TEDGlobal 2014
Alejandro Aravena: My architectural philosophy? Bring the community into the process
亞歷山大．阿拉維那: 我的建築哲學？就是把群眾帶進來參與建造過程！
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當 10 年前在智利被要求要建造給 100 個家庭住的房產時，亞歷山大．阿拉維那看到一個不尋常的啟發 ──「貧民窟的智慧」。比起建造有許多小單位的大型建物，他建造出了可變動的半套式住宅，每個家庭都能在其上做擴建。這是很複雜的難題，但是靠著簡單的解決辦法，他透過與家戶們一起合作而得到解決辦法。靠著黑板和他的設計案的美麗景象，阿拉維那詳細地跟我們講解了三個專案，在其中有智慧的省思，帶來很有功效的精彩設計。
Alejandro Aravena - Urban architect
Alejandro Aravena works inside paradoxes, seeing space and flexibility in public housing, clarity in economic scarcity, and the keys to rebuilding in the causes of natural disasters. He Full bio
Alejandro Aravena works inside paradoxes, seeing space and flexibility in public housing, clarity in economic scarcity, and the keys to rebuilding in the causes of natural disasters. He Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
If there's any power in design,
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如果在設計裡有任何力量的話，
00:15
that's the power of synthesis.
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就是「綜效力」。
00:17
The more complex the problem,
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難題越是複雜，
00:19
the more the need for simplicity.
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就越需要簡單來看。
00:22
So allow me to share three cases
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請讓我分享三個案例，
00:24
where we tried to apply
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其中我們試著運用
00:26
design's power of synthesis.
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設計的綜效力。
00:29
Let's start with the global challenge of urbanization.
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讓我們先從全球的
都市化挑戰講起，
都市化挑戰講起，
00:33
It's a fact that people are moving towards cities.
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人們正不斷地湧進
都市是事實，
都市是事實，
00:37
and even if counterintuitive, it's good news.
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即便是跟直覺相違背，
這是個好消息。
這是個好消息。
00:40
Evidence shows that people are better off in cities.
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有證據說大家在城市裡
是比較好過日子的，
是比較好過日子的，
00:44
But there's a problem that I would call
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不過會有一個我管它叫
「3S威脅」的麻煩：
「3S威脅」的麻煩：
00:46
the "3S" menace:
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00:49
The scale, speed, and scarcity of means
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「規模(scale)、速度(speed)、
資金的短缺(scarcity)」，
資金的短缺(scarcity)」，
00:51
with which we will have to
respond to this phenomenon
respond to this phenomenon
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我們必須處理這些威脅，
00:55
has no precedence in history.
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這種前所未見的現象。
00:57
For you to have an idea,
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為了讓你有個概念，
00:58
out of the three billion
people living in cities today,
people living in cities today,
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今天有著超過30億以上的
人口住在城市裡面，
人口住在城市裡面，
01:02
one billion are under the line of poverty.
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其中10億人處於貧窮線
之下的生活水準；
之下的生活水準；
01:05
By 2030, out of the five billion people
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等到了2030年，
將有超過50億的人口
將有超過50億的人口
01:09
that will be living in cities,
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住在城市裡面，
01:11
two billion are going to
be under the line of poverty.
be under the line of poverty.
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其中有20億人處於貧窮線
之下的生活水準。
之下的生活水準。
01:15
That means that we will have to build
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這代表我們將得要
每個星期建造
01:21
a one million-person city per week
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一座百萬人口的城市、
每個房子要花1萬美金，
01:30
with 10,000 dollars per family
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在接下來的15年裡面。
01:35
during the next 15 years.
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01:37
A one million-person city per week
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「每週產生一座有百萬人口的城市、
01:40
with 10,000 dollars per family.
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每個房子要花1萬美金」，
01:42
If we don't solve this equation,
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如果我們不能解答這個公式，
01:44
it is not that people
will stop coming to cities.
will stop coming to cities.
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大家並非就停止
進到城市來，
進到城市來，
01:46
They will come anyhow,
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不論如何他們還是
會來到，
會來到，
01:48
but they will live in slums, favelas
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而他們將會住在市中心
或城市外緣的貧民窟裡，
或城市外緣的貧民窟裡，
01:51
and informal settlements.
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以及不合適的居地。
01:52
So what to do? Well, an answer may come
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那要怎麼辦呢？
有一個來自這些貧民窟
本身的答案，
本身的答案，
01:55
from favelas and slums themselves.
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02:00
A clue could be in this
question we were asked
question we were asked
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這個問題的線索
可能就在
可能就在
02:03
10 years ago.
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我們十年前被要求
做的事情，
做的事情，
02:05
We were asked to accommodate 100 families
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我們被要求安置
100個家庭，
100個家庭，
02:08
that had been occupying illegally
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這些家庭一直以來
非法霸佔在
非法霸佔在
02:11
half a hectare in the center
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智利北方的伊基克市
02:13
of the city of Iquique
in the north of Chile
in the north of Chile
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市中心半公頃的土地。
02:16
using a $10,000 subsidy
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利用每個家庭10,000
美金的補助，
美金的補助，
02:19
with which we had to buy the land,
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我們得要買土地、
02:22
provide the infrastructure,
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提供基礎建設、
02:24
and build the houses that,
in the best of the cases,
in the best of the cases,
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還有建造房子，
02:27
would be of around 40 square meters.
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最理想的狀況
大概是40平方米大。
大概是40平方米大。
02:31
And by the way, they said,
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順便一提，
他們告訴我們土地的
取得成本，
取得成本，
02:33
the cost of the land,
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02:34
because it's in the center of the city,
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因為是市中心，
02:37
is three times more
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要比社會住宅
通常所能承擔的
通常所能承擔的
02:38
than what social housing can normally afford.
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要多出三倍；
02:42
Due to the difficulty of the question,
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因為問題的棘手性，
02:44
we decided to include the families
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我們決定在瞭解
各種限制的過程中
各種限制的過程中
02:46
in the process of understanding the constraints,
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將家戶們納進來參與，
02:50
and we started a participatory design process,
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我們啟動了
參與式的設計過程，
參與式的設計過程，
02:53
and testing what was
available there in the market.
available there in the market.
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而且檢驗了在市場上
所能買到的房子，
所能買到的房子，
02:57
Detached houses,
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「獨棟房子」
02:58
30 families could be accommodated.
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可以容納30個家庭；
03:01
Row houses, 60 families.
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「排屋」能容納60個家庭，
03:05
["100 families"]
The only way to accommodate all of them
The only way to accommodate all of them
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(那100個家庭呢？)
唯一可以容納他們的辦法
唯一可以容納他們的辦法
03:08
was by building in height,
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就是透過往上加蓋，
03:11
and they threatened us
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他們威脅我們
將要進行絕食，
將要進行絕食，
03:12
to go on a hunger strike
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03:15
if we even dared to offer this
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如果我們膽敢提出
03:17
as a solution,
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這個當解決方案，
03:18
because they could not
make the tiny apartments
make the tiny apartments
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因為他們沒辦法
使窄小的公寓變大，
使窄小的公寓變大，
03:21
expand.
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所以和家戶們一起
做出的結論，
做出的結論，
03:23
So the conclusion with the families —
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03:25
and this is important,
not our conclusion —
not our conclusion —
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不是我們的結論，
這很重要，
這很重要，
03:27
with the families, was that we had a problem.
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和家戶們的結論
就是我們有麻煩了，
就是我們有麻煩了，
03:30
We had to innovate.
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我們必須要創新。
03:32
So what did we do?
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結果我們做了什麼呢？
03:35
Well, a middle-class family
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好吧，一個中等的家庭，
03:39
lives reasonably well
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住得相當不賴，
03:42
in around 80 square meters,
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大概要80平方米上下；
03:45
but when there's no money,
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可是當錢不夠時，
市場就把房子的大小，
03:46
what the market does
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03:48
is to reduce the size of the house
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03:52
to 40 square meters.
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降為40平方米大，
03:55
What we said was,
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我們講的就是，
03:56
what if,
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這樣如何呢？
04:01
instead of thinking of 40 square meters
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與其把40平方米
04:05
as a small house,
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認為是小房子，
04:08
why don't we consider it
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我們何不改想成是
半間的好房子呢？
半間的好房子呢？
04:10
half of a good one?
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當你把問題換個說法，
04:13
When you rephrase the problem
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04:15
as half of a good house
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把小房子說成是
半間房子，
半間房子，
04:17
instead of a small one,
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04:19
the key question is, which half do we do?
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關鍵的問題來了：
我們該蓋哪半間？
我們該蓋哪半間？
04:22
And we thought we had
to do with public money
to do with public money
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而我們認為該用公款蓋的，
04:25
the half that families won't
be able to do individually.
be able to do individually.
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是家戶不能獨自建造
的那半間，
的那半間，
04:30
We identified five design conditions
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我們區分出了五項條件，
04:33
that belonged to the hard half of a house,
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屬於房子比較
難蓋的那半間，
難蓋的那半間，
04:35
and we went back to the
families to do two things:
families to do two things:
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然後我們回頭找家戶們
做兩件事情：
做兩件事情：
04:38
join forces and split tasks.
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「一起出力和分散任務」。
04:42
Our design was something in between
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我們的設計是某種
04:45
a building and a house.
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介於於建築物和房子
之間的作品，
之間的作品，
04:48
As a building, it could pay
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以建築物來說它可以買到
04:50
for expensive, well-located land,
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昂貴的、好位置的土地；
04:53
and as a house, it could expand.
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而以房子來講它要能擴建，
04:57
If, in the process of not being expelled
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假使你得到了一間房子，
04:59
to the periphery while getting a house,
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不想要在居住過程中被
擠到了房子邊緣，
擠到了房子邊緣，
05:02
families kept their
network and their jobs,
network and their jobs,
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家戶們還能保有他們的
人際網絡和工作，
人際網絡和工作，
05:04
we knew that the expansion
would begin right away.
would begin right away.
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我們知道擴建要
立刻啟動。
立刻啟動。
05:09
So we went from this initial social housing
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所以我們從這些基本的
社會住宅，
社會住宅，
05:13
to a middle-class unit achieved
by families themselves
by families themselves
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轉變成由家戶們自己
只花幾個禮拜
只花幾個禮拜
05:18
within a couple of weeks.
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就蓋好的中等住宅。
05:20
This was our first project
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那就是我們10年前
05:22
in Iquique 10 years ago.
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在伊基克的第一個案子。
05:24
This is our last project in Chile.
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這個則是我們在智利
最新的案子，
最新的案子，
05:28
Different designs, same principle:
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不一樣的設計，一樣的原則，
05:31
You provide the frame,
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你提供房子的結構，
05:32
and from then on, families take over.
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此後讓家戶們來負責。
05:36
So the purpose of design,
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所以設計的目的、
05:40
trying to understand and
trying to give an answer
trying to give an answer
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試著瞭解和給「3S威脅」
一個答案，
一個答案，
05:43
to the "3S" menace,
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05:45
scale, speed, and scarcity,
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3S威脅：規模、速度和
資金的短缺，
資金的短缺，
05:47
is to channel people's own building capacity.
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就是導入民眾自己的建造力，
05:50
We won't solve the one million
people per week equation
people per week equation
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除非是我們運用民眾
自己力量來建造，
自己力量來建造，
05:54
unless we use people's own power for building.
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否則我們將無法滿足每個禮拜
100萬人口的公式。
100萬人口的公式。
05:59
So, with the right design,
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所以有了正確的設計，
06:01
slums and favelas may not be the problem
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市中心和城市外圍的貧民窟
也許將不再是問題，
也許將不再是問題，
06:05
but actually the only possible solution.
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事實上還是唯一可行
的解決辦法。
的解決辦法。
06:08
The second case is how design can contribute
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第二個案例是如何讓設計
可以增進永續性，
可以增進永續性，
06:12
to sustainability.
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在2012年時我們參加了
06:14
In 2012, we entered the competition
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06:16
for the Angelini Innovation Center,
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Angelini集團的
UC創新中心的競標，
UC創新中心的競標，
06:19
and the aim was to build
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目的是要打造出
06:21
the right environment for knowledge creation.
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知識創造的合適的環境，
06:25
It is accepted that for such an aim,
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為了這目標：「知識創造」，
06:27
knowledge creation,
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06:29
interaction among people,
face-to-face contact,
face-to-face contact,
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人們彼此間的互動、
面對面接觸，
面對面接觸，
06:31
it's important, and we agreed on that.
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被公認是很重要的！
而我們也同意。
而我們也同意。
06:34
But for us, the question
of the right environment
of the right environment
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但是對我們來說
「合適的環境」
「合適的環境」
06:37
was a very literal question.
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是非常字面的問題；
06:39
We wanted to have a working space
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我們需要一個工作空間，
06:42
with the right light, with the right temperature,
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有著合適的燈光、
合適的溫度、
合適的溫度、
06:44
with the right air.
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合適的空氣等等，
06:46
So we asked ourselves:
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所以我們問自己，
06:48
Does the typical office building
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傳統的辦公室建築是否
06:51
help us in that sense?
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在這方面對我們有幫助？
06:53
Well, how does that
building look, typically?
building look, typically?
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那麼一般來說傳統建築
看起來像什麼？
看起來像什麼？
06:57
It's a collection of floors,
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它是一個樓層的合體，
06:59
one on top of each other,
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每一層樓之上還有一層樓，
07:01
with a core in the center
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在中央是核心，
07:04
with elevators, stairs,
pipes, wires, everything,
pipes, wires, everything,
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有著升降梯、樓梯、水管、
線路等等一切，
線路等等一切，
07:09
and then a glass skin on the outside
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然後外面披著玻璃的表皮，
07:12
that, due to direct sun radiation,
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因為直射的太陽光波，
07:16
creates a huge greenhouse effect inside.
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在裡面製造了很大的
溫室效應，
溫室效應，
07:21
In addition to that, let's say a guy
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除此之外讓我們假設：
07:23
working on the seventh floor
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有個傢伙在第七樓工作，
07:25
goes every single day
through the third floor,
through the third floor,
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每一天都會經過第三樓，
07:28
but has no idea what the guy on that floor
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但是卻完全不曉得
那層樓的人
那層樓的人
07:31
is working on.
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正在做些什麼事，
07:33
So we thought, well, maybe
we have to turn this scheme
we have to turn this scheme
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所以我們想要把玻璃
表皮給內外翻轉過來，
表皮給內外翻轉過來，
07:36
inside out.
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我們做的事就是：
07:38
And what we did was,
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07:40
let's have an open atrium,
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來做個開放式的中庭吧！
07:44
a hollowed core,
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一個中空的核心，
07:46
the same collection of floors,
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一樣的樓層合體，
07:47
but have the walls and the mass in the perimeter,
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在邊緣有牆壁、有雜物，
07:52
so that when the sun hits,
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如此一來當陽光照到，
07:56
it's not impacting directly glass, but a wall.
162
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那就不是直接照射玻璃，
而是一片牆，
而是一片牆，
08:02
When you have an open atrium inside,
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當樓層裡面有著一個
開放的中庭，
開放的中庭，
08:05
you are able to see what others are doing
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你就能從大樓裡面看到
其他人正在幹什麼，
其他人正在幹什麼，
08:07
from within the building, and you have
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你有一個比較好的方法
來控制光線，
來控制光線，
08:09
a better way to control light,
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08:11
and when you place the mass and the walls
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當你在外圍設置了
雜物、牆壁，
雜物、牆壁，
08:14
in the perimeter,
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08:16
then you are preventing direct sun radiation.
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你可以避開直射的太陽光波；
08:20
You may also open those windows
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你也能打開窗戶，
08:21
and get cross-ventilation.
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讓樓層內彼此通風，
08:24
We just made those openings
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我們就是使這些開放空間，
08:27
of such a scale that they could work
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這麼大規模的空間，
08:29
as elevated squares,
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2013
可以當作是空中廣場、
戶外空間，
戶外空間，
08:31
outdoor spaces throughout
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1744
從上到下貫通整間大樓。
08:33
the entire height of the building.
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這些都不是太尖端的科學，
08:37
None of this is rocket science.
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08:39
You don't require sophisticated programming.
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你不需要做精密的演算，
08:41
It's not about technology.
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這跟科技沒啥關係，
08:43
This is just archaic,
primitive common sense,
primitive common sense,
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這就只是很古老、原始的
基本常識，
基本常識，
08:49
and by using common sense,
181
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1968
透過利用這些基本常識，
08:51
we went from 120 kilowatts
182
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我們從每年每平方米
08:53
per square meter per year,
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要12萬瓦特的電力；
08:56
which is the typical energy consumption
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2171
那是傳統上讓玻璃塔降溫
08:58
for cooling a glass tower,
185
526298
1992
電力的消耗量，
09:00
to 40 kilowatts per square meter per year.
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變成每年每平方米
4萬瓦特。
4萬瓦特。
09:04
So with the right design,
187
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2277
因此用了正確的設計，
09:07
sustainability is nothing but the rigorous use
188
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永續性不過就是
嚴謹的運用常識。
09:09
of common sense.
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最後一個我想要分享的案例，
09:13
Last case I would like
to share is how design
to share is how design
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09:16
can provide more comprehensive answers
191
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2295
是設計如何能提出
09:18
against natural disasters.
192
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更完整的答案來
對抗自然災害。
對抗自然災害。
09:21
You may know that Chile, in 2010,
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你們可能知道在
2010年智利被
2010年智利被
09:24
was hit by an 8.8 Richter scale
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芮氏8.8級的地震
以及海嘯侵襲，
以及海嘯侵襲，
09:27
earthquake and tsunami,
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2123
09:30
and we were called to work
196
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1875
而我們被找去
09:31
in the reconstruction of the Constitución,
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做智利南部的
「孔斯蒂圖西翁」的重建，
「孔斯蒂圖西翁」的重建，
09:34
in the southern part of the country.
198
561940
1910
09:36
We were given 100 days, three months,
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我們被限制了要在100天內，
也就是3個月內，
也就是3個月內，
09:39
to design almost everything,
200
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設計出幾乎每一樣東西，
09:41
from public buildings to public space,
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從公共建築到公共空間，
09:43
street grid, transportation, housing,
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街道網絡、運輸系統和房子，
09:45
and mainly how to protect the city
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最重要的是如何
保護該城市
保護該城市
09:48
against future tsunamis.
204
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面對未來的海嘯。
09:50
This was new in Chilean urban design,
205
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這在智利的城市設計上
來說是首見的，
來說是首見的，
09:54
and there were in the
air a couple of alternatives.
air a couple of alternatives.
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3373
而且有好幾個可行辦法
馬上就能想到，
馬上就能想到，
09:57
First one:
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1252
第一、禁止在震央區蓋房子，
09:58
Forbid installation on ground zero.
208
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2649
10:01
Thirty million dollars spent mainly
209
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2037
3,000萬美金主要是花在
徵收土地上，
徵收土地上，
10:03
in land expropriation.
210
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2384
這正是日本今天在
討論的東西，
討論的東西，
10:05
This is exactly what's being
discussed in Japan nowadays,
discussed in Japan nowadays,
211
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3262
10:08
and if you have a disciplined population
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如果有像日本那樣
守紀律的人民，
守紀律的人民，
10:11
like the Japanese, this may work,
213
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2340
這或許就行得通；
10:13
but we know that in Chile,
214
601173
1485
不過我們都清楚在智利
10:14
this land is going to be
occupied illegally anyhow,
occupied illegally anyhow,
215
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3813
這塊地到頭來將會
被人非法佔據，
被人非法佔據，
10:18
so this alternative was
unrealistic and undesirable.
unrealistic and undesirable.
216
606471
4072
所以這個方案既不實際
、也不受歡迎。
、也不受歡迎。
10:22
Second alternative: build a big wall,
217
610543
3393
第二個方案、
建造高大的牆壁。
建造高大的牆壁。
10:26
heavy infrastructure to resist
218
613936
2317
厚實的基礎建設阻擋
浪潮的能量，
浪潮的能量，
10:28
the energy of the waves.
219
616253
1942
10:30
This alternative was conveniently lobbied
220
618195
2119
這個方案可輕易地由
大建設公司來進行遊說，
大建設公司來進行遊說，
10:32
by big building companies,
221
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1361
10:33
because it meant 42 million
dollars in contracts,
dollars in contracts,
222
621675
4207
因為這代表了4,200萬
美金的合約，
美金的合約，
10:38
and was also politically preferred,
223
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2353
而且也是政治上比較
受喜愛的，
受喜愛的，
10:40
because it required no land expropriation.
224
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3992
因為它不需要徵收土地。
10:44
But Japan proved that trying to resist
225
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2750
但是日本證實了企圖阻擋
10:47
the force of nature is useless.
226
634977
3313
大自然的力量是無效的，
10:50
So this alternative was irresponsible.
227
638290
3363
所以這個方案是
不負責任的作為。
不負責任的作為。
10:53
As in the housing process,
228
641653
2094
在蓋房子的過程中，
10:55
we had to include the community
229
643747
1877
必須將社群涵蓋進來，
10:57
in the way of finding a solution for this,
230
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3348
以找出解決方案，
11:01
and we started a participatory design process.
231
648972
3173
因而我們啟動了
參與式設計步驟。
參與式設計步驟。
11:04
(Video) [In Spanish] Loudspeaker:
What kind of city do you want?
What kind of city do you want?
232
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(影片-西班牙語)廣播器：
哪一種城市是你所要的？
哪一種城市是你所要的？
11:06
Vote for Constitución.
233
654416
1542
為「孔斯蒂圖西翁」來投票吧！
11:08
Go to the Open House and express your options.
234
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2305
來Open House表達你的意見吧！
11:10
Participate!
235
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2173
來參與吧！
11:12
Fisherman: I am a fisherman.
236
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2074
漁夫：我是個漁夫，
11:14
Twenty-five fishermen work for me.
237
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2109
有25個漁夫在我手下工作，
11:16
Where should I take them? To the forest?
238
664619
2339
我應該把他們擺在那兒呢？
森林裡嗎？
森林裡嗎？
11:19
Man: So why can't we have a concrete defense?
239
666958
3385
男士：為什麼我們不能有個
混凝土的護堤呢？
混凝土的護堤呢？
11:22
Done well, of course.
240
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1908
當然了，是完善的護堤。
11:24
Man 2: I am the history of Constitución.
241
672251
1890
男士2號：我是世居在
「孔斯蒂圖西翁」的人，
「孔斯蒂圖西翁」的人，
11:26
And you come here to tell me
that I cannot keep on living here?
that I cannot keep on living here?
242
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而你們來這裡是要跟我說
我不能繼續居住在這裡了嗎？
我不能繼續居住在這裡了嗎？
11:30
My whole family has lived here,
243
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2198
我整個家庭都住在這裡、
11:32
I raised my children here,
244
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1472
我在這裡撫育我的子女長大、
11:33
and my children will also
raise their children here.
raise their children here.
245
681771
2085
而我的子女們將來也會
在這裡撫育他們的小孩、
在這裡撫育他們的小孩、
11:36
and my grandchildren
and everyone else will.
and everyone else will.
246
683856
2508
我的孫子以及其他每個人
也會這樣做，
也會這樣做，
11:38
But why are you imposing this on me?
247
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2526
可是為什麼你要強逼我呢？
11:41
You! You are imposing this on me!
248
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1877
你們！就是你們強逼我！
11:42
In danger zone I am not authorized to build.
249
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1791
在危險區我不准蓋東西，
11:44
He himself is saying that.
250
692558
1587
他就是這樣講。
11:46
Man 3: No, no, no, Nieves...
251
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2085
男士3號：
不..不..不！(握緊拳頭)
不..不..不！(握緊拳頭)
11:51
Alejandro Aravena: I don't know if you were able
252
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2288
亞歷山大．阿拉維那：
我不曉得你們是否
我不曉得你們是否
11:53
to read the subtitles, but you can tell
253
701228
2285
看得懂字幕，
11:55
from the body language
254
703513
1644
但是你們可以從
肢體語言分辨出來，
肢體語言分辨出來，
11:57
that participatory design
255
705157
1278
參與式設計
11:58
is not a hippie, romantic,
256
706435
2324
並非是嘻皮的、浪漫的，
12:00
let's-all-dream-together-about-
the-future-of-the-city
the-future-of-the-city
257
708759
3251
像是：「關於城市的未來，
讓我們一起來想像吧！」
讓我們一起來想像吧！」
12:04
kind of thing.
258
712010
2067
諸如此類的。
12:06
It is actually — (Applause)
259
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3493
事實上它是... （掌聲）
12:09
It is actually not even with the families
260
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2400
它並不是真的要和家戶們
12:12
trying to find the right answer.
261
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3046
試著找出正確的答案，
12:15
It is mainly trying to identify with precision
262
723016
2813
它主要是想準確辨別出
12:18
what is the right question.
263
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2071
什麼才是對的問題，
12:20
There is nothing worse than answering well
264
727900
2087
沒有什麼比好好回答了
一個錯誤的問題
一個錯誤的問題
12:22
the wrong question.
265
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2104
還要再糟糕的事情，
12:24
So it was pretty obvious after this process
266
732091
3319
所以經過這個步驟之後
就很清楚的，
就很清楚的，
12:27
that, well, we chicken out here
267
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3531
因為氣氛太緊張了，
12:31
and go away because it's too tense,
268
738941
2576
我們在這邊放棄了、
閃人了，
閃人了，
12:33
or we go even further in asking,
269
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2026
或者是我們進一步問道，
12:35
what else is bothering you?
270
743543
1395
「還有什麼事情困擾
著你們嗎？」、
著你們嗎？」、
12:37
What other problems do you have
271
744938
1753
「你們還有其他問題嗎？」、
12:38
and you want us to take
care of now that the city
care of now that the city
272
746691
2582
「你們要我們現在就來負責，
12:41
will have to be rethought from scratch?
273
749273
4322
城市會從傷痕中重新考慮？」
12:45
And what they said was,
274
753595
2196
他們說：聽著保護城市應付
未來的海嘯是好事，
未來的海嘯是好事，
12:47
look, fine to protect the city
against future tsunamis,
against future tsunamis,
275
755791
2786
12:50
we really appreciate, but the next one
is going to come in, what, 20 years?
is going to come in, what, 20 years?
276
758577
4757
我們真的很感激，
不過，什麼！下一個海嘯
是發生在20年之後嗎？
是發生在20年之後嗎？
12:55
But every single year, we have problems
277
763334
2093
但是每一年我們都會
12:57
of flooding due to rain.
278
765427
2863
因為下雨產生淹水的麻煩，
13:00
In addition, we are in the middle
279
768290
2200
還有我們位在國家
森林地區的中央，
森林地區的中央，
13:02
of the forest region of the country,
280
770490
1799
13:04
and our public space sucks.
281
772289
2820
而且我們的公共空間
爛透了，
爛透了，
13:07
It's poor and it's scarce.
282
775109
3791
既差勁又很稀少，
13:11
And the origin of the city, our identity,
283
778900
2584
而且城市的起源、
我們的特色，
我們的特色，
13:13
is not really connected to the buildings that fell,
284
781484
2886
並不是真的與倒塌了的
建築物有關聯，
建築物有關聯，
13:16
it is connected to the river,
285
784370
1614
而是跟河川有關，
13:18
but the river cannot be accessed publicly,
286
785984
2814
但是河川並不能
開放給大家使用的，
開放給大家使用的，
13:20
because its shores are privately owned.
287
788798
3702
因為它的河岸是
私人持有的，
私人持有的，
13:24
So we thought that we had
to produce a third alternative,
to produce a third alternative,
288
792500
4803
所以我們認為我們得要
提出第三個方案，
提出第三個方案，
13:29
and our approach was
against geographical threats,
against geographical threats,
289
797303
4544
我們的辦法是：
對付地理的威脅，
對付地理的威脅，
13:34
have geographical answers.
290
801847
3620
會有地理的答案，
13:37
What if, in between the city
291
805467
3787
這樣如何呢？
在城市和大海中間
13:43
and the sea
292
811600
2383
我們有著一個森林的話，
13:48
we have a forest,
293
816590
3178
13:51
a forest that doesn't try to resist
294
819768
2586
森林並不會阻擋大自然
的能量，
的能量，
13:54
the energy of nature,
295
822354
1858
13:56
but dissipates it by introducing friction?
296
824212
4059
但是會產生分化來
逐漸消耗它，
逐漸消耗它，
14:00
A forest that may be able to laminate the water
297
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3893
森林也許能夠壓薄水量，
14:04
and prevent the flooding?
298
832164
2351
而避免淹水，
14:06
That may pay the historical debt of public space,
299
834515
5084
那也許得用公共空間的
歷史性包袱作為代價，
歷史性包袱作為代價，
14:11
and that may provide, finally,
300
839599
2643
最終可能會開放給
14:14
democratic access to the river.
301
842242
2418
所有人來使用河川，
14:16
So as a conclusion of the participatory design,
302
844660
2941
因此作為參與式設計
的結論，
的結論，
14:19
the alternative was validated politically and socially,
303
847601
3003
解決方案在政治上
還有社會上被認可，
還有社會上被認可，
14:22
but there was still the problem of the cost:
304
850604
3111
但是仍然有成本上的問題：
14:25
48 million dollars.
305
853715
3204
4,800萬美金。
14:29
So what we did was a survey
306
856919
2404
所以我們在公共投資
系統裡面
系統裡面
14:31
in the public investment system,
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做過一個調查，
14:34
and found out that there
were three ministries
were three ministries
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然後在完全相同的地點
14:36
with three projects in
the exact same place,
the exact same place,
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找到了3個部會的3個計畫，
14:39
not knowing of the existence
of the other projects.
of the other projects.
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彼此不知道對方
計畫的存在，
計畫的存在，
14:42
The sum of them: 52 million dollars.
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它們合計是5千2百萬美金。
14:46
So design's power of synthesis
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所以設計力量的綜效
14:49
is trying to make a more efficient use
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是想要讓城市裡少到
不行的資源
不行的資源
14:51
of the scarcest resource in cities,
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做出更有效的利用，
14:54
which is not money but coordination.
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此資源指的並不是金錢
而是協調。
而是協調。
14:57
By doing so, we were able to save
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透過這樣做我們可以
節省400萬美元，
節省400萬美元，
15:00
four million dollars, and
that is why the forest
that is why the forest
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這就是今天森林
15:03
is today under construction.
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已經在造林的原因。
15:07
(Applause)
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(鼓掌！)
15:09
So be it the force of self construction,
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所以當成它是自蓋建築的力量、
15:13
the force of common sense,
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基本常識的力量、
15:16
or the force of nature, all these forces
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或者是大自然的力量也行，
15:19
need to be translated into form,
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所有這些力量需要
轉換成形式，
轉換成形式，
15:22
and what that form is modeling and shaping
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用這形式打造出模型或外觀的
15:26
is not cement, bricks, or wood.
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並不是水泥、磚頭
或是木料，
或是木料，
15:29
It is life itself.
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而是生命的真義！
15:32
Design's power of synthesis
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設計的綜效力
15:34
is just an attempt to put
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就只是一種企圖心，
15:36
at the innermost core of architecture
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要把生命的力量放進
15:40
the force of life.
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建築的靈魂裡面，
15:42
Thank you so much.
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非常謝謝大家！
15:45
(Applause)
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(掌聲...)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alejandro Aravena - Urban architectAlejandro Aravena works inside paradoxes, seeing space and flexibility in public housing, clarity in economic scarcity, and the keys to rebuilding in the causes of natural disasters. He
Why you should listen
Throughout his career, Alejandro Aravena has grappled with what he calls the “double condition of cities.” Attracting people, knowledge, development and opportunities on one hand, the Chilean architect says cities also concentrate and magnify social pressures.
Through Elemental, the firm he founded in 1994, Aravena has devoted as much time to the design of iconic structures like the San Joaquin Universidad Catolica's “Siamese Towers” and Santiago’s Metropolitan Park as he has to the design of flexible and beautiful low-cost housing for low-income families. The firm's work is not just about buildings, but about shaping lives.
Aravena is the winner of the 2016 Pritzker Prize.
Alejandro Aravena | Speaker | TED.com