can host hypothetical submoons.
that can host hypothetical submoons.
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这些是我们太阳系中
可以容纳假想子卫星的卫星。
可以容纳假想子卫星的卫星。
12:08
And that just goes to show you
that there are so many basic questions
that there are so many basic questions
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这只是告诉你们，还有很多基本问题
需要去探索答案。
12:12
left to be understood.
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12:17
And this brings me to the most
important point about SDSS.
important point about SDSS.
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这就引出了关于SDSS最重要的一点。
12:23
Because, yeah, the stars, the galaxies,
the black holes, the robots --
the black holes, the robots --
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没错，恒星，星系，黑洞，机器人——
这些都非常酷。
12:27
that's all super cool.
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12:30
But the coolest thing of all
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但最酷的是，
在一个非常普通的星系中，
12:32
is that eensy-weensy creatures
on a rubble pile
on a rubble pile
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围绕着一颗非常普通的恒星，
12:36
around a totally average star
in a totally average galaxy
in a totally average galaxy
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一群不起眼的生物（人类）在瓦砾堆上
能够赢得探索它们世界的战斗。
能够赢得探索它们世界的战斗。
12:40
can win the battle
to understand their world.
to understand their world.
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12:44
Every dot in this video is a galaxy.
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这个视频中的每个点都是一个星系。
12:51
Every dot.
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每一个点。
12:59
(Cheers) (Applause)
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（欢呼）
（掌声）
（掌声）
我在这里展示的是自1980年以来，
13:06
I'm showing here the number of galaxies
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天文学家在大型巡天过程中
测绘出的星系数量。
测绘出的星系数量。
13:08
that astronomers have mapped
in large surveys since about 1980.
in large surveys since about 1980.
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13:12
You can see SDSS kick in around Y2K.
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你可以看到SDSS在2000年左右启动。
13:15
If we stay on this line,
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如果我们继续沿着这条线走，
到2060年我们将绘制出
可观测宇宙中每一个大星系的样貌。
可观测宇宙中每一个大星系的样貌。
13:18
we will map every large galaxy
in the observable universe by 2060.
in the observable universe by 2060.
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13:25
Think about that.
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想想看。
想想看吧：在几千年的时间里，
我们已经完成了从整理蛤壳
我们已经完成了从整理蛤壳
13:26
Think about it: we've gone
from arranging clamshells
from arranging clamshells
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到广义相对论，
再到整理SDSS的跨越——
再到整理SDSS的跨越——
13:30
to general relativity to SDSS
in a few thousand years --
in a few thousand years --
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如果我们再坚持40年，
13:35
and if we hang on 40 more,
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13:39
we can map all the galaxies.
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将可以绘制出所有星系的样貌。
13:41
But we have to stay on the line.
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但前提是我们必须坚持下去。
13:44
Will that be our choice?
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我们能做出这样的选择吗？
13:48
There are dark forces in this world
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这个世界上有一些黑暗势力，
它们将剥夺我们整个物种
理解宇宙的权利。
理解宇宙的权利。
13:51
that will rob our entire species
of our right to understand our universe.
of our right to understand our universe.
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13:58
Don't be afraid of the dark.
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不要惧怕黑暗。
14:00
Fight back.
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反击。
14:02
Join us.
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加入我们的行列。
谢谢大家！
14:03
Thank you.
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（掌声）
14:04
(Applause)
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Reviewed by Jin Ge
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juna Kollmeier - Theoretical astrophysicistUsing all the techniques known to astronomy -- mathematics, computers and data from telescopes on the ground and in space -- Juna Kollmeier seeks to understand how the universe formed by mapping stars, galaxies and black holes at scale.
Why you should listen
As she tells it, Juna Kollmeier believes "all humans have an inalienable right to know about their world. For the past two decades, I have been studying the cosmos -- from planets to galaxies to black holes. I am currently making a new map of the sky -- the fifth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey."
Led to a career in astrophysics by "a STEM camp in Michigan," Kollmeier is currently an astrophysicist at the Carnegie Institution for Science. Her research focuses on the emergence of structure in the universe on multiple scales and how the tiny fluctuations in density that were present when the universe was only 300,000 old became the stars, galaxies and black holes that we see now. Her goal is to complete this new SDSS sky map and to make sure these data remain available to the public for study.
Juna Kollmeier | Speaker | TED.com