TED2005
Graham Hawkes: A flight through the ocean
Graham Hawkes在海裡飛翔
Filmed:
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Graham Hawkes乘著他那艘優美、具有翅翼的潛艇，帶領我們暢遊海洋星球(就是地球)，那是一個深藍色的世界，一般人很難得看到這麼立體的畫面。
Graham Hawkes - Inventor
A world-renowned engineer and inventor, Graham Hawkes wants to revolutionize the way we experience the oceans. He created the Deep Flight series of winged submersibles, which "fly" to the depths of the oceans with the power and elegance of an airplane. Full bio
A world-renowned engineer and inventor, Graham Hawkes wants to revolutionize the way we experience the oceans. He created the Deep Flight series of winged submersibles, which "fly" to the depths of the oceans with the power and elegance of an airplane. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
I think the future of this planet depends on humans,
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我相信這個星球的未來掌握在人類手上，
00:22
not technology, and we already have the knowledge --
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而不是科技，我們都知道這一點。
00:25
we’re kind of at the endgame with knowledge.
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我們以為人類已經掌握了所有的知識，
00:28
But we’re nowhere near the endgame
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但是我們清楚地知道
00:29
when it comes to our perception.
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人類還差得遠了。
00:31
We still have one foot in the dark ages.
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我們還有一隻腳還留在黑暗裡。
00:35
And when you listen to some of the presentations here --
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當你在這裡聽取其他人的演講，
00:38
and the extraordinary range of human capability, our understandings --
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驚歎於人類超凡的潛能與智慧時，
00:46
and then you contrast it with the fact
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你會不會覺得
00:49
we still call this planet, "Earth:" it’s pretty extraordinary --
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我們稱這個星球為「地球」是一件很諷刺的事？真的很怪。
00:53
we have one foot in the dark ages.
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我們還有一隻腳還留在黑暗裡。
00:55
Just quickly: Aristotle, his thing was, "It’s not flat, stupid, it’s round."
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簡短來說，亞里斯多德主張：「地球不是平的，笨蛋，是圓的。」
01:03
Galileo -- he had the Inquisition, so he had to be a little bit more polite --
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伽利略--因為受到宗教法廷的審判，所以他不得不禮貌一點：
01:08
his was, "It’s not in the middle, you know."
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「地球不在世界的中心，你知道吧？」
01:13
And Hawkes: "it’s not earth, stupid, it’s ocean."
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我說：「地球不是全部都是陸地，笨蛋，是海洋。」
01:18
This is an ocean planet.
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這是一個海洋星球。
01:20
T.S. Eliot really said it for me --
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T.S. 艾略特把我想說話說出來了--
01:22
and this should give you goose bumps:
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絕對會讓你起雞皮疙瘩：
01:24
"we shall not cease from exploration
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「人們不應停止探索，
01:26
and the end of our exploring shall be to return
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當探索到終點的時候，
01:29
where we started and know the place for the first time."
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人們應該回到原點，以全新的角度觀看原點。」
01:33
And the next lines are, "Through the unknown remembered gate,
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下一句是：「通過未知記憶的門，
01:37
where the last of earth discovered
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最後被發現的那塊土地，
01:39
is that which is the beginning."
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就是我們起源的地方。」
01:43
So I have one message.
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所以我得出一個結論，
01:46
It seems to me that we’re all pointed in the wrong direction.
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我們好像都被誤導了。
01:51
For the rocketeers in the audience:
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如果聽眾席裡有火箭專家的話，
01:54
I love what you’re doing, I admire the guts,
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我得說我喜愛你們做的事，我崇拜你們的膽識，
01:57
I admire the courage -- but your rockets
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我崇拜你們的勇氣，
01:58
are pointed in the wrong goddamn direction.
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但我得說你們的火箭完全開錯方向了。
02:01
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:05
And it’s all a question of perspective.
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這是觀點的問題。
02:07
Let me try and tell you --
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讓我試著解釋一下，
02:09
I don’t mean to insult you, but look,
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我沒有要貶低任何人的意思，但是如果--
02:12
if I -- and I’m not doing this for real
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我不會舉真的例子，
02:14
because it would be an insult,
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因為那樣會讓人以為我真的在貶低某人，
02:15
so I’m going to pretend, and it softens the blow --
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所以我就用譬喻的好了，這樣氣氛就不會太緊繃。
02:17
I’m going to tell you what you’re thinking.
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我先來說說你們是怎麼想的，
02:19
If I held up a square that was one foot square and the color of earth,
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如果我拿了一個一呎見方的方塊，代表陸地的方塊，
02:23
and I held up another square that was the root two square --
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然後再拿一個1.5呎見方的方塊，
02:29
so it’s 1.5 times bigger -- and was the color of the oceans;
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就是前面那一個的1.5倍大，代表海洋的方塊，
02:33
and I said, what is the relative value of these two things?
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然後我問你們，這二個之間有什麼關係？
02:36
Well, it’s the relative importance.
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這很重要哦，
02:37
You would say -- yeah, yeah, yeah, we all know this;
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你會說，對..對..對，我早就知道了，
02:40
water covers twice the area of the planet than dry land.
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海洋涵蓋的範圍比陸地大上二倍。
02:45
But it’s a question of perception,
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但是這是不同看法的問題，
02:46
and if that’s what you’re thinking,
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如果你真的這樣想，
02:48
if that’s what you think I mean when I say,
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你真的認同我說的：
02:50
"This is an ocean planet stupidly called 'Earth.'"
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「這是一個海洋星球，卻被笨蛋稱為地球。」
02:53
If you think that that’s the relative importance,
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如果你真的覺得正名很重要，
02:56
two to one, you’re wrong by a factor of ten.
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你以為海洋有二倍大，那你就錯了，還少乘了十倍。
03:00
Now, you’re not as thick as two short planks,
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當你指著這個方塊說「陸地」的時候，
03:02
but you sound like it when you say "Earth,"
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你以為那有二塊木板這麼厚，
03:05
because that demonstration, if I turned around this way --
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但那是角度問題，如果我轉向這邊，
03:10
that earth plane would be as thin as paper.
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陸地就只像一張紙那麼薄。
03:16
It’s a thin film, two-dimensional existence.
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就像一個薄片，只有二維空間。
03:19
The ocean representation would have a depth to it.
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這塊「海洋」方塊則具有深度，
03:22
And if you hefted those two things
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如果你舉起這二個方塊，
03:24
you might find that the relative scale of those is 20 to 1.
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你就會發現二者的關係是20比1。
03:29
It turns out that something more than
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你會發現世界上
03:32
94 percent of life on earth is aquatic.
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有百分之94的物種是海洋生物，
03:36
That means that us terrestrials occupy a minority.
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也就是說人類其實是少數民族。
03:41
The problem we have in believing that
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我們現在的問題是，
03:43
is -- you just have to give up this notion
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我們得打從心裡放棄
03:45
that this Earth was created for us.
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地球是為人類而創造的這種想法，
03:47
Because it’s a problem we have.
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這是有問題的想法。
03:49
If this is an ocean planet
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我們所居住的是海洋星球，
03:51
and we only have a small minority of this planet,
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而人類只是少數民族，
03:55
it just interferes with a lot of what humanity thinks.
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這種想法與大多數的人認知不同。
04:00
Okay. Let me criticize this thing.
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好吧，讓我評論一下這個，
04:03
I’m not talking about James Cameron --
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我不是要談詹姆斯．柯麥隆，
04:05
although I could, but I won’t.
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雖然我可以，但是我沒有要談。
04:07
You really do have to go and see his latest film,
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你們真的得去看看他最近拍的電影--
04:09
"Aliens of the Deep." It’s incredible.
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深海異形，真的很棒！
04:12
It features two of these deep rovers,
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裡面描述了二架這種深海潛艇，
04:14
and I can criticize them because these sweet things are mine.
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我有資格評論是因為這個美妙的東西是我做的。
04:18
This, I think, represents one of the most beautiful
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這可以說是史上最優美、
04:20
classic submersibles built.
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古典的潛艇之一，
04:23
If you look at that sub, you’ll see a sphere.
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你看看，這裡有個球體，
04:27
This is an acryclic sphere.
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不完整的球體，
04:28
It generates all of the buoyancy,
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可以產生浮力，
04:30
all of the payload for the craft,
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而所有的彈藥和電池
04:32
and the batteries are down here hanging underneath,
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都掛在下面，
04:34
exactly like a balloon.
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就像一個氣球一樣。
04:36
This is the envelope, and this is the gondola, the payload.
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這是氣囊，這是吊艙，還有這是彈藥。
04:40
Also coming up later for criticism are these massive lights.
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等一下還會講到這個，這些聚光燈。
04:45
And this one actually carries two great manipulators.
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這個潛艇可以容納二個操作人員，
04:48
It actually is a very good working sub --
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那是很好的工作艇，
04:50
that’s what it was designed for.
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這就是它被設計成這樣的原因。
04:53
The problem with it is --
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這個潛艇有個問題，
04:55
and the reason I will never build another one like it --
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也就是我不再做第二艘的原因，
04:57
is that this is a product of two-dimensional thinking.
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這是依照二維空間概念所設計出來的產物。
05:02
It’s what we humans do when we go in the ocean as engineers;
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當人類工程師進入海洋，就會產生這種問題。
05:05
we take all our terrestrial hang-ups,
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我們把自己在陸地上生活的本領拿出來，
05:08
all our constraints -- importantly,
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也知道我們的限制在哪裡。很重要的是，
05:10
these two-dimensional constraints that we have,
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我們知道自己在陸地上有二維空間的限制，
05:13
and they’re so constrained we don’t even understand it --
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這種想法根深蒂固，以致於我們根本沒有察覺，
05:16
and we take them underwater.
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就把這個限制帶進了海洋。
05:18
You notice that Jim Cameron is sitting in a seat.
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你看到了嗎？詹姆斯．柯麥隆坐在椅子上，
05:22
A seat works in a two-dimensional world,
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在二維空間的世界裡我們需要椅子，
05:24
where gravity blasts down on that seat, OK?
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因為重力會作用在椅子身上，對嗎？
05:29
And in a two-dimensional world,
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而在二維空間的世界裡，
05:31
we do know about the third dimension
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我們知道還有第三維空間，
05:32
but we don’t use it because to go up
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但我們不會用到，因為要往上運動
05:34
requires an awful lot of energy against gravity.
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需要額外的能量來對抗重力。
05:37
And then our mothers tell us,
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然後我們的媽媽會說，
05:38
"Careful you don’t fall down" -- because you’ll fall over.
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要小心，不要掉下去了。
05:42
Now, go into the real atmosphere of this planet.
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現在，讓我們談談這個星球的大氣壓力。
05:47
This planet has an inner atmosphere of water;
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在這個星球上有一種內部的水壓，
05:51
it’s its inner atmosphere. It has two atmospheres --
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就像是它內部的大氣壓力。這個星球上有二種壓力，
05:53
a lesser, outer gaseous atmosphere, a lighter one.
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一種壓力較小、外放式的氣體壓力，比較稀薄。
05:57
Most of life on earth is in that inner atmosphere.
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但是大部份的生物都活在內部的水壓裡，
06:01
And that life enjoys a three-dimensional existence,
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他們都習慣在三維空間裡生活，
06:04
which is alien to us.
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對我們來說很稀奇。
06:07
Fish do not sit in seats.
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魚不會坐在椅子上。
06:11
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
06:12
They don’t. Their mothers don’t say to little baby fish,
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他們才不會，他們的母親也不會對小魚說：
06:18
"Careful you don’t fall over."
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「小心不要掉下去了！」
06:20
They don’t fall over. They don’t fall.
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他們不會掉下去，他們就是不會掉下去，
06:23
They live in a three-dimensional world
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他們在三維空間裡生活，
06:24
where there is no difference in energy
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對他們來說任何方向的運動
06:26
between going this way, that way, that way or that way.
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都耗費一樣的能量，不管往這、往那、往那或往那。
06:29
It’s truly a three-dimensional space.
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那是三維空間，
06:31
And we’re only just beginning to grasp it.
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我們正要開始學習，
06:33
I don’t know of any other submersible,
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現在還沒有任何潛艇--
06:36
or even remote, that just takes advantage
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甚至用遙控的，可以好好利用
06:40
that this is a three-dimensional space.
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海洋的三度空間。
06:43
This is the way we should be going into the oceans.
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這是我們對待海洋應有的態度，
06:45
This is a three-dimensional machine.
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這是一架具有三維空間概念的潛艇。
06:48
What we need to do is go down into the ocean with the freedom of the animals,
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我們要做的就是進到海洋裡，
06:51
and move in this three-dimensional space.
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像魚類一樣能在三維空間裡自由地移動。
06:53
OK, this is good stuff.
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好，好東西來了！
06:54
This is man’s first attempt at flying underwater.
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這是人類首次嚐試在海洋裡飛翔。
06:57
Right now, I’m just coming down on this gorgeous, big, giant manta ray.
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現在，我要鑽到這隻巨大、美麗的魟魚下面，
07:03
She has twice the wingspan that I do.
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她的翅翼有我的二倍大。
07:06
There I’m coming; she sees me.
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你看我來了，她在看我。
07:08
And just notice how she rolls under and turns;
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注意看看她翻滾和轉彎的姿勢，
07:12
she doesn’t sit there and try and blow air into a tank
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她不是坐在那裡把氣打進氣艙，
07:14
and kind of flow up or sink down -- she just rolls.
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然後往上飄或下沈，她就只是翻滾而已。
07:18
And the craft that I’m in --
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我所搭乘的潛艇--
07:20
this hasn’t been shown before.
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目前尚未發表，
07:22
Chris asked us to show stuff that hasn’t been shown before.
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Chris總說要我們展示前所未見的東西。
07:25
I wanted you to notice
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我要你看看
07:26
that she actually turned to come back up.
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她真的轉個彎又回來了，
07:29
There I am; I see her coming back,
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我在那裡，我看到她回來了，
07:32
coming up underneath me.
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回到我下面。
07:34
I put reverse thrust and I try and pull gently down.
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我試著回報以相同的信認，然後慢慢往下降，
07:37
I’m trying to do everything very gently.
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每一個步驟我都慢慢來。
07:39
We spent about three hours together and she’s beginning to trust me.
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我們花了大約三個小時，她才開始信任我。
07:42
And this ballet is controlled by this lady here.
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我就像被她所帶領跳起芭蕾舞來了，
07:46
She gets about that close and then she pulls away.
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她一下靠得很近，一下又跑得遠遠的。
07:49
So now I try and go after her, but I’m practicing flying.
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所以我現在要去追她，但我還在練習飛翔，
07:55
This is the first flying machine. This was the first prototype.
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這可是第一架飛翔潛艇，這是架原型機種。
07:59
This was a fly by wire. It has wings.
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這個機器是有線的、有翅翼，
08:04
There’re no silly buoyancy tanks --
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但沒有笨重的氣囊。
08:06
it’s permanently, positively buoyant.
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這個潛艇具有持久的浮力，
08:09
And then by moving through the water
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在水裡
08:10
it’s able to take that control.
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可以行動自如。
08:12
Now, look at that; look, it’s -- she just blew me away.
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現在，看看這個，她剛才把我推開了，
08:15
She just rolled right away from underneath.
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她剛才在我下面翻滾了一圈。
08:19
Really that’s the only real dive I’ve ever made in this machine.
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這是我在駕駛這艘潛艇以來，第一次感受到真正的潛水樂趣。
08:25
It took 10 years to build.
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我花了十年來建造這艘潛艇，
08:28
But this lady here taught me, hah, taught me so much.
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但是這隻魟魚她教我，哈，她教我太多了。
08:34
We just learned so much in three hours in the water there.
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我們只花了三個小時在水裡，就學到很多。
08:38
I just had to go and build another machine.
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我得再建另一艘。
08:40
But look here. Instead of blowing tanks
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但看看這裡，沒有氣壓槽，
08:42
and coming up slowly without thinking about it,
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所以會緩慢地上升，
08:44
it’s a little bit of back pressure,
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有點像是從背後加壓，
08:46
and that sub just comes straight back up out of the water.
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潛艇就會從背後直立起來離開水面。
08:49
This is an internal Sony camera. Thank you, Sony.
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這是內建的Sony攝影機，謝謝Sony。
08:55
I don’t really look that ugly,
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我平常看起來不會那麼醜，
08:57
but the camera is so close that it’s just distorted.
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但因為攝影機架設得太近，所以影像有點扭曲。
09:00
Now, there she goes, right overhead.
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看她來了，就在我頭上。
09:02
This is a wide-angle camera.
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這是廣角鏡頭，
09:03
She’s just a few inches off the top of my head.
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她就在我頭上幾英吋的地方。
09:07
"Aah, ha, oh, he just crossed over the top of my head about,
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「啊哈！噢！她剛從我頭上經過，
09:14
oh, I don’t know, just so close."
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我不知道距離幾吋，真是太近了！」
09:19
I come back up, not for air.
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我離開水裡，不是為了換氣。
09:20
"This is an incredible encounter with a manta. I’m speechless.
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「遇到這隻魟魚真是很棒的經驗，我不知道要說什麼了。
09:26
We’ve been just feet apart. I’m going back down now."
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我們就離這麼近，我要再下去。」
09:29
Okay, can we cut that? Lights back up please.
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好，影片可以結束了，請給我燈光。
09:32
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
09:37
Trying to fly and keep up with that animal --
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試著在海裡飛翔，然後跟在那隻魚旁邊，
09:40
it wasn’t the lack of maneuverability that we had.
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這並不是因為我的潛艇機動性不好，
09:44
It was the fact she was going so slow.
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而是那隻魚走得很慢。
09:46
I actually designed that to move faster through the water
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事實上，我設計的潛艇可以在水裡跑得很快，
09:50
because I thought that was the thing
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因為我覺得有那個必要：
09:51
that we needed to do: to move fast and get range.
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要能快速移動，還要能長程移動。
09:54
But after that encounter I really did want to go back with that animal and dance.
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但在那一次遇到魟魚之後，我真想回去和她跳支舞，
09:58
She wanted to dance.
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她想要跳舞。
10:01
And so what we needed to do was increase the wing area
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我們要做的就是增加翅翼的範圍，
10:04
so that we just had more grip, develop higher forces.
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這樣我們才能更好操控，發展出更強大的功能。
10:08
So the sub that was outside last year -- this is the one.
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去年我們有展示這艘潛艇，就是這一艘。
10:11
You see the larger wing area here.
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你可以看到翅翼已經加大了，
10:15
Also, clearly, it was such a powerful thing,
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而且可以清楚看到這艘潛艇功能很強，
10:17
we wanted to try and bring other people
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我們想要讓更多人駕駛
10:18
but we couldn't figure out how to do it.
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以便瞭解還要加強什麼。
10:20
So we opened the world’s first flight school.
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所以我們開設了世界上第一間海洋飛翔學校，
10:22
The rational for the world’s first flight school
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剛開始營運的時候，
10:25
goes something like: when the coastguards come up to me and say --
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救生員會跑過來說，
10:28
they used to leave us alone when we were diving
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如果我們要駕駛這種愚蠢的玩意兒去潛水，
10:31
these goofy little spherical things,
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他們才不想管我們。
10:33
but when we started flying around
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但是當我們在水裡像噴射機駕駛員一樣，
10:34
in underwater jet fighters they got a little nervous --
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駕駛這個玩意兒的時候，他們開始緊張了。
10:37
they would come up and say,
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他們跑來說，
10:41
"Do you have a license for that?"
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你們有執照嗎？
10:44
And then I’d put my sunglasses on, the beard
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那時我戴著太陽眼鏡，鬍子也沒刮，
10:46
that would all sprout out, and I would say,
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然後對他們說，
10:48
"I don’t need no stinking license."
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我才不需要什麼臭執照。
10:51
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:54
"I write these stinking license," which I do.
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我才是發執照的人，我真的是。
10:57
So Bob Gelfond's around here --
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所以Bob Gelfons才在這裡，
10:59
but somebody in the audience here has license number 20.
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聽眾裡也有人拿到第二十本執照，
11:03
They’re one of the first subsea aviators.
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他們是第一批潛水飛行員。
11:06
So we’ve run two flight schools.
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現在我們有二間海洋飛翔學校了，
11:09
Where the hell that goes, I don’t know, but it’s a lot of fun.
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不管怎樣，我也不知道，但就是很好玩。
11:14
What comes next in 30 seconds? I can’t tell you.
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接下來三十秒要做什麼？我才不告訴你。
11:19
But the patent for underwater flight --
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說到海洋飛翔的專利，
11:22
Karen and I, we were looking at it,
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Karen和我正在研究。
11:24
some business partners wanted us to patent it --
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有些事業上的好朋友要我們申請專利，
11:26
we weren’t sure about that.
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我們還不確定，
11:27
We’ve decided we’re just going to let that go.
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我們想順其自然。
11:29
It just seems wrong to try and patent --
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我覺得申請專利這件事好像不對...
11:32
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
11:33
-- the freedom for underwater flight.
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我們不是在追求在海裡飛翔的自由嗎？
11:35
So anybody who wants to copy us
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所以如果有任何人想要學我們，
11:36
and come and join us, go for it.
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或是加入我們，就請自便吧！
11:39
The other thing is that we’ve got much lower costs.
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另一件事是我們的成本較低，
11:44
We developed some other technology
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我們開發了另一種技術
11:45
called spider optics, and Craig Ventner asked me
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叫做「蜘蛛光學」，Craig Ventner要我今天早上
11:49
to make an announcement here this morning:
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在這裡發佈這個消息。
11:51
we’re going to be building a beautiful, little,
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我們正在嚐試將這種潛艇做得更小、更美，
11:53
small version of this -- unmanned, super deep --
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不用人駕駛，可以到很深的海域，
11:56
for his boat to go and get back some deep sea DNA stuff.
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去為我們蒐集一些深海的DNA回來。
12:01
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
12:04
Thank you.
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謝謝各位。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Graham Hawkes - InventorA world-renowned engineer and inventor, Graham Hawkes wants to revolutionize the way we experience the oceans. He created the Deep Flight series of winged submersibles, which "fly" to the depths of the oceans with the power and elegance of an airplane.
Why you should listen
Graham Hawkes has created a new generation of high-tech undersea vessels that truly augment the way terrestrials experience the immense, otherworldly habitats of the oceans. His Deep Flight submersibles look like airplanes and behave like ocean creatures, using their wings and unique propulsion to gracefully soar and somersault into the deep -- giving their pilot an unprecedented 3D perspective. According to his website, Hawkes' designs account for a "significant percentage of manned and unmanned vehicles used by science and industry."
Hawkes leads Hawkes Ocean Technologies, whose submersibles were featured in James Cameron's 3D IMAX film, Aliens of the Deep. His company also produced the WASP and Mantis Atmospheric Diving Suits, built to facilitate undersea pipelaying. Hawkes currently holds the world record for the deepest solo dive -- 3,000 feet -- using one of his own inventions, the Deep Rover submersible.
Graham Hawkes | Speaker | TED.com