ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sheila Patek - Biologist, biomechanics researcher
Biologist Sheila Patek is addicted to speed -- animal speed. She's measured the fastest animal movements in the world, made by snail-smashing mantis shrimp and the snapping mandibles of trap-jaw ants.

Why you should listen

Sheila Patek, a UC Berkeley biologist, made a name for herself by measuring the hyperfast movements of snail-smashing mantis shrimp heels and bug-snapping ant jaws, using high-speed video cameras recording at up to 20,000 frames per second. In 2004, she and her team showed that peacock mantis shrimp had the fastest feeding strike in the animal kingdom, and that they are the only known animal to store energy in a hyperbolic paraboloid, a super-strong Pringles-shaped structure more often found in modern architecture.

Then in 2006, she and her team announced that trap-jaw ants had stolen the title of fastest striker from the mantis shrimp, when their research measured the ants' snapping jaws at an awesome 78 to 145 miles per hour, accelerating at 100,000 times the force of gravity. Patek's previous research focused on the sounds made by spiny lobsters, discovering that they used a mechanism similar to a violin. In 2004, she was named one of Popular Science magazine's "Brilliant 10." The Patek Lab at University of Massachusetts Amherst, where Patek is the principal investigator, continues to explore evolutionary questions through the integration of physiology, biomechanics, evolutionary analysis and animal behavior.

More profile about the speaker
Sheila Patek | Speaker | TED.com
TED2004

Sheila Patek: The shrimp with a kick!

Sheila Patek 记录最快的动物

Filmed:
1,659,037 views

生物学家Sheila Patek 将介绍她在测量螳螂虾方面的研究工作,这种虾是动物世界中移动速度最快的。研究中利用摄像机以20000帧每秒的速度进行了拍摄。
- Biologist, biomechanics researcher
Biologist Sheila Patek is addicted to speed -- animal speed. She's measured the fastest animal movements in the world, made by snail-smashing mantis shrimp and the snapping mandibles of trap-jaw ants. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:25
If you'd like to learn学习 how to play the lobster龙虾, we have some here.
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如果你希望学些如何用龙虾奏乐,我们会给你一些指导。
00:28
And that's not a joke玩笑, we really do.
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这不是开玩笑,事实上我们就是这样做的。
00:30
So come up afterwards之后 and I'll show显示 you how to play a lobster龙虾.
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好的,接下来,我将为大家展示如何用龙虾奏乐。
00:33
So, actually其实, I started开始 working加工 on what's called the mantis shrimp
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实际上,我所研究的对象叫做螳螂虾(俗称:皮皮虾)
00:37
a few少数 years年份 ago because they make sound声音.
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这是在数年前,因为他们可以发声。
00:40
This is a recording记录 I made制作 of a mantis shrimp
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这是我记录的一段螳螂虾的录音。
00:42
that's found发现 off the coast of California加州.
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它录制于加利福尼亚的海面上。
00:55
And while that's an absolutely绝对 fascinating迷人 sound声音,
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这是一段绝对迷人的乐曲。
00:58
it actually其实 turns out to be a very difficult project项目.
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录制它的过程确实非常艰辛。
01:01
And while I was struggling奋斗的 to figure数字 out how and why mantis shrimp,
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我曾非常努力的想知道螳螂虾是如何发音和怎样发音的。
01:06
or stomatopodsstomatopods, make sound声音, I started开始 to think about their appendages附属物.
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或者说我想知道口足类动物是如何发声的,我首先考虑到的是它们身体中存在的一些附肢。
01:10
And mantis shrimp are called "mantis shrimp" after the praying祈祷 mantises螳螂,
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要知道是螳螂出现后螳螂虾才被叫做这个名字的。
01:13
which哪一个 also have a fast快速 feeding馈送 appendage附加物. And I started开始 to think,
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与螳螂一样它也有一个快速猎食的附肢。然后我开始考虑,
01:17
well, maybe it will be interesting有趣, while listening to their sounds声音,
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或许这会非常有趣,当听到它们发声时,
01:20
to figure数字 out how these animals动物 generate生成 very fast快速 feeding馈送 strikes罢工.
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找出这些动物快速猎食时产生响声的原因。
01:23
And so today今天 I'll talk about the extreme极端 stomatopodstomatopod strike罢工,
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今天我将讲述这种口足类动物发出的异常声音。
01:27
work that I've doneDONE in collaboration合作 with Wyatt Korff科尔夫 and Roy罗伊 Caldwell考德威尔.
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这项工作是由我和Wyatt Korff、 Roy Caldwell合作完成的。
01:30
So, mantis shrimp come in two varieties品种:
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那么,我们研究的螳螂虾有两个品种。
01:33
there are spearersspearers and smashers粉碎器.
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有“长矛型”附肢的,还有“球棍型”附肢的。
01:35
And this is a spearing斯皮林 mantis shrimp, or stomatopodstomatopod.
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这个就是“长矛型”螳螂虾,或称为口足类。
01:38
And he lives生活 in the sand, and he catches渔获 things that go by overhead高架.
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它生活在沙子里,它夹取东西时高过头顶。
01:43
So, a quick strike罢工 like that. And if we slow it down a bit,
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看,一次快速的攻击,就是那样。让我们把它放慢一点儿看。
01:48
this is the mantis shrimp -- the same相同 species种类 --
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这个也是一个螳螂虾,同一品种。
01:50
recorded记录 at 1,000 frames a second第二,
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拍摄速度是1000帧每秒。
01:52
played发挥 back at 15 frames per second第二.
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现在正以15帧每秒的速度回放。
01:54
And you can see it's just a really spectacular壮观 extension延期 of the limbs四肢,
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你能够看到刚才它四肢伸展的动作是多么壮观。
02:00
exploding爆炸 upward向上 to actually其实 just catch抓住
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一次爆破式的抓取。
02:03
a dead piece of shrimp that I had offered提供 it.
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我那时刚把一片虾肉递给它。
02:05
Now, the other type类型 of mantis shrimp is the smasher加速器 stomatopodstomatopod,
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现在,来看看另一种“球棍型”螳螂虾是什么样的。
02:10
and these guys open打开 up snails蜗牛 for a living活的.
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这些家伙以吃敲开蜗牛壳吃蜗牛为生
02:13
And so this guy gets得到 the snail蜗牛 all set up and gives it a good whack重打.
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看,这家伙抓住了这支蜗牛,并且给它来了次漂亮的重击。
02:18
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:19
So, I'll play it one more time.
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好的,我将再次播放它。
02:21
He wiggles it in place地点, tugs拖船 it with his nose鼻子, and smash粉碎.
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他扭动这只蜗牛,用他的鼻子拉扯它,再重击它。
02:25
And a few少数 smashes摔破 later后来, the snail蜗牛 is broken破碎 open打开, and he's got a good dinner晚餐.
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数次重击后这只蜗牛壳破了,现在他可以美餐一顿了。
02:32
So, the smasher加速器 raptorial猛禽 appendage附加物 can stab with a point at the end结束,
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看,这个庞大的捕食附肢能够利用末部的尖端进行穿刺。
02:36
or it can smash粉碎 with the heel脚跟.
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或者用这个后跟进行重击。
02:38
And today今天 I'll talk about the smashing type类型 of strike罢工.
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好的,我将向大家介绍这种相当精彩的攻击方式。
02:41
And so the first question that came来了 to mind心神 was,
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需要思考的第一个问题就是:
02:43
well, how fast快速 does this limb move移动?
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这个肢体移动的有多快。
02:46
Because it's moving移动 pretty漂亮 darn fast快速 on that video视频.
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从这个视频你可以看到这家伙移动得真够快的了
02:49
And I immediately立即 came来了 upon a problem问题.
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这就立刻产生了一个问题
02:52
Every一切 single high-speed高速 video视频 system系统 in the biology生物学 department
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对于伯克利生物部的任意一台高速摄影系统来说,
02:55
at Berkeley伯克利 wasn't fast快速 enough足够 to catch抓住 this movement运动.
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都无法捕捉到这一精妙的瞬间。
02:59
We simply只是 couldn't不能 capture捕获 it on video视频.
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我们无法简单的用视频来拍下它。
03:01
And so this had me stymied陷入困境 for quite相当 a long period of time.
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这困扰了我很长时间。
03:04
And then a BBCBBC crew船员 came来了 cruising巡航 through通过 the biology生物学 department,
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后来一队BBC的记者来到生物部参观
03:07
looking for a story故事 to do about new technologies技术 in biology生物学.
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他们想找一些关于生物领域新技术的素材。
03:12
And so we struck来袭 up a deal合同.
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我们做了场交易。
03:14
I said, "Well, if you guys rent出租 the high-speed高速 video视频 system系统
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我对他们说“好吧,如果你们可以把高速摄影系统借给我们
03:16
that could capture捕获 these movements运动,
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来拍摄虾的这些动作。
03:18
you guys can film电影 us collecting搜集 the data数据."
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你们就可以拍摄我们收集数据的过程”。
03:21
And believe it or not, they went for it. (Laughter笑声)
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无论你是否相信,他们真的同意了
03:23
So we got this incredible难以置信 video视频 system系统. It's very new technology技术 --
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因此,我们获得了这套不可思议的视频系统,它真是一项新技术!
03:27
it just came来了 out about a year ago --
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它在一年以前才刚刚诞生。
03:29
that allows允许 you to film电影 at extremely非常 high speeds速度 in low light.
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它可以使你在暗光下以极高的速度进行拍摄。
03:34
And low light is a critical危急 issue问题 with filming拍戏 animals动物,
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要知道能在暗光下拍摄动物是多么重要。
03:36
because if it's too high, you fry them. (Laughter笑声)
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因为,如果光太强,你就等于把它们油炸了。
03:39
So this is a mantis shrimp. There are the eyes眼睛 up here,
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看这是一个螳螂虾,他们的眼睛在上面。
03:44
and there's that raptorial猛禽 appendage附加物, and there's the heel脚跟.
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这是它用来捕食的附肢,这就是那个后跟。
03:47
And that thing's事情的 going to swing摇摆 around and smash粉碎 the snail蜗牛.
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看,这家伙将要转过来并准备给这只蜗牛来个重击。
03:50
And the snail's蜗牛 wired有线 to a stick,
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看,这个蜗牛被引到了这个棍状物上。
03:51
so he's a little bit easier更轻松 to set up the shot射击. And -- yeah.
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他把活儿都做到这份上了,再来个绝杀就太容易了。
03:55
(Laughter笑声)
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(狂笑)
03:57
I hope希望 there aren't any snail蜗牛 rights权利 activists活动家 around here.
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我希望今天在座的没有蜗牛权利保护界的积极分子。
04:00
(Laughter笑声)
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(又是狂笑)
04:02
So this was filmed拍摄 at 5,000 frames per second第二,
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这是以每秒5000帧拍摄的。
04:07
and I'm playing播放 it back at 15. And so this is slowed放缓 down 333 times.
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我正以每秒15帧的速度来回放它。这要比它实际的动作慢了333倍。
04:12
And as you'll你会 notice注意, it's still pretty漂亮 gosh天哪 darn fast快速
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你要注意到,它仍旧是相当快的。
04:15
slowed放缓 down 333 times. It's an incredibly令人难以置信 powerful强大 movement运动.
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减慢了333倍,仍旧是一个难以置信的能量活动。
04:19
The whole整个 limb extends扩展 out. The body身体 flexes弯曲 backwards向后 --
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整个肢部伸展,身体后曲。
04:22
just a spectacular壮观 movement运动.
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真是一个壮观的动作。
04:25
And so what we did is, we took a look at these videos视频,
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而我们所要做的,就是仔细研究这些录像
04:27
and we measured测量 how fast快速 the limb was moving移动
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并测量肢部的移动有多快。
04:29
to get back to that original原版的 question.
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再次返回那个原始的问题。
04:31
And we were in for our first surprise.
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我们来看我们获得的第一个惊喜。
04:34
So what we calculated计算 was that the limbs四肢 were moving移动
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我们所计算的是这个肢部的移动。
04:37
at the peak speed速度 ranging不等 from 10 meters per second第二
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移动过程的峰值速度从10m每秒
04:39
all the way up to 23 meters per second第二.
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一越到23m每秒。
04:41
And for those of you who prefer比较喜欢 miles英里 per hour小时,
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如果把它折合成每小时多少英里,可能大家的感触会更强烈。
04:43
that's over 45 miles英里 per hour小时 in water. And this is really darn fast快速.
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那是在水中以超过45英里的速度移动。这真的惊人得快
04:48
In fact事实, it's so fast快速 we were able能够 to add a new point
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实际上,它是如此之快,这是一个新的纪录
04:52
on the extreme极端 animal动物 movement运动 spectrum光谱.
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在极限动物运动领域的新纪录。
04:55
And mantis shrimp are officially正式 the fastest最快的 measured测量 feeding馈送 strike罢工
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螳螂虾是经证实的,所有已测动物中
04:58
of any animal动物 system系统. So our first surprise.
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进食攻击最快的。这就是我们的第一个惊讶之处。
05:02
(Applause掌声)
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(拍巴掌)
05:03
So that was really cool and very unexpected意外.
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这真是非常酷并且及其难以置信。
05:06
So, you might威力 be wondering想知道, well, how do they do it?
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你可能会想问,他们是怎么做到的。
05:09
And actually其实, this work was doneDONE in the 1960s
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实际上,早在二十世纪六十年代,这项工作就有人在做了。
05:12
by a famous著名 biologist生物学家 named命名 Malcolm马尔科姆 Burrows伯罗斯.
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一个著名的生物学家,叫做Malcolm Burrows。
05:14
And what he showed显示 in mantis shrimp is that they use
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对于他所研究的螳螂虾,
05:17
what's called a "catch抓住 mechanism机制," or "click点击 mechanism机制."
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他们使用了一种叫做抓取机制,或称为敲击机制来解释。
05:20
And what this basically基本上 consists of is a large muscle肌肉
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这一机制的基本组成是一大块肌肉。
05:24
that takes a good long time to contract合同,
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这块肌肉会花很长时间进行收缩。
05:26
and a latch that prevents防止 anything from moving移动.
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并且一个闩状装置将阻值其他任何移动。
05:29
So the muscle肌肉 contracts合同, and nothing happens发生.
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这使得肌肉可以继续紧缩,并且不发生其他任何改变。
05:31
And once一旦 the muscle's肌肉的 contracted签约 completely全然, everything's一切的 stored存储 up --
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一旦肌肉完成收缩,所有被储存的能量
05:34
the latch flies苍蝇 upward向上, and you've got the movement运动.
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被闩状装置释放,你可以想象到这个爆发。
05:38
And that's basically基本上 what's called a "power功率 amplification放大 system系统."
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这就是基本原理,这被叫做能量放大系统。
05:41
It takes a long time for the muscle肌肉 to contract合同,
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它要花很长时间来完成肌肉紧缩。
05:43
and a very short time for the limb to fly out.
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并在一瞬间迸发。
05:45
And so I thought that this was sort分类 of the end结束 of the story故事.
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我曾认为这便是本故事的结尾了。
05:48
This was how mantis shrimps make these very fast快速 strikes罢工.
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这以很好的解释了螳螂虾是如何快速进行敲击的。
05:52
But then I took a trip to the National国民 Museum博物馆 of Natural自然 History历史.
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但后来,当我有一次来到国家自然历史博物参观,
05:56
And if any of you ever have a chance机会,
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如果你也有这样的一个机会
05:58
backstage后台 of the National国民 Museum博物馆 of Natural自然 History历史
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到国家自然历史博物馆的后台,
06:00
is one of the world's世界 best最好 collections集合 of preserved罐头 mantis shrimp. And what --
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那地方里收集的螳螂虾是世界上最多的
06:04
(Laughter笑声)
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(有人在笑了)
06:05
this is serious严重 business商业 for me.
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这对我来说是非常严肃的工作。
06:07
(Laughter笑声)
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(还在笑)
06:08
So, this -- what I saw, on every一切 single mantis shrimp limb,
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因此,这个,我所关注的,是每只螳螂虾的前肢部分。
06:13
whether是否 it's a spearerspearer or a smasher加速器,
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不管它是“长矛型”还是“球棍型”
06:15
is a beautiful美丽 saddle-shaped鞍形 structure结构体
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都有一个非常漂亮的鞍状结构。
06:17
right on the top最佳 surface表面 of the limb. And you can see it right here.
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在这个前肢顶部面的右边。你恰巧能在这里看到它。
06:21
It just looks容貌 like a saddle you'd put on a horse.
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它真像一个马鞍,你放在马背上的那种。
06:23
It's a very beautiful美丽 structure结构体.
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这一结构太漂亮了。
06:25
And it's surrounded包围 by membranous膜状的 areas. And those membranous膜状的 areas
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它被膜状区域覆盖着。并且这些膜状区域
06:30
suggested建议 to me that maybe this is some kind of dynamically动态 flexible灵活 structure结构体.
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提示我,这可能是一些动力学上的柔性结构。
06:34
And this really sort分类 of had me scratching搔抓 my head for a while.
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这一刻我头脑中似乎真的灵光一现。
06:37
And then we did a series系列 of calculations计算, and what we were able能够 to show显示
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然后我们做了一系列的计算,我们所得到的结论是:
06:41
is that these mantis shrimp have to have a spring弹簧.
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螳螂虾体内一定存在一根弹簧。
06:45
There needs需求 to be some kind of spring-loaded弹簧式 mechanism机制
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它一定需要一些弹簧支撑装置。
06:48
in order订购 to generate生成 the amount of force that we observe,
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以便产生我们所看到的力、
06:50
and the speed速度 that we observe, and the output产量 of the system系统.
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速度和能量的输出。
06:53
So we thought, OK, this must必须 be a spring弹簧 --
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因此我们想到,是的,这一定是一个弹簧
06:56
the saddle could very well be a spring弹簧.
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这个鞍状物可以做为一个非常好的弹簧装置。
06:58
And we went back to those high-speed高速 videos视频 again,
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我们再次回到这些高速摄影的视频上,
07:00
and we could actually其实 visualize想象 the saddle compressing压缩 and extending扩展.
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我们能够实实在在的看到这一鞍状物的收缩和扩张。
07:06
And I'll just do that one more time.
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我将再放一次。
07:09
And then if you take a look at the video视频 --
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你们仔细看这个视频。
07:11
it's a little bit hard to see -- it's outlined概述 in yellow黄色.
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这个有点儿不好看到——它用黄色标出了。
07:13
The saddle is outlined概述 in yellow黄色. You can actually其实 see it
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看这个用黄色标出的鞍状物,你能够清楚的看到了。
07:15
extending扩展 over the course课程 of the strike罢工, and actually其实 hyperextendinghyperextending.
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在击打过程后仍在持续,确实开始了进一步的舒张。
07:19
So, we've我们已经 had very solid固体 evidence证据 showing展示
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我们所展示的证据已非常充分了。
07:21
that that saddle-shaped鞍形 structure结构体 actually其实 compresses压缩 and extends扩展,
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这一鞍形结构确实是收缩和舒张的
07:25
and does, in fact事实, function功能 as a spring弹簧.
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确实,它实现了一个弹簧的功能。
07:27
The saddle-shaped鞍形 structure结构体 is also known已知 as a "hyperbolic夸张的 paraboloid抛物面 surface表面,"
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这一鞍形结构也是做为一种双曲抛物面而被很多人熟知的。
07:32
or an "anticlastic surface表面."
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或叫做互反曲面。
07:34
And this is very well known已知 to engineers工程师 and architects建筑师,
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对于工程师和建筑师来说,这是相当了解的。
07:36
because it's a very strong强大 surface表面 in compression压缩.
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因为这一表面的耐压力是非常强的。
07:39
It has curves曲线 in two directions方向,
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它在两个方向上都有弧线。
07:41
one curve曲线 upward向上 and opposite对面 transverse curve曲线 down the other,
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一条曲线向上,并且相反的横向曲线向下。
07:44
so any kind of perturbation spreads利差 the forces军队
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因此可经受任意一种变化
07:47
over the surface表面 of this type类型 of shape形状.
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越过这种形状的表面
07:50
So it's very well known已知 to engineers工程师, not as well known已知 to biologists生物学家.
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这一点对于工程师是非常了解的,但是生物学家并不熟悉。
07:54
It's also known已知 to quite相当 a few少数 people who make jewelry首饰,
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而对于制作珠宝的人,这一点也是非常了解的。
07:58
because it requires要求 very little material材料
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因为它需要非常少的材料。
08:01
to build建立 this type类型 of surface表面, and it's very strong强大.
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来获得这种表面,并且它非常结实。
08:04
So if you're going to build建立 a thin gold structure结构体,
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如果你想构建一个薄的金结构,
08:06
it's very nice不错 to have it in a shape形状 that's strong强大.
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利用这种表面是非常结实的。
08:08
Now, it's also known已知 to architects建筑师. One of the most famous著名 architects建筑师
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对于建筑学家来说这也是熟知的。曾经一个非常著名的建筑学家
08:13
is Eduardo爱德华多 Catalano卡塔拉诺, who popularized推广 this structure结构体.
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Eduardo Catalano,就致力于推广这一结构。
08:16
And what's shown显示 here is a saddle-shaped鞍形 roof屋顶 that he built内置
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这里的鞍形穹顶就是他建的。
08:19
that's 87 and a half feet spanwise翼展.
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其叶展距离是87.5英尺
08:23
It's two and a half inches英寸 thick, and supported支持的 at two points.
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有2.5英寸后,并由两个点支撑。
08:26
And one of the reasons原因 why he designed设计 roofs屋顶 this way is because it's --
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他以这种方式设计屋顶的原因就是:
08:31
he found发现 it fascinating迷人 that you could build建立 such这样 a strong强大 structure结构体
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他发现其魅力就在于你可以获得如此坚固的结构。
08:35
that's made制作 of so few少数 materials物料 and can be supported支持的 by so few少数 points.
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它需要的材料是如此之少,并且仅需要数个支撑点。
08:39
And all of these are the same相同 principles原则 that apply应用
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所有这些都有相同的原理
08:43
to the saddle-shaped鞍形 spring弹簧 in stomatopodsstomatopods.
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口足类动物把它应用在了鞍形弹簧装置上。
08:45
In biological生物 systems系统 it's important重要 not to have a whole整个 lot
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在生物系统中,重要的是:
08:48
of extra额外 material材料 requirements要求 for building建造 it.
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完成一个整体构建用最少的材料。
08:51
So, very interesting有趣 parallels相似之处 between之间 the biological生物
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看,非常有趣的联系在生物学
08:54
and the engineering工程 worlds世界. And interestingly有趣, this turns out --
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和工程学之间。吸引人的在于,这个结果——
08:58
the stomatopodstomatopod saddle turns out to be the first
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口足类动物的鞍形结构是首个
09:00
described描述 biological生物 hyperbolic夸张的 paraboloid抛物面 spring弹簧.
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被描述的生物学上的双曲抛物面弹簧装置。
09:03
That's a bit long, but it is sort分类 of interesting有趣.
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这个描述有点儿长,但它还是很有趣的。
09:06
So the next下一个 and final最后 question was, well, how much force
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好的,这下一个,也是最后一个问题是,它又多大的力
09:09
does a mantis shrimp produce生产 if they're able能够 to break打破 open打开 snails蜗牛?
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一个螳螂虾所产生的,使它们能够破坏蜗牛?
09:13
And so I wired有线 up what's called a load加载 cell细胞.
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因此,我安装了一个测压元件。
09:15
A load加载 cell细胞 measures措施 forces军队, and this is actually其实
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一个用来测量力大小的器件,它实际上
09:17
a piezoelectronicpiezoelectronic load加载 cell细胞 that has a little crystal水晶 in it.
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是一个压电电子元件,其内部有一个小晶体。
09:20
And when this crystal水晶 is squeezed挤压, the electrical电动 properties性能 change更改
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当这个晶体被挤压,其电特性将改变。
09:24
and it -- which哪一个 -- in proportion比例 to the forces军队 that go in.
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这与力的改变成线性关系。
09:26
So these animals动物 are wonderfully奇妙 aggressive侵略性,
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这些动物是极其好斗的,
09:29
and are really hungry饥饿 all the time. And so all I had to do
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它们确实总是处于饥饿状态。因此,我不得不做的是
09:32
was actually其实 put a little shrimp paste on the front面前 of the load加载 cell细胞,
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确实需要放点儿虾酱在这个测压元件的前面,
09:35
and they'd他们会 smash粉碎 away at it.
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他们会把它捣烂。
09:37
And so this is just a regular定期 video视频 of the animal动物
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看,这刚好是这动物的一个视频
09:41
just smashing the heck赫克 out of this load加载 cell细胞.
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刚捣碎了这个测压元件外面的一堆。
09:44
And we were able能够 to get some force measurements测量 out.
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我们可以获得一些力的度量。
09:47
And again, we were in for a surprise.
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再一次,我们震惊了。
09:49
I purchased购买 a 100-pound-磅 load加载 cell细胞, thinking思维,
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我购买了一个量程达100磅的测压元件,想想吧。
09:51
no animal动物 could produce生产 more than 100 pounds英镑 at this size尺寸 of an animal动物.
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对于这一尺寸的动物还没有能产生超过100磅力的。
09:55
And what do you know? They immediately立即 overloaded超载 the load加载 cell细胞.
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你所看到的是,他们立即使这个测压元件过载了。
09:57
So these are actually其实 some old data数据
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看来,这些确实是过时的数据了。
09:59
where I had to find the smallest最少 animals动物 in the lab实验室,
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在此,我不得不找到实验室里最小的动物,
10:01
and we were able能够 to measure测量 forces军队 of well over 100 pounds英镑
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我们能够测量溢出100磅的力
10:04
generated产生 by an animal动物 about this big.
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由一个动物产生像这个这么大。
10:07
And actually其实, just last week I got a 300-pound-磅 load加载 cell细胞
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事实上,刚刚在上周,我得到了一个量程是300磅的测压元件。
10:09
up and running赛跑, and I've clocked主频 these animals动物 generating发电
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立刻行动,我已经计算了这些动物产生的力,
10:12
well over 200 pounds英镑 of force.
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它超过了200磅。
10:14
And again, I think this will be a world世界 record记录.
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再一次,我认为这将是一项新的世界纪录。
10:17
I have to do a little bit more background背景 reading,
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我还不得不多读一些这方面的背景知识,
10:19
but I think this will be the largest最大 amount of force produced生成
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但是,我认为这将会是所产生的最大的力。
10:22
by an animal动物 of a given特定 -- per body身体 mass. So, really incredible难以置信 forces军队.
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一个动物所能达到的——由一团躯体所实现的。这,确实是难以置信的力。
10:27
And again, that brings带来 us back to the importance重要性 of that spring弹簧
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再一次,将我们带回了关于弹簧的重要性。
10:30
in storing存储 up and releasing释放 so much energy能源 in this system系统.
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在一个系统中,储存和释放了如此大的力量。
10:34
But that was not the end结束 of the story故事.
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但这还不是故事的结尾。
10:36
Now, things -- I'm making制造 this sound声音 very easy简单, this is actually其实 a lot of work.
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现在,对于一些东西——我将非常容易的制作这个声音,这确实是要做一大堆的工作。
10:39
And I got all these force measurements测量,
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我已获得了所有这些力的测量。
10:41
and then I went and looked看着 at the force output产量 of the system系统.
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然后我开始着手与对系统输出力的研究。
10:45
And this is just very simple简单 -- time is on the X-axisX轴
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这个非常简单,以时间为X轴。
10:48
and the force is on the Y-axisY轴. And you can see two peaks.
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力的大小为Y轴。你可以看到两个峰。
10:51
And that was what really got me puzzled困惑.
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这是令我困惑的地方。
10:55
The first peak, obviously明显, is the limb hitting the load加载 cell细胞.
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第一个峰,很明显,是肢体碰击测压元件的。
10:58
But there's a really large second第二 peak half a millisecond毫秒 later后来,
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但确实存在一个更大的峰,在半毫秒后出现。
11:04
and I didn't know what that was.
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我不知道那是什么。
11:06
So now, you'd expect期望 a second第二 peak for other reasons原因,
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因此,现在,你可以猜测一下第二个峰的出现是不是有其他原因。
11:09
but not half a millisecond毫秒 later后来.
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但不是半毫秒后让你说出答案。
11:11
Again, going back to those high-speed高速 videos视频,
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再一次,回到那些高速摄影录像上,
11:13
there's a pretty漂亮 good hint暗示 of what might威力 be going on.
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这里存在一个精妙的暗示,将要出现。
11:17
Here's这里的 that same相同 orientation方向 that we saw earlier.
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这是我们较早前看到的同一方向上的情况。
11:19
There's that raptorial猛禽 appendage附加物 -- there's the heel脚跟,
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有那个捕食的附肢——那个后跟,
11:22
and it's going to swing摇摆 around and hit击中 the load加载 cell细胞.
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它将转过去,并敲击测压元件。
11:25
And what I'd like you to do in this shot射击 is keep your eye on this,
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我希望你要做的是,关注于这里。
11:28
on the surface表面 of the load加载 cell细胞, as the limb comes flying飞行 through通过.
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在测压元件表面,这个肢体开始飞出。
11:33
And I hope希望 what you are able能够 to see is actually其实 a flash of light.
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我希望你确实看到了一处闪光。
11:38
Audience听众: Wow.
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听众:哇!
11:40
Sheila希拉 Patek百达翡丽: And so if we just take that one frame, what you can actually其实 see there
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Sheila Patek:如果我们仅提取那一帧,你能够看到什么。
11:44
at the end结束 of that yellow黄色 arrow箭头 is a vapor bubble泡沫.
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黄箭头所指的末端是一个蒸汽泡。
11:47
And what that is, is cavitation气穴.
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那个就是,气穴。
11:49
And cavitation气穴 is an extremely非常 potent有力的 fluid流体 dynamic动态 phenomenon现象
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形成气穴是一种威力极大的流体动力学现象
11:53
which哪一个 occurs发生 when you have areas of water
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那个所引发的,当你在水环境中
11:56
moving移动 at extremely非常 different不同 speeds速度.
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以及其不同的速度移动。
11:58
And when this happens发生, it can cause原因 areas of very low pressure压力,
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当这种现象发生,它可以造成区域内的低气压。
12:02
which哪一个 results结果 in the water literally按照字面 vaporizing蒸发.
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在水中的结果就是气化。
12:05
And when that vapor bubble泡沫 collapses崩溃, it emits发射 sound声音, light and heat,
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当这个蒸汽泡破裂,它发出声、光和热。
12:09
and it's a very destructive有害 process处理.
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这是非常强的破坏过程。
12:11
And so here it is in the stomatopodstomatopod. And again, this is a situation情况
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这发生在在口足类动物中。再次要说的是,这种情况
12:16
where engineers工程师 are very familiar with this phenomenon现象,
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对于工程师而言是非常熟悉的现象。
12:19
because it destroys破阵 boat propellers螺旋桨.
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因为它可以破坏船的螺旋辊
12:21
People have been struggling奋斗的 for years年份 to try and design设计
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人们已花了很多年的时间在不懈的尝试和设计
12:24
a very fast快速 rotating旋转 boat propeller螺旋桨 that doesn't cavitate空化
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一种非常快速的旋转螺旋辊,那种没有空化
12:28
and literally按照字面 wear穿 away the metal金属 and put holes in it,
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并且不会磨损和对金属桨穿洞
12:30
just like these pictures图片 show显示.
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就像这些图片所展示的。
12:32
So this is a potent有力的 force in fluid流体 systems系统, and just to sort分类 of take it one step further进一步,
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在流体系统中这是非常大的一种力,或许我们有点儿扯远了。
12:41
I'm going to show显示 you the mantis shrimp approaching接近 the snail蜗牛.
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我将为大家展示螳螂虾靠近蜗牛的过程
12:44
This is taken采取 at 20,000 frames per second第二, and I have to give
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这是以20000帧每秒的速度拍摄的,在此,
12:48
full充分 credit信用 to the BBCBBC cameraman摄影师, Tim蒂姆 Green绿色, for setting设置 this shot射击 up,
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我要向BBC的摄相师Tim Green致谢,为这些精彩的镜头,
12:52
because I could never have doneDONE this in a million百万 years年份 --
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因为我可能再花一百万年也拍不出来。
12:55
one of the benefits好处 of working加工 with professional专业的 cameramen摄影师.
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与专业摄像师一起工作的诸多好处之一就在于此。
12:58
You can see it coming未来 in, and an incredible难以置信 flash of light,
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你可以看到它产生,伴随一道不可思议的闪光,
13:02
and all this cavitation气穴 spreading传播 over the surface表面 of the snail蜗牛.
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气穴的传播越过了蜗牛的表面。
13:06
So really, just an amazing惊人 image图片,
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确实,这是一个令人惊异的影像。
13:09
slowed放缓 down extremely非常, to extremely非常 slow speeds速度.
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非常慢的下降,非常低的速度。
13:13
And again, we can see it in slightly different不同 form形成 there,
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并且再一次,我们能看到它有了轻微的改变形式。
13:16
with the bubble泡沫 forming成型 and collapsing崩溃 between之间 those two surfaces.
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在两个表面之间存在着气泡的形成和破裂。
13:20
In fact事实, you might威力 have even seen看到 some cavitation气穴 going up the edge边缘 of the limb.
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实际上,你或许已经看到一些气穴已达到了肢体的边缘。
13:25
So to solve解决 this quandary困惑 of the two force peaks:
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好的,让我来解决存在两个力峰的困惑。
13:28
what I think was going on is: that first impact碰撞 is actually其实
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我那时要考虑的,是第一个影响是确实存在的。
13:30
the limb hitting the load加载 cell细胞, and the second第二 impact碰撞 is actually其实
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当肢体撞击测压元件 ,这第二个影响是确定的
13:33
the collapse坍方 of the cavitation气穴 bubble泡沫.
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即气旋泡的破裂。
13:35
And these animals动物 may可能 very well be making制造 use of
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这些动物或许非常善于利用这一形式
13:38
not only the force and the energy能源 stored存储 with that specialized专门 spring弹簧,
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不仅是力并且这能量是由特殊的弹簧储存的,
13:42
but the extremes极端 of the fluid流体 dynamics动力学. And they might威力 actually其实 be
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但是以流体动力学的极限形式。它们或许确实
13:46
making制造 use of fluid流体 dynamics动力学 as a second第二 force for breaking破坏 the snail蜗牛.
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利用流体动力学原理实现的第二次发力,来破坏蜗牛。
13:50
So, really fascinating迷人 double whammy祸不单行, so to speak说话, from these animals动物.
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看,这可谓是一个确实迷人的二连击,来自于这群动物。
13:56
So, one question I often经常 get after this talk --
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在这次讲演后我常提到的一个问题
13:58
so I figured想通 I'd answer回答 it now -- is, well, what happens发生 to the animal动物?
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我想是揭开谜底的时候了,好吧,到底发生了什么?
14:01
Because obviously明显, if it's breaking破坏 snails蜗牛,
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很明显,如果它要干掉蜗牛
14:04
the poor较差的 limb must必须 be disintegrating崩解. And indeed确实 it does.
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这一脆弱的肢体一定会肢解的。的确如此。
14:07
That's the smashing part部分 of the heel脚跟 on both these images图片,
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在这些图片上,也确实可以看到跟部的破坏。
14:10
and it gets得到 worn磨损的 away. In fact事实, I've seen看到 them wear穿 away
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确实,它开始剥离。事实上,我已经看到了他们的抛离。
14:12
their heel脚跟 all the way to the flesh.
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他们的跟部外壳脱离了肉体。
14:14
But one of the convenient方便 things about being存在 an arthropod节肢动物
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但是,所有合适的东西之一,对于一个节肢动物来说,
14:17
is that you have to molt蜕皮. And every一切 three months个月 or so
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你不得不退壳。大约每三个月
14:20
these animals动物 molt蜕皮, and they build建立 a new limb and it's no problem问题.
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这些动物退壳,并且它们获得了一个新的肢体,这不在是问题。
14:25
Very, very convenient方便 solution to that particular特定 problem问题.
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非常,非常完美的解决了这一实际问题。
14:29
So, I'd like to end结束 on sort分类 of a wacky古怪 note注意.
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好的,我终于把这段令人一头雾水的解释说完了。
14:34
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
14:37
Maybe this is all wacky古怪 to folks乡亲 like you, I don't know.
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或许你们听的也一头雾水吧。我不知道。
14:41
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
14:42
So, the saddles马鞍 -- that saddle-shaped鞍形 spring弹簧 --
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鞍状物——鞍状结构的弹簧
14:45
has actually其实 been well known已知 to biologists生物学家 for a long time,
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在很久以前就被生物学家所熟知了。
14:49
not as a spring弹簧 but as a visual视觉 signal信号.
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没把它看作弹簧而被看作一种视觉信号。
14:53
And there's actually其实 a spectacular壮观 colored有色 dot
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这里确实存在一个吸引人的彩色点。
14:55
in the center中央 of the saddles马鞍 of many许多 species种类 of stomatopodsstomatopods.
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存在于许多口足类动物鞍状物的中心
15:01
And this is quite相当 interesting有趣, to find evolutionary发展的 origins起源
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这个非常有趣,可寻根到进化的起源。
15:04
of visual视觉 signals信号 on what's really, in all species种类, their spring弹簧.
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对于所有的种类,都有一个视觉信号在他们的弹簧装置上。
15:10
And I think one explanation说明 for this could be
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我想一个可能的解释是
15:12
going back to the molting蜕皮 phenomenon现象.
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这源于蜕皮现象。
15:14
So these animals动物 go into a molting蜕皮 period where they're
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这些动物进入它们的蜕皮期
15:17
unable无法 to strike罢工 -- their bodies身体 become成为 very soft柔软的.
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它们不能去攻击,此时它们的身体非常软。
15:20
And they're literally按照字面 unable无法 to strike罢工 or they will self-destruct自我毁灭.
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它们显然是不能攻击的,那是找死。
15:23
This is for real真实. And what they do is, up until直到 that time period
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确实是这样。在蜕皮期之前它们是可以进行攻击的
15:30
when they can't strike罢工, they become成为 really obnoxious厌恶 and awful可怕,
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当它们不能攻击时,它们变得厌恶而可怕。
15:33
and they strike罢工 everything in sight视力; it doesn't matter who or what.
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它们开始攻击所见到的任何东西,也不去辨别是谁或是什么。
15:37
And the second第二 they get into that time point when they can't strike罢工 any more,
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当它们再也不能攻击时,这是第二次它们达到这个时间点,
15:41
they just signal信号. They wave their legs around.
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他们刚好发出信号。它们挥舞着它们的那些爪子
15:44
And it's one of the classic经典 examples例子 in animal动物 behavior行为 of bluffing唬人.
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这在动物虚张声势的行为中,是一个经典的例子。
15:48
It's a well-established成熟 fact事实 of these animals动物
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这是动物的一种生存方式。
15:50
that they actually其实 bluff虚张声势. They can't actually其实 strike罢工, but they pretend假装 to.
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它们确实采取这种欺骗方式。它们不能攻击了,但它们假装自己还可以。
15:54
And so I'm very curious好奇 about whether是否 those colored有色 dots
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因此,我非常好奇的是,是否这些彩色点
15:56
in the center中央 of the saddles马鞍 are conveying输送 some kind of information信息
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就是在鞍状物中心的那个,是在传达什么信息。
16:00
about their ability能力 to strike罢工, or their strike罢工 force,
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与它们的攻击能力有关,或者说是攻击力。
16:03
and something about the time period in the molting蜕皮 cycle周期.
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在蜕皮周期中有一些是关于时间期的。
16:06
So sort分类 of an interesting有趣 strange奇怪 fact事实 to find a visual视觉 structure结构体
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存在一个些许有趣的奇怪事实来发现一个视觉结构。
16:11
right in the middle中间 of their spring弹簧.
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恰巧在它们弹簧结构的中心。
16:14
So to conclude得出结论, I mostly大多 want to acknowledge确认 my two collaborators合作者,
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好了,该到结束语了,我要向我的两位合作者致谢
16:19
Wyatt Korff科尔夫 and Roy罗伊 Caldwell考德威尔, who worked工作 closely密切 with me on this.
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Wyatt Korff 和Roy Caldwell,他们与我在这一项目上紧密合作
16:22
And also the Miller磨坊主 Institute研究所 for Basic基本 Research研究 in Science科学,
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也要感谢Miller学院对基础科学研究的支持,
16:25
which哪一个 gave me three years年份 of funding资金 to just do science科学 all the time,
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使我能在三年里把所有时间都投入科研中,
16:29
and for that I'm very grateful感激. Thank you very much.
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我非常感动,非常感谢你们。
16:32
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by xu hao
Reviewed by Simon Yan

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sheila Patek - Biologist, biomechanics researcher
Biologist Sheila Patek is addicted to speed -- animal speed. She's measured the fastest animal movements in the world, made by snail-smashing mantis shrimp and the snapping mandibles of trap-jaw ants.

Why you should listen

Sheila Patek, a UC Berkeley biologist, made a name for herself by measuring the hyperfast movements of snail-smashing mantis shrimp heels and bug-snapping ant jaws, using high-speed video cameras recording at up to 20,000 frames per second. In 2004, she and her team showed that peacock mantis shrimp had the fastest feeding strike in the animal kingdom, and that they are the only known animal to store energy in a hyperbolic paraboloid, a super-strong Pringles-shaped structure more often found in modern architecture.

Then in 2006, she and her team announced that trap-jaw ants had stolen the title of fastest striker from the mantis shrimp, when their research measured the ants' snapping jaws at an awesome 78 to 145 miles per hour, accelerating at 100,000 times the force of gravity. Patek's previous research focused on the sounds made by spiny lobsters, discovering that they used a mechanism similar to a violin. In 2004, she was named one of Popular Science magazine's "Brilliant 10." The Patek Lab at University of Massachusetts Amherst, where Patek is the principal investigator, continues to explore evolutionary questions through the integration of physiology, biomechanics, evolutionary analysis and animal behavior.

More profile about the speaker
Sheila Patek | Speaker | TED.com