ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Janna Levin - Physicist
Janna Levin is a professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard, where she studies the early universe, chaos, and black holes. She's the author of “How the Universe Got Its Spots" and the novel “A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines.”

Why you should listen

Janna Levin is a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Barnard College of Columbia University. Her scientific research concerns the early universe, chaos and black holes. Her second book – a novel, A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines – won the PEN/Bingham Fellowship for Writers and was a runner-up for the PEN/Hemingway award for "a distinguished book of first fiction." She is the author of the popular science book, How the Universe Got Its Spots: Diary of a Finite Time in a Finite Space.

She holds a BA in Physics and Astronomy from Barnard College with a concentration in Philosophy, and a PhD from MIT in Physics. She has worked at the Center for Particle Astrophysics (CfPA) at the University of California, Berkeley before moving to the UK where she worked at Cambridge University in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP). Just before returning to New York, she was the first scientist-in-residence at the Ruskin School of Fine Art and Drawing at Oxford with an award from the National Endowment for Science, Technology, and Arts (NESTA).

Listen to a Q&A with another TED speaker, Krista Tippett -- where they talk math and faith and truth and more ...

More profile about the speaker
Janna Levin | Speaker | TED.com
TED2011

Janna Levin: The sound the universe makes

珍納李文:宇宙發出的聲音

Filmed:
1,279,696 views

我們以為太空是個靜默無聲的地方。不過物理學家珍納李文說宇宙不是一齣默劇電影,不只光有影像,它其實也有聲部 -- 這聲音記錄著外太空裡最戲劇性的事件。(譬如黑洞,像鼓一樣,在空時的國度裡敲打著節奏。)未來它不僅是個可通可達的領域,也是個令人眼界大開的宇宙漫步之旅。
- Physicist
Janna Levin is a professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard, where she studies the early universe, chaos, and black holes. She's the author of “How the Universe Got Its Spots" and the novel “A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines.” Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
I want to ask you all to consider考慮 for a second第二
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請各位思考一下
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the very simple簡單 fact事實
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一個非常簡單的事實
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that, by far,
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目前為止
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most of what we know about the universe宇宙
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我們所知的宇宙
00:24
comes to us from light.
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都透過「光」而來
00:26
We can stand on the Earth地球 and look up at the night sky天空
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站在地球上仰望夜空
00:29
and see stars明星 with our bare eyes眼睛.
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我們憑肉眼就能看得見星星
00:32
The Sun太陽 burns燒傷 our peripheral外圍設備 vision視力.
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太陽照亮我們的視野邊界
00:34
We see light reflected反射的 off the Moon月亮.
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因為光的反射而看見月亮
00:37
And in the time since以來 Galileo伽利略 pointed that rudimentary初步 telescope望遠鏡
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自從伽利略以最原始的望遠鏡
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at the celestial天上 bodies身體,
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舉目望天開始了觀測
00:44
the known已知 universe宇宙 has come to us through通過 light,
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一向以來,已知宇宙都是透過光來向我們傳達訊息
00:47
across橫過 vast廣大 eras時代 in cosmic宇宙的 history歷史.
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即便穿越了宇宙浩瀚的歷史
00:50
And with all of our modern現代 telescopes望遠鏡,
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以現代的望遠鏡
00:53
we've我們已經 been able能夠 to collect蒐集
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我們能接收
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this stunning令人驚嘆 silent無聲 movie電影 of the universe宇宙 --
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這齣令人驚異、讚歎的宇宙無聲電影
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these series系列 of snapshots快照
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用許多連續圖形
01:01
that go all the way back to the Big Bang.
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一路回溯至大霹靂時期
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And yet然而, the universe宇宙 is not a silent無聲 movie電影
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但是,宇宙上演的並不是一齣默劇
01:07
because the universe宇宙 isn't silent無聲.
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因為宇宙其實並非一片死寂
01:09
I'd like to convince說服 you
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我想說服你們的就是這件事
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that the universe宇宙 has a soundtrack聲帶
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宇宙是個有聲電影
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and that soundtrack聲帶 is played發揮 on space空間 itself本身,
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宇宙自己發出聲音成為它的聲部
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because space空間 can wobble搖晃 like a drum.
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這是因為太空像鼓一樣會震動
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It can ring out a kind of recording記錄
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它像唱片一樣可以發出聲音
01:23
throughout始終 the universe宇宙
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傳遍整個宇宙
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of some of the most dramatic戲劇性 events事件 as they unfold展開.
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尤其當某些極富戲劇效果的事件展開的時候
01:28
Now we'd星期三 like to be able能夠 to add
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現在我們想嘗試
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to a kind of glorious輝煌 visual視覺 composition組成
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在炫麗奪目的視覺效果以外
01:34
that we have of the universe宇宙 --
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為我們的宇宙再加上
01:36
a sonic composition組成.
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它聲音的部份
01:38
And while we've我們已經 never heard聽說 the sounds聲音 from space空間,
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雖然我們從沒聽過來自太空的聲音
01:42
we really should, in the next下一個 few少數 years年份,
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幾年之內,我們應該可以開始
01:45
start開始 to turn up the volume on what's going on out there.
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把外面世界發出的聲音音量再調更大
01:47
So in this ambition志向
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在這雄心壯志
01:49
to capture捕獲 songs歌曲 from the universe宇宙,
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企圖接收宇宙譜出的歌曲驅動下
01:52
we turn our focus焦點
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帶領我們將目光轉向
01:54
to black黑色 holes and the promise諾言 they have,
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黑洞和它們的能量特性
01:56
because black黑色 holes can bang on space-time時空
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因為黑洞能在空-時中發出聲響
01:59
like mallets木槌 on a drum
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像一根鼓棒一樣
02:01
and have a very characteristic特性 song歌曲,
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它的歌曲則極富特色
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which哪一個 I'd like to play for you -- some of our predictions預測
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在此根據我們的假設
02:06
for what that song歌曲 will be like.
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將要播放一段黑洞可能會發出的聲音
02:08
Now black黑色 holes are dark黑暗 against反對 a dark黑暗 sky天空.
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黑洞是襯在黑底之上
02:11
We can't see them directly.
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不可能直接看得見
02:13
They're not brought to us with light, at least最小 not directly.
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它們不是直接以光的形式向我們呈現,至少沒有以直接的方式
02:16
We can see them indirectly間接,
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我們能以間接的方式看見它們
02:18
because black黑色 holes wreak發洩 havoc浩劫 on their environment環境.
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也就是黑洞對它週遭環境施加的破壞
02:21
They destroy破壞 stars明星 around them.
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諸如毀滅周圍恆星
02:23
They churn攪動 up debris廢墟 in their surroundings環境.
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將方圓以內碎片劇烈攪拌...等
02:26
But they won't慣於 come to us directly through通過 light.
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總之它們不會以可見光讓我們看見
02:28
We might威力 one day see a shadow陰影
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有一天我們或許看得見它的影子
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a black黑色 hole can cast on a very bright background背景,
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當黑洞遇上一個非常明亮的背景時這就有可能
02:33
but we haven't沒有 yet然而.
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但現在還在努力中
02:35
And yet然而 black黑色 holes may可能 be heard聽說
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但黑洞是可以聽得見的
02:37
even if they're not seen看到,
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就算它們真的是我們所不能看見的
02:39
and that's because they bang on space-time時空 like a drum.
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能聽見黑洞是因它像鼓一樣,敲槌著空時
02:43
Now we owe the idea理念 that space空間 can ring like a drum
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我們會有這麼一個太空中響著鼓聲的念頭
02:46
to Albert阿爾伯特 Einstein愛因斯坦 -- to whom we owe so much.
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最該感謝的人是愛因斯坦,非常感謝
02:49
Einstein愛因斯坦 realized實現 that if space空間 were empty,
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愛因斯坦明瞭如果太空是空的
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if the universe宇宙 were empty,
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宇宙是空的
02:53
it would be like this picture圖片,
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就像這張照片
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except for maybe without the helpful有幫助 grid drawn on it.
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或者說實際上應沒有這些輔助線會像得更徹底些
02:59
But if we were freely自如 falling落下 through通過 the space空間,
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不過如果我們自由的墜入太空中
03:02
even without this helpful有幫助 grid,
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就算沒有這些輔助線
03:04
we might威力 be able能夠 to paint塗料 it ourselves我們自己,
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我們自己也能畫的出這幅圖
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because we would notice注意 that we traveled旅行 along沿 straight直行 lines,
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因為我們會注意到自己是以直線運動前進
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undeflected非偏轉 straight直行 paths路徑
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以直線不偏轉的路徑
03:11
through通過 the universe宇宙.
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通過宇宙
03:13
Einstein愛因斯坦 also realized實現 --
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愛因斯坦還想到另一件事
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and this is the real真實 meat of the matter --
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而那個部份才是更加精采
03:17
that if you put energy能源 or mass in the universe宇宙,
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也就是,若將能量或質量放在宇宙中
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it would curve曲線 space空間,
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它會彎曲空間
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and a freely自如 falling落下 object目的
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而自由落下的物體
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would pass通過 by, let's say, the Sun太陽
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有可能會經過,譬如說,太陽
03:26
and it would be deflected偏轉
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於是它的路徑會受偏轉
03:28
along沿 the natural自然 curves曲線 in the space空間.
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沿著空間自然曲線偏轉
03:30
It was Einstein's愛因斯坦 great general一般 theory理論 of relativity相對論.
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這是愛因斯坦的普通相對論
03:34
Now even light will be bent彎曲 by those paths路徑.
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因為連光都會受這些路徑影響而彎曲
03:37
And you can be bent彎曲 so much
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彎曲到一個程度
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that you're caught抓住 in orbit軌道 around the Sun太陽,
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你會被太陽抓住而繞著它依軌道運轉
03:41
as the Earth地球 is, or the Moon月亮 around the Earth地球.
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就像地球繞太陽轉,月亮繞地球轉
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These are the natural自然 curves曲線 in space空間.
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這就是空間的自然曲線
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What Einstein愛因斯坦 did not realize實現
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愛因斯坦沒想通的事情是
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was that, if you took our Sun太陽
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如果你拿著太陽
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and you crushed it down to six kilometers公里 --
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把它擠壓直到只剩6公里直徑大小
03:53
so you took a million百萬 times the mass of the Earth地球
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這是一團質量是地球100萬倍的東西
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and you crushed it to six kilometers公里 across橫過,
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然後把它的體積壓縮到6公里寬
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you would make a black黑色 hole,
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這樣就是個黑洞
04:01
an object目的 so dense稠密
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一個非常嚴密的物質
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that if light veered改變方向 too close, it would never escape逃逸 --
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如果靠得太近,連光不可能逃走
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a dark黑暗 shadow陰影 against反對 the universe宇宙.
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成為一個相對於宇宙的黑色陰影
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It wasn't Einstein愛因斯坦 who realized實現 this,
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愛因斯坦沒領悟到這件事情
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it was Karl卡爾 Schwarzschild史瓦西
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這是卡爾史瓦西解出來的
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who was a German德語 Jew in World世界 War戰爭 I --
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他是德國猶太人,在第一次世界大戰時
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joined加盟 the German德語 army軍隊 already已經 an accomplished完成 scientist科學家,
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在入伍時已是一位傑出科學家
04:18
working加工 on the Russian俄語 front面前.
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在德俄邊境前線工作
04:21
I like to imagine想像 Schwarzschild史瓦西 in the war戰爭 in the trenches戰壕
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我總愛想像史瓦西是躲在戰爭時期的壕溝裡頭
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calculating計算 ballistic彈道的 trajectories軌跡 for cannon大砲 fire,
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邊計算高射炮的發射彈道
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and then, in between之間,
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邊偶爾計算一下
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calculating計算 Einstein's愛因斯坦 equations方程 --
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愛因斯坦的公式
04:32
as you do in the trenches戰壕.
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壕溝裡能做的事情不多
04:34
And he was reading Einstein's愛因斯坦 recently最近 published發表
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他正拜讀愛因斯坦最新的
04:36
general一般 theory理論 of relativity相對論,
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普通相對論
04:38
and he was thrilled高興 by this theory理論.
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令他大感驚訝的理論
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And he quickly很快 surmised推測
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他很快推算出
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an exact精確 mathematical數學的 solution
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一道精確的數學解答
04:44
that described描述 something very extraordinary非凡:
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極不尋常的描述了一個現象
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curves曲線 so strong強大
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一道強大的曲線
04:48
that space空間 would rain down into them,
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空間會順勢下流
04:51
space空間 itself本身 would curve曲線 like a waterfall瀑布
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空間本身會像瀑布一般的彎曲
04:53
flowing流動 down the throat of a hole.
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向下流入一個喉嚨敞開的洞
04:55
And even light could not escape逃逸 this current當前.
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即便是光也無法逃離這股流勢
04:58
Light would be dragged down the hole
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光會被拉入這個洞中
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as everything else其他 would be,
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和其他任何東西一樣
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and all that would be left would be a shadow陰影.
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所有東西最後都會只剩下一個影子
05:04
Now he wrote to Einstein愛因斯坦,
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史瓦西寫信告訴愛因斯坦
05:06
and he said, "As you will see,
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他說,「且看,
05:08
the war戰爭 has been kind to me enough足夠.
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戰爭對我是多麼慷慨有餘啊,
05:11
Despite儘管 the heavy gunfire炮火,
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即便在戰火交織下
05:14
I've been able能夠 to get away from it all
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我也能有遠離這一切的一個某處可去
05:16
and walk步行 through通過 the land土地 of your ideas思路."
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一步步前進在由你的理論所佔領的土地上。」
05:19
And Einstein愛因斯坦 was very impressed印象深刻 with his exact精確 solution,
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愛因斯坦對史瓦西精確的解答實在印象深刻
05:22
and I should hope希望 also the dedication貢獻 of the scientist科學家.
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我應該期望自己有科學家這樣全心全力
05:25
This is the hardworking用功 scientist科學家 under harsh苛刻 conditions條件.
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在這樣艱困的處境下仍辛勤工作
05:28
And he took Schwarzschild's史瓦西的 idea理念
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帶著著史瓦西的理論想法
05:30
to the Prussian普魯士 Academy學院 of Sciences科學 the next下一個 week.
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一週後,愛因斯坦前往波斯科學院
05:33
But Einstein愛因斯坦 always thought black黑色 holes were a mathematical數學的 oddity怪人.
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愛因斯坦一向以為黑洞只不過是個純數學的怪物
05:36
He did not believe they existed存在 in nature性質.
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他並不相信自然界真有這個東西存在
05:39
He thought nature性質 would protect保護 us from their formation編隊.
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他認為自然界應該會在創生的過程中保護我們
05:42
It was decades幾十年
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幾十年過去
05:44
before the term術語 "black黑色 hole" was coined創造
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黑洞一詞被憑空創造問世
05:46
and people realized實現
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人們理解到
05:48
that black黑色 holes are real真實 astrophysical天體物理 objects對象 --
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黑洞是天文物理中真實的天體
05:50
in fact事實 they're the death死亡 state
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事實上它們是一種最終的境界
05:52
of very massive大規模的 stars明星
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大質量恆星們的最終結局
05:54
that collapse坍方 catastrophically災難性的
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災難性的崩塌瓦解
05:56
at the end結束 of their lifetime一生.
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當它的生命走到盡頭時
05:58
Now our Sun太陽 will not collapse坍方 to a black黑色 hole.
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我們的太陽不會塌縮成黑洞
06:00
It's actually其實 not massive大規模的 enough足夠.
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事實上它的質量還不夠形成為黑洞
06:02
But if we did a little thought experiment實驗 --
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但如果我們運用思考來做個實驗
06:04
as Einstein愛因斯坦 was very fond喜歡 of doing --
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就像愛因斯坦很喜歡做的事情一樣
06:06
we could imagine想像
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我們不妨想像
06:08
putting the Sun太陽 crushed down to six kilometers公里,
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把太陽壓縮成6公里大小
06:11
and putting a tiny little Earth地球 around it in orbit軌道,
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把一個超微小地球放在它旁邊依軌道運行
06:14
maybe 30 kilometers公里
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距離約30公里
06:16
outside of the black-hole黑洞 sun太陽.
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在這顆太陽黑洞外面30公里處
06:19
And it would be self-illuminated自發光,
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然後地球自己會發光
06:21
because now the Sun'sSun公司 gone走了, we have no other source資源 of light --
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因為沒有太陽了,我們也將失去光源--
06:23
so let's make our little Earth地球 self-illuminated自發光.
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只好先假設地球變成是發光體的情形
06:26
And you would realize實現 you could put the Earth地球 in a happy快樂 orbit軌道
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你會發現這個距離之下地球軌道
06:28
even 30 km千米
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在距離黑洞
06:30
outside of this crushed black黑色 hole.
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30公里以外
06:33
This crushed black黑色 hole
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一個被壓縮的黑洞
06:35
actually其實 would fit適合 inside Manhattan曼哈頓, more or less.
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事實上就和紐約市中心的曼哈頓區差不多大而已
06:37
It might威力 spill off into the Hudson哈德森 a little bit
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有時它或許會碰到一點哈得遜區
06:39
before it destroyed銷毀 the Earth地球.
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在它快要吞滅地球之前
06:41
But basically基本上 that's what we're talking about.
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基本上我們說的就是體積這麼小的一個東西
06:43
We're talking about an object目的 that you could crush粉碎 down
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我們說的這個東西是你可以把它壓縮到
06:45
to half the square廣場 area of Manhattan曼哈頓.
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只有曼哈頓方圓一半大的區域
06:47
So we move移動 this Earth地球 very close --
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我們把這個地球移動到非常靠近 --
06:49
30 kilometers公里 outside --
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30公里外的這個距離
06:51
and we notice注意 it's perfectly完美 fine orbiting軌道 around the black黑色 hole.
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這是繞行這顆黑洞完美的軌道
06:54
There's a sort分類 of myth神話
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這有點神秘
06:56
that black黑色 holes devour吞食 everything in the universe宇宙,
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黑洞無一例外的吞滅宇宙裡的一切物體
06:58
but you actually其實 have to get very close to fall秋季 in.
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但事實上你必須非常靠近它才能掉的下去
07:01
But what's very impressive有聲有色 is that, from our vantage華帝 point,
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但令人驚訝的是,從我們的觀望點
07:04
we can always see the Earth地球.
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我們總是看得到地球
07:06
It cannot不能 hide隱藏 behind背後 the black黑色 hole.
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它沒辦法躲藏在黑洞的後方
07:08
The light from the Earth地球, some of it falls下降 in,
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這時有些從地球發出的光會掉入黑洞中
07:10
but some of it gets得到 lensed帶透鏡 around and brought back to us.
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有些會因受到透鏡得作用,傳回來讓我們看見
07:13
So you can't hide隱藏 anything behind背後 a black黑色 hole.
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你沒辦法把一樣東西藏在黑洞後面
07:15
If this were Battlestar太空堡壘 Galactica卡拉狄加
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如果是在科幻影集「太空堡壘」中
07:17
and you're fighting戰鬥 the Cylons賽昂,
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你和塞隆人正在作戰
07:19
don't hide隱藏 behind背後 the black黑色 hole.
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千萬別選在一個黑洞的後面跟他玩躲迷藏
07:21
They can see you.
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敵人一定會看見你
07:24
Now, our Sun太陽 will not collapse坍方 to a black黑色 hole --
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太陽不會塌縮成黑洞
07:26
it's not massive大規模的 enough足夠 --
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它質量不夠
07:28
but there are tens of thousands數千 of black黑色 holes in our galaxy星系.
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我們的銀河系裡有上萬顆黑洞
07:32
And if one were to eclipse the Milky乳白色 Way,
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如果銀河系裡發生了「食」的現象
07:35
this is what it would look like.
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看起來會像這樣
07:37
We would see a shadow陰影 of that black黑色 hole
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我們會看到一個黑洞的影子
07:40
against反對 the hundred billion十億 stars明星
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在數千億顆明亮恆星的映襯之下
07:42
in the Milky乳白色 Way Galaxy星系 and its luminous發光的 dust灰塵 lanes車道.
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在銀河系還有許多明亮的塵埃帶中
07:45
And if we were to fall秋季 towards this black黑色 hole,
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若我們朝黑洞裡頭掉進去
07:48
we would see all of that light lensed帶透鏡 around it,
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我們會看見受到透鏡作用的光環繞在外層
07:51
and we could even start開始 to cross交叉 into that shadow陰影
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我們甚至開始穿透那個陰影
07:54
and really not notice注意 that anything dramatic戲劇性 had happened發生.
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卻並不會真的發現什麼太有戲劇效果的事情
07:57
It would be bad if we tried試著 to fire our rockets火箭 and get out of there
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試圖從黑洞裡發射一顆火箭逃出來並不是個太好的主意
08:00
because we couldn't不能,
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因為根本不可行
08:02
anymore than light can escape逃逸.
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連光都逃不掉
08:04
But even though雖然 the black黑色 hole is dark黑暗 from the outside,
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不過雖然黑洞從外面看是漆黑一片
08:07
it's not dark黑暗 on the inside,
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內層卻不是黑的
08:09
because all of the light from the galaxy星系 can fall秋季 in behind背後 us.
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因為所有銀河系而來的光都在我們身後掉進來
08:12
And even though雖然, due應有 to a relativistic相對論 effect影響 known已知 as time dilation擴張,
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儘管如此,由於時間膨脹的相對關係
08:16
our clocks時鐘 would seem似乎 to slow down
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我們的時鐘會慢下來
08:19
relative相對的 to galactic time,
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相對於星系時間
08:22
it would look as though雖然 the evolution演化 of the galaxy星系
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看起來會好像是銀河系的演化
08:25
had been sped加快 up and shot射擊 at us,
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加速度進行並且正對著我們而來
08:27
right before we were crushed to death死亡 by the black黑色 hole.
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然後我們將被黑洞壓碎而死掉
08:30
It would be like a near-death接近死亡 experience經驗
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很像是個瀕死經驗
08:32
where you see the light at the end結束 of the tunnel隧道,
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看得見光在隧道末端...
08:34
but it's a total death死亡 experience經驗.
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但這經驗其實會讓你非死不可
08:36
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
08:38
And there's no way of telling告訴 anybody任何人
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你也沒辦法跟任何人說這個經歷
08:40
about the light at the end結束 of the tunnel隧道.
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說你看得見光在隧道末端...
08:42
Now we've我們已經 never seen看到 a shadow陰影 like this of a black黑色 hole,
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我們從來沒看見過像這樣的一個黑洞的影子
08:45
but black黑色 holes can be heard聽說,
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但是我們聽得見黑洞
08:47
even if they're not seen看到.
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雖然就算看不到
08:49
Imagine想像 now taking服用 an astrophysically天體物理學 realistic實際 situation情況 --
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想像現在天文物理中有這樣一個現實情境
08:53
imagine想像 two black黑色 holes that have lived生活 a long life together一起.
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有兩個黑洞在一起,已經過了很久的時間
08:56
Maybe they started開始 as stars明星
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也許從它們是恆星的身分開始
08:58
and collapsed倒塌 to two black黑色 holes --
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然後崩塌為兩個黑洞
09:00
each one 10 times the mass of the Sun太陽.
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每一個都有太陽質量的十倍大
09:03
So now we're going to crush粉碎 them down to 60 kilometers公里 across橫過.
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所以現在我們把它們壓縮為60公里大小
09:06
They can be spinning紡織
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它們可能在自轉
09:08
hundreds數以百計 of times a second第二.
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以每秒數百次的速度自轉
09:10
At the end結束 of their lives生活,
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當它們的恆星生命走到盡頭時
09:12
they're going around each other very near the speed速度 of light.
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它們以幾乎是光速互繞對方轉
09:15
So they're crossing路口 thousands數千 of kilometers公里
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以每秒數千里的速度
09:17
in a fraction分數 of a second第二,
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快速移動
09:19
and as they do so, they not only curve曲線 space空間,
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如此,不只扭曲了空間
09:21
but they leave離開 behind背後 in their wake喚醒
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它們也在所經之處的後方
09:23
a ringing鈴聲 of space空間,
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留下一個發出響聲的空間
09:25
an actual實際 wave on space-time時空.
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在空時中有一道實際的波
09:27
Space空間 squeezes擠壓 and stretches舒展
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太空壓縮也延伸
09:29
as it emanates發出 out from these black黑色 holes
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這些自黑洞中發出來的波
09:31
banging on the universe宇宙.
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敲擊著宇宙
09:33
And they travel旅行 out into the cosmos宇宙
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它們朝向宇宙
09:35
at the speed速度 of light.
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以光速奔去
09:37
This computer電腦 simulation模擬
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這個電腦模擬結果
09:39
is due應有 to a relativity相對論 group at NASANASA Goddard戈達德.
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是由美國航太總署戈達德太空中心的相對論組製作
09:42
It took almost幾乎 30 years年份 for anyone任何人 in the world世界 to crack裂紋 this problem問題.
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地球上很多人近30年時間都用來解答出這一道題目
09:45
This was one of the groups.
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戈達德小組是其中之一
09:47
It shows節目 two black黑色 holes in orbit軌道 around each other,
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它顯示的情況是兩個黑洞彼此互繞
09:49
again, with these helpfully有益 painted curves曲線.
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如前述,藉由自然界事先就畫好的曲線
09:51
And if you can see -- it's kind of faint --
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它們看起來有點暗淡
09:54
but if you can see the red waves波浪 emanating發出 out,
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但你看得見紅色的波向外散射
09:57
those are the gravitational引力 waves波浪.
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這就是重力波
09:59
They're literally按照字面 the sounds聲音 of space空間 ringing鈴聲,
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使太空發出聲響
10:02
and they will travel旅行 out from these black黑色 holes at the speed速度 of light
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它們從黑洞裡以光速跑出來
10:04
as they ring down and coalesce合併
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震盪並聯合
10:07
to one spinning紡織, quiet安靜 black黑色 hole
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合成為一個波,安靜的黑洞
10:09
at the end結束 of the day.
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在喧囂後重歸寧靜
10:11
If you were standing常設 near enough足夠,
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倘若你站的距離夠近
10:13
your ear would resonate諧振
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耳中會回響著
10:15
with the squeezing擠壓 and stretching拉伸 of space空間.
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空間擠壓和伸展的聲音
10:17
You would literally按照字面 hear the sound聲音.
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你會真的聽得見聲音
10:19
Now of course課程, your head would be squeezed擠壓 and stretched拉伸 unhelpfully幫倒忙,
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當然你的頭也會被壓縮拉長,這是無可避免的
10:23
so you might威力 have trouble麻煩 understanding理解 what's going on.
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所以其實你也根本搞不清楚現在是什麼情況
10:26
But I'd like to play for you
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不過我想播一段這個給你聽
10:28
the sound聲音 that we predict預測.
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這是我們預測中的聲音
10:30
This is from my group --
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從我的團隊而來的數據
10:32
a slightly less glamorous富有魅力的 computer電腦 modeling造型.
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我們的電腦計算模型看起來比較沒那麼炫
10:35
Imagine想像 a lighter打火機 black黑色 hole
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想像一個質量較輕的小黑洞
10:37
falling落下 into a very heavy black黑色 hole.
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掉進了質量很大的黑洞
10:39
The sound聲音 you're hearing聽力
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你聽見的聲音
10:41
is the light black黑色 hole banging on space空間
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是小黑洞敲擊著太空
10:44
each time it gets得到 close.
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每一次的聲音都代表更加靠近
10:46
If it gets得到 far away, it's a little too quiet安靜.
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越遠會越安靜
10:49
But it comes in like a mallet,
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但它像是個木槌
10:51
and it literally按照字面 cracks裂縫 space空間,
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而且實際上它真的是在敲打著空間
10:53
wobbling擺動 it like a drum.
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像鼓一樣的震動
10:55
And we can predict預測 what the sound聲音 will be.
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我們可以預估這個聲音像是什麼
10:58
We know that, as it falls下降 in,
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我們知道,因為它掉進來
11:00
it gets得到 faster更快 and it gets得到 louder.
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它愈來愈快也愈來愈大聲
11:02
And eventually終於,
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最後
11:04
we're going to hear the little guy just fall秋季 into the bigger guy.
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我們聽見小黑洞掉進大黑洞裡
11:07
(Thumping)
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(砰砰重擊聲)
11:24
Then it's gone走了.
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然後它消失
11:26
Now I've never heard聽說 it that loud -- it's actually其實 more dramatic戲劇性.
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我從來沒聽過這麼大聲的版本 -- 這樣更富戲劇效果
11:28
At home it sounds聲音 kind of anticlimactic虎頭蛇尾的.
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在家裡頭聽它比較像是漸漸沒力
11:30
It's sort分類 of like ding, ding, ding.
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聽起來只有叮,叮,叮而已
11:32
This is another另一個 sound聲音 from my group.
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這裡還有另一個我的團隊所模擬的聲音
11:36
No, I'm not showing展示 you any images圖片,
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我就不播放影像的部份了
11:38
because black黑色 holes don't leave離開 behind背後
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因為黑洞並不留下
11:40
helpful有幫助 trails步道 of ink墨水,
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有跡可循的脈絡
11:42
and space空間 is not painted,
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太空中也沒有明顯的
11:44
showing展示 you the curves曲線.
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告訴你哪裡有一道曲線
11:46
But if you were to float浮動 by in space空間 on a space空間 holiday假日
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但如果有一天你得到太空之旅的門票,要在太空中漂浮
11:48
and you heard聽說 this,
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聽到這個聲音的時候
11:50
you want to get moving移動.
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你就知道該拔腿逃走了
11:52
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
11:54
Want to get away from the sound聲音.
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快點遠離這種聲音
11:56
Both black黑色 holes are moving移動.
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因為兩個黑洞都在移動
11:58
Both black黑色 holes are getting得到 closer接近 together一起.
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兩個都在朝向對方靠近移動中
12:01
In this case案件, they're both wobbling擺動 quite相當 a lot.
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這種情況下,它們兩個都震的很厲害
12:04
And then they're going to merge合併.
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然後他們將要合併
12:06
(Thumping)
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(砰砰重擊聲)
12:14
Now it's gone走了.
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它沒了
12:16
Now that chirp嘰嘰喳喳 is very characteristic特性 of black黑色 holes merging合併 --
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最後那個「啾」的一聲是黑洞合併非常具代表性的特色
12:19
that it chirps啁啾 up at the end結束.
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在最後面的那個「啾」聲
12:22
Now that's our prediction預測
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這是我們基於我們將會看見景象
12:24
for what we'll see.
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所做成的假設預估
12:26
Luckily we're at this safe安全 distance距離 in Long Beach海灘, California加州.
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很幸運我們是在加州長島,很安全,距離黑洞夠遠
12:28
And surely一定, somewhere某處 in the universe宇宙
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但我相信在宇宙中必然有某處
12:30
two black黑色 holes have merged合併的.
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兩個黑洞是已經合併
12:32
And surely一定, the space空間 around us
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因此,實實在在的講,週遭的太空
12:34
is ringing鈴聲
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正在發出聲響
12:36
after traveling旅行 maybe a million百萬 light years年份, or a million百萬 years年份,
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在旅遊了一百萬光年或一百萬年以後
12:39
at the speed速度 of light to get to us.
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正以光速朝向我們而來
12:42
But the sound聲音 is too quiet安靜 for any of us to ever hear.
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但它的聲音太安靜我們沒人聽得到
12:45
There are very industrious勤勞 experiments實驗 being存在 built內置 on Earth地球 --
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現在地球上有很多相關的實驗正在進行
12:48
one called LIGOLIGO --
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一個叫做LIGO --
12:50
which哪一個 will detect檢測 deviations偏差
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它可監測偏向
12:52
in the squeezing擠壓 and stretching拉伸 of space空間
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因空間壓縮和拉長引起的偏向
12:55
at less than the fraction分數 of a nucleus of an atom原子
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在四公里範圍內還不到
12:58
over four kilometers公里.
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一顆核子或原子大小的偏向
13:00
It's a remarkably異常 ambitious有雄心 experiment實驗,
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這是一個極具野心的實驗
13:02
and it's going to be at advanced高級 sensitivity靈敏度
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需要非常高的靈敏度
13:04
within the next下一個 few少數 years年份 -- to pick this up.
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在幾年內可以完成一些實驗結果
13:07
There's also a mission任務 proposed建議 for space空間,
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還有一個和空間相關的實驗
13:09
which哪一個 hopefully希望 will launch發射 in the next下一個 ten years年份,
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可望在未來10年內啟動
13:11
called LISALISA.
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稱為LISA計畫
13:13
And LISALISA will be able能夠 to see super-massive超大規模 black黑色 holes --
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LISA能看見超大質量黑洞
13:16
black黑色 holes millions百萬 or billions數十億 of times
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這種黑洞是太陽質量
13:19
the mass of the Sun太陽.
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的百萬倍甚至數十億倍
13:21
In this Hubble哈勃 image圖片, we see two galaxies星系.
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在這張哈伯太空望遠鏡的圖像中,我們看見兩個星系
13:24
They look like they're frozen凍結的 in some embrace擁抱.
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看起來好像凝結不動
13:27
And each one probably大概 harbors港口
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兩個可能都各自擁有
13:29
a super-massive超大規模 black黑色 hole at its core核心.
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一個超大質量黑洞在其核心
13:32
But they're not frozen凍結的;
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但其實它們並非凝結不動的
13:34
they're actually其實 merging合併.
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它們正在合併中
13:36
These two black黑色 holes are colliding碰撞,
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兩個黑洞正在走向相撞的不歸路
13:38
and they will merge合併 over a billion-year十億年 time scale規模.
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它們將在一段長達數十億年的時程當中完成合併
13:41
It's beyond our human人的 perception知覺
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這遠超乎人類所能想像
13:43
to pick up a song歌曲 of that duration持續時間.
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誰能掌握住一個長度如此的歌曲呢
13:46
But LISALISA could see the final最後 stages階段
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但是LISA可以看到最終章
13:48
of two super-massive超大規模 black黑色 holes
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兩個超大量黑洞命運的最終章
13:50
earlier in the universe's宇宙 history歷史,
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從宇宙較早的歷史中去找資料
13:52
the last 15 minutes分鐘 before they fall秋季 together一起.
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找到它們最後鄉重前的最後15分鐘
13:55
And it's not just black黑色 holes,
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不僅只是黑洞有聲音而已
13:57
but it's also any big disturbance騷亂 in the universe宇宙 --
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宇宙中任何大擾動也都會有聲音
14:00
and the biggest最大 of them all is the Big Bang.
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其中最大的就是大霹靂
14:02
When that expression表達 was coined創造, it was derisive嘲弄 --
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當這個形容詞首度公開時,引來一陣潮笑
14:05
like, "Oh, who would believe in a Big Bang?"
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人們說,「大霹靂,怎麼可能真有霹哩啪啦這種事?」
14:07
But now it actually其實 might威力 be more technically技術上 accurate準確
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不過現在看來「霹靂」一詞技術上還滿正確的
14:09
because it might威力 bang.
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因為它真的會霹靂
14:11
It might威力 make a sound聲音.
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它可能真的有聲響
14:13
This animation動畫 from my friends朋友 at Proton質子 Studios工作室
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這個動畫是我在Proton Studios的友人所製作
14:16
shows節目 looking at the Big Bang from the outside.
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顯示從大霹靂外面看大霹靂
14:18
We don't ever want to do that actually其實. We want to be inside the universe宇宙
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那並不是我們想做的部份;我們想在宇宙以內而非以外
14:21
because there's no such這樣 thing as standing常設 outside the universe宇宙.
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因為根本沒有所謂的站在宇宙以外的這種事
14:24
So imagine想像 you're inside the Big Bang.
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現在假設你身處在大霹靂裡面
14:26
It's everywhere到處, it's all around you,
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大霹靂四圍環繞你
14:28
and the space空間 is wobbling擺動 chaotically混亂.
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空間混亂的抖動
14:30
Fourteen十四 billion十億 years年份 pass通過
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經過140億年
14:32
and this song歌曲 is still ringing鈴聲 all around us.
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而這首歌仍在我們四圍餘音繞樑
14:35
Galaxies星系 form形成,
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星系形成
14:37
and generations of stars明星 form形成 in those galaxies星系,
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恆星在星系中形成,並且世代交替
14:39
and around one star,
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而在一顆恆星旁
14:41
at least最小 one star,
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至少有一顆這樣的恆星旁邊
14:43
is a habitable可居住 planet行星.
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有一顆可適合人類居住的行星
14:45
And here we are frantically瘋狂 building建造 these experiments實驗,
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所以我們在地球上進行這些瘋狂的實驗
14:48
doing these calculations計算, writing寫作 these computer電腦 codes代碼.
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進行這些運算,編寫這些電腦程式
14:50
Imagine想像 a billion十億 years年份 ago,
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想像10億年前的事
14:53
two black黑色 holes collided相撞.
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想像兩顆黑洞相撞
14:55
That song歌曲 has been ringing鈴聲 through通過 space空間
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這首歌穿越時空而來
14:57
for all that time.
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長長的時空
14:59
We weren't even here.
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它來自我們不存在之處
15:01
It gets得到 closer接近 and closer接近 --
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越靠越近
15:03
40,000 years年份 ago, we're still doing cave洞穴 paintings繪畫.
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4萬年前我們還在山洞裡畫壁畫
15:05
It's like hurry匆忙, build建立 your instruments儀器.
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某處傳來一種催促聲說,快點建造你的儀器!
15:07
It's getting得到 closer接近 and closer接近, and in 20 ...
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時空之歌愈來愈近,走進了21世紀
15:10
whatever隨你 year it will be
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無論是哪一年
15:12
when our detectors探測器 are finally最後 at advanced高級 sensitivity靈敏度 --
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當我們的探測器終於夠精確靈敏
15:14
we'll build建立 them, we'll turn on the machines
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這些儀器會被建造起來,我們總會讓它開工運作
15:16
and, bang, we'll catch抓住 it -- the first song歌曲 from space空間.
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然後,我們會收聽到這首來自太初的大霹靂之歌
15:19
If it was the Big Bang we were going to pick up,
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如果我們真要收聽大霹靂之歌
15:21
it would sound聲音 like this.
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這就會是它聽起來像什麼樣子
15:23
(Static靜態的) It's a terrible可怕 sound聲音.
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(靜電聲) 這聲音挺恐怖
15:26
It's literally按照字面 the definition定義 of noise噪聲.
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這根本是噪音
15:28
It's white白色 noise噪聲; it's such這樣 a chaotic混亂的 ringing鈴聲.
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這是白色噪音,聽起來失序混亂的聲音
15:30
But it's around us everywhere到處, presumably想必,
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但它就在我們四周,假設
15:33
if it hasn't有沒有 been wiped out
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如果到目前為止它都還沒被消音
15:35
by some other process處理 in the universe宇宙.
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假設宇宙未曾發生任何變化過程而使它消失
15:37
And if we pick it up, it will be music音樂 to our ears耳朵
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然後我們接收到這首歌,耳中聽起來像歌
15:40
because it will be the quiet安靜 echo迴聲
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因為它會像是安靜的迴音
15:42
of that moment時刻 of our creation創建,
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來自創世的那一分那一秒
15:44
of our observable可觀察 universe宇宙.
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在我們能觀測的這個宇宙中
15:46
So within the next下一個 few少數 years年份,
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接下來的幾年
15:48
we'll be able能夠 to turn up the soundtrack聲帶 a little bit,
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可能的話,我們可把音量調大
15:51
render給予 the universe宇宙 in audio音頻.
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把宇宙轉譯為聲音
15:54
But if we detect檢測 those earliest最早 moments瞬間,
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但如果接受到起初的聲音
15:57
it'll它會 bring帶來 us that much closer接近
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它將會帶我們
15:59
to an understanding理解 of the Big Bang,
385
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更了解大霹靂
16:01
which哪一個 brings帶來 us that much closer接近
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使我們更能
16:04
to asking some of the hardest最難, most elusive難以捉摸, questions問題.
387
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問一些「大哉問」:
16:07
If we run the movie電影 of our universe宇宙 backwards向後,
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如果宇宙電影可以倒著播
16:10
we know that there was a Big Bang in our past過去,
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我們知道過去曾有一個大霹靂
16:13
and we might威力 even hear the cacophonous刺耳的 sound聲音 of it,
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我們甚至聽得見這個不和諧的聲音
16:17
but was our Big Bang the only Big Bang?
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究竟這個大霹靂是唯一的大霹靂嗎?
16:19
I mean we have to ask, has it happened發生 before?
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我們必須要問,還是它以前也曾發生過?
16:22
Will it happen發生 again?
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還會再發生嗎?
16:24
I mean, in the spirit精神 of rising升起 to TED'sTED的 challenge挑戰
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依循TED的精神宗旨及挑戰
16:27
to reignite重燃 wonder奇蹟,
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我們要將「好奇心重新點燃」
16:29
we can ask questions問題, at least最小 for this last minute分鐘,
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所以要在最後不多的時間裡問
16:32
that honestly老老實實 might威力 evade逃避 us forever永遠.
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我們永遠都在逃避
16:34
But we have to ask:
398
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但又不得不問的問題
16:36
Is it possible可能 that our universe宇宙
399
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有無可能我們的宇宙,在時間上
16:38
is just a plume off of some greater更大 history歷史?
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只不過是一棵歷史大樹上小小的枝枒?
16:41
Or, is it possible可能 that we're just a branch off of a multiverse多重宇宙 --
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又或者,我們該不會是多元宇宙的一小部份而已 --
16:45
each branch with its own擁有 Big Bang in its past過去 --
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而每個小部份都來自一個大霹靂的過去 --
16:49
maybe some of them with black黑色 holes playing播放 drums,
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也許其中有些有黑洞在敲著鼓聲
16:51
maybe some without --
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有些沒有 --
16:53
maybe some with sentient有情 life, and maybe some without --
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有些是具有敏銳感覺,有些沒有
16:56
not in our past過去, not in our future未來,
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不在過去,不在未來
16:58
but somehow不知何故 fundamentally從根本上 connected連接的 to us?
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但奇妙的卻和我們在基本上相扣相連?
17:01
So we have to wonder奇蹟, if there is a multiverse多重宇宙,
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所以我們必須設想,如果有多元宇宙
17:03
in some other patch補丁 of that multiverse多重宇宙,
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在那個宇宙的某一方塊
17:05
are there creatures生物?
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會有生物嗎?
17:07
Here's這裡的 my multiverse多重宇宙 creatures生物.
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來自平行宇宙的生物就在這邊...
17:09
Are there other creatures生物 in the multiverse多重宇宙,
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在多元宇宙裡會有其他生物
17:11
wondering想知道 about us
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也正在揣測關於我們的一切
17:13
and wondering想知道 about their own擁有 origins起源?
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或許也正在揣測他們自己的起源?
17:16
And if they are,
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若果真如此
17:18
I can imagine想像 them as we are,
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想像它們是和我們一樣
17:21
calculating計算, writing寫作 computer電腦 code,
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也計算,也用電腦寫計算程式
17:23
building建造 instruments儀器,
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也在建造尖端儀器
17:25
trying to detect檢測 that faintest微弱 sound聲音
419
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試圖偵測到微弱不明的聲音
17:28
of their origins起源
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來自不同起源的聲音
17:30
and wondering想知道 who else其他 is out there.
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也在猜想著,那邊有人嗎
17:32
Thank you. Thank you.
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謝謝各位.謝謝.
17:35
(Applause掌聲)
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掌聲
Translated by Lauren Huang
Reviewed by Diming Yu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Janna Levin - Physicist
Janna Levin is a professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard, where she studies the early universe, chaos, and black holes. She's the author of “How the Universe Got Its Spots" and the novel “A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines.”

Why you should listen

Janna Levin is a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Barnard College of Columbia University. Her scientific research concerns the early universe, chaos and black holes. Her second book – a novel, A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines – won the PEN/Bingham Fellowship for Writers and was a runner-up for the PEN/Hemingway award for "a distinguished book of first fiction." She is the author of the popular science book, How the Universe Got Its Spots: Diary of a Finite Time in a Finite Space.

She holds a BA in Physics and Astronomy from Barnard College with a concentration in Philosophy, and a PhD from MIT in Physics. She has worked at the Center for Particle Astrophysics (CfPA) at the University of California, Berkeley before moving to the UK where she worked at Cambridge University in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP). Just before returning to New York, she was the first scientist-in-residence at the Ruskin School of Fine Art and Drawing at Oxford with an award from the National Endowment for Science, Technology, and Arts (NESTA).

Listen to a Q&A with another TED speaker, Krista Tippett -- where they talk math and faith and truth and more ...

More profile about the speaker
Janna Levin | Speaker | TED.com