TED2009
Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time
Philip Zimbardo: La psicologia del temps
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El psicòleg Philip Zimbardo diu que la felicitat i l'èxit tenen les arrels en un tret que la majoria de nosaltres desconeix: com ens orientem cap al passat, present i futur. Ens suggereix que equilibrem la nostra actitud cap al temps com un primer pas per a millorar les nostres vides.
Philip Zimbardo - Psychologist
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism. Full bio
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
I want to share with you
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Vull compartir amb vosaltres
00:20
some ideas about the secret power of time,
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algunes idees sobre el poder del temps,
00:22
in a very short time.
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en un moment.
00:25
Video: All right, start the clock please. 30 seconds studio.
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Vídeo: D'acord, comenceu el comptador sisplau. 30 segons, estudi.
00:28
Keep it quiet please. Settle down.
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Estigueu en silenci sisplau. Calmeu-vos.
00:33
It's about time. End sequence. Take one.
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Ja és casi l'hora. Final de la seqüència. Primera presa.
00:39
15 seconds studio.
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15 segons, estudi.
00:42
10, nine, eight, seven,
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10, 9, 8, 7,
00:45
six, five, four, three, two ...
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6, 5, 4, 3, 2...
00:52
Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation
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Philip Zimbardo: Sintonitzem amb la conversa
00:54
of the principals in Adam's temptation.
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dels personatges de la temptació d'Adam.
00:58
"Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy. Take a bite." "I did."
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"Vinga Adam, no et facis de pregar. Fes una mossegada." "Jo ho he fet."
01:02
"One bite, Adam. Don't abandon Eve."
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"Una mossegada, Adam. No deixis l'Eva sola."
01:05
"I don't know, guys.
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"No sé, nois.
01:08
I don't want to get in trouble."
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No vull problemes.
01:10
"Okay. One bite. What the hell?"
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D'acord. Una mossegada. Què coi?"
01:15
(Laughter)
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(Riures)
01:17
Life is temptation. It's all about yielding, resisting,
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La vida és temptació. Consisteix en cedir, resistir-se,
01:20
yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective,
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si, no, ara, més tard, impuls, reflexió,
01:23
present focus and future focus.
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atenció al present i atenció al futur.
01:26
Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.
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Les virtuts promeses són víctimes de les passions del moment.
01:28
Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage --
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De les noies adolescents que prometen abstinència sexual i virginitat fins al matrimoni -
01:31
thank you George Bush --
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gràcies George Bush -
01:33
the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year.
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la majoria, el 60%, cedeixen a les temptacions sexuals abans d'un any.
01:37
And most of them did so without using birth control.
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I la majoria ho van fer sense utilitzar protecció.
01:40
So much for promises.
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Això va per les promeses.
01:42
Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat.
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Anem a temptar nens de 4 anys, oferint-los un premi.
01:46
They can have one marshmallow now. But if they wait
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Poden menjar-se un caramel ara. Però si esperen
01:48
until the experimenter comes back, they can have two.
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fins que torni l'experimentador, se'n podran menjar dos.
01:50
Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait.
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És clar que val la pena esperar si t'agraden els caramels.
01:53
What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation.
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El que passa és que dues terceres parts dels nens cedeixen a la temptació.
01:56
They cannot wait. The others, of course, wait.
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No poden esperar. Els altres sí esperen.
01:59
They resist the temptation. They delay the now for later.
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Resisteixen la temptació. Demoren l'ara pel després.
02:03
Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford,
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Walter Mischel, el meu col·lega d'Stanford,
02:05
went back 14 years later,
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va tornar 14 anys després,
02:07
to try to discover what was different about those kids.
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per a intentar esbrinar quines diferències hi havia entre aquests nens.
02:10
There were enormous differences between kids who resisted
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Hi havia diferències enormes entre els nens que havien resistit
02:12
and kids who yielded, in many ways.
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i els que havien cedit, en molts aspectes.
02:14
The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT.
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Els nens que es resistien puntuaven 250 punts més a l'examen SAT.
02:18
That's enormous. That's like a whole set of different IQ points.
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Això és molt. És com una pila de punts de diferència al QI.
02:22
They didn't get in as much trouble. They were better students.
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No es ficaven en tants problemes. Eren millors estudiants.
02:25
They were self-confident and determined. And the key for me today,
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Eren decidits i tenien confiança en ells mateixos. I la clau per a mi avui,
02:27
the key for you,
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la clau per a vosaltres,
02:29
is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.
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és que se centraven en el futur més que en el present.
02:32
So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today.
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I doncs, què és la perspectiva del temps? D'això és del que parlaré avui.
02:35
Time perspective is the study of how individuals,
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La perspectiva del temps és l'estudi de com les persones,
02:38
all of us, divide the flow of your human experience
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tots nosaltres, dividim el fluxe de la nostra experiència humana
02:41
into time zones or time categories.
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en zones o categories de temps.
02:43
And you do it automatically and non-consciously.
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I ho feu automàticament, no de forma conscient.
02:45
They vary between cultures, between nations,
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Canvia segons les cultures, les nacions,
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between individuals, between social classes,
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els individus, segons les classes socials,
02:49
between education levels.
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segons el nivell educatiu.
02:51
And the problem is that they can become biased,
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I el problema és que es poden resultar esbiaixats,
02:53
because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.
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perquè aprens a sobre-utilitzar alguns d'ells i a infra-utilitzar alguns altres.
02:57
What determines any decision you make?
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Què determina cada decisió que prens?
02:59
You make a decision on which you're going to base an action.
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Prens una decisió en què basaràs una acció.
03:02
For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation,
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Algunes persones només es fixen en la situació immediata,
03:05
what other people are doing and what you're feeling.
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el que els altres estant fent i el que tu sents.
03:08
And those people, when they make their decisions in that format --
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I aquesta gent, quan prenen decisions d'aquesta manera -
03:11
we're going to call them "present-oriented,"
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els anomenarem "orientats al present",
03:13
because their focus is what is now.
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perquè se centren en l'ara.
03:15
For others, the present is irrelevant.
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Per a altres, el present és irrellevant.
03:17
It's always about "What is this situation like that I've experienced in the past?"
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Sempre es fixen en "En què s'assembla aquesta situació amb el que he experimentat en el passat?"
03:20
So that their decisions are based on past memories.
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Així que les seves decisions es basen en memòries del passat.
03:23
And we're going to call those people "past-oriented," because they focus on what was.
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Anomenarem aquesta gent "orientats al passat", perquè se centren en el que era.
03:27
For others it's not the past, it's not the present,
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Per a altres, no es tracta del passat ni del present,
03:29
it's only about the future.
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només es tracta del futur.
03:31
Their focus is always about anticipated consequences.
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Se centren sempre sobre les conseqüències anticipades.
03:33
Cost-benefit analysis.
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Anàlisi cost-benefici.
03:36
We're going to call them "future-oriented." Their focus is on what will be.
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Els anomenarem "orientats al futur". Se centren en el que serà.
03:39
So, time paradox, I want to argue,
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Així doncs, la paradoxa del temps, vull mostrar-vos,
03:41
the paradox of time perspective,
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la paradoxa de la perspectiva del temps,
03:43
is something that influences every decision you make,
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és quelcom que us influeix en cada decisió que preneu,
03:46
you're totally unaware of.
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i no en sou gens conscients.
03:48
Namely, the extent to which you have one of these
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Concretament, el grau en què teniu una d'aquestes
03:50
biased time perspectives.
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perspectives de temps esbiaixades.
03:52
Well there is actually six of them. There are two ways to be present-oriented.
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De fet n'hi ha sis. Hi ha dues maneres d'estar orientat al present.
03:55
There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future.
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Hi ha dues maneres d'estar orientat al passat, i dues al futur.
03:57
You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative.
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Pots centrar-te en allò positiu del passat, o en allò negatiu.
04:01
You can be present-hedonistic,
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Pots ser hedonista en el present,
04:03
namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist --
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és a dir que et centres en els plaers de la vida, o fatalista en el present -
04:06
it doesn't matter, your life is controlled.
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no importa, la teva vida està controlada.
04:08
You can be future-oriented, setting goals.
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Pots estar orientat al futur, posant-te objectius.
04:10
Or you can be transcendental future:
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O pots ser trascendental sobre el futur:
04:12
namely, life begins after death.
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és a dir, la vida comença després de la mort.
04:15
Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly
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Desenvolupar la flexibilitat mental per tal de canviar les perspectives del temps de forma fluïda
04:17
depending on the demands of the situation,
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segons les demandes de la situació,
04:20
that's what you've got to learn to do.
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és el que heu d'aprendre a fer.
04:22
So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile?
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Així doncs, ràpidament, quin es el perfil de temps òptim?
04:25
High on past-positive. Moderately high on future.
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Alt en passat-positiu. Moderadament alt en futur.
04:27
And moderate on present-hedonism.
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I moderat en present-hedonisme.
04:29
And always low on past-negative
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I sempre baix en passat-negatiu
04:32
and present-fatalism.
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i present-fatalisme.
04:34
So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past --
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AIxí que la mescla temporal òptima és allò que tens del passat -
04:37
past-positive gives you roots. You connect your family, identity and your self.
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el passat positiu et dona arrels. Connectes la teva família, identitat i el teu jo.
04:41
What you get from the future is wings
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El que tens del futur són les ales
04:43
to soar to new destinations, new challenges.
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per a volar cap a nous destins, nous reptes.
04:45
What you get from the present hedonism
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El que tens del present hedonista
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is the energy, the energy to explore yourself,
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és l'energia, l'energia per a explorar-te a tu mateix,
04:50
places, people, sensuality.
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llocs, gent, sensualitat.
04:54
Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives.
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Qualsevol perspectiva del temps en excés té més inconvenients que avantatges.
04:58
What do futures sacrifice for success?
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Què sacrifiquen els orientats al futur?
05:01
They sacrifice family time. They sacrifice friend time.
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Sacrifiquen el temps en família, el temps amb amics,
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They sacrifice fun time. They sacrifice personal indulgence.
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el temps d'oci, sacrifiquen les gratificacions personals,
05:07
They sacrifice hobbies. And they sacrifice sleep. So it affects their health.
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sacrifiquen les aficions, i sacrifiquen la son. I els afecta a la salut.
05:12
And they live for work, achievement and control.
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I viuen pel treball, l'èxit i el control.
05:15
I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters.
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Estic segur que això els sona a alguns fans del TED.
05:18
(Laughter)
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(Riures)
05:20
And it resonated for me. I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto,
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I a mi també em sonava. Jo vaig créixer com un nen pobre del gueto del Bronx del Sud,
05:23
a Sicilian family -- everyone lived in the past and present.
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en una familia siciliana - tothom vivia en el passat i el present.
05:26
I'm here as a future-oriented person
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Jo estic aquí com una persona orientada al futur
05:28
who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices
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que va superar-se, que va fer tots aquests sacrificis
05:30
because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented.
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perquè els professors van intervenir i em van fer orientar cap al futur.
05:34
Told me don't eat that marshmallow,
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Em van dir que no em mengés aquell caramel,
05:36
because if you wait you're going to get two of them,
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perquè si m'esperava me'n donarien dos,
05:38
until I learned to balance out.
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fins que vaig aprendre a equilibrar-me.
05:41
I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive,
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He afegit hedonisme del present, he afegit atenció al passat positiu,
05:46
so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive,
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i, amb 76 anys, estic més enèrgic, més productiu
05:49
and I'm happier than I have ever been.
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i més feliç del que he estat mai.
05:52
I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems:
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Només vull dir que estem aplicant això a molts problemes mundials:
05:54
changing the drop-out rates of school kids,
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canviar les taxes d'abandonament escolar dels nens,
05:56
combating addictions, enhancing teen health,
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combatre les addiccions, millorar la salut dels adolescents,
05:59
curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors -- getting miracle cures --
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curar l'estrès post-traumàtic dels veterans amb metàfores del temps - cures miraculoses -
06:02
promoting sustainability and conservation,
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promoure la sostenibilitat i la conservació,
06:04
reducing physical rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate,
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reduir la taxa d'abandó de la rehabilitació física, que és del 50%,
06:08
altering appeals to suicidal terrorists,
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alterar les crides als terroristes suïcides,
06:10
and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.
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i modificar els conflictes familiars pel xoc de zones de temps.
06:14
So I want to end by saying:
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Així que vull acabar dient:
06:16
many of life's puzzles can be solved
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molts dels trencaclosques de la vida es poden resoldre
06:19
by understanding your time perspective and that of others.
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entenent la teva perspectiva del temps i la dels altres.
06:22
And the idea is so simple, so obvious,
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I la idea és tant simple, tant òbvia,
06:24
but I think the consequences are really profound.
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però crec que les conseqüències són verdaderament profundes.
06:26
Thank you so much.
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Moltes gràcies.
06:28
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Philip Zimbardo - PsychologistPhilip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism.
Why you should listen
Philip Zimbardo knows what evil looks like. After serving as an expert witness during the Abu Ghraib trials, he wrote The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. From Nazi comic books to the tactics of used-car salesmen, he explores a wealth of sources in trying to explain the psychology of evil.
A past president of the American Psychological Association and a professor emeritus at Stanford, Zimbardo retired in 2008 from lecturing, after 50 years of teaching his legendary introductory course in psychology. In addition to his work on evil and heroism, Zimbardo recently published The Time Paradox, exploring different cultural and personal perspectives on time.
Still well-known for his controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo in his new research looks at the psychology of heroism. He asks, "What pushes some people to become perpetrators of evil, while others act heroically on behalf of those in need?"
Philip Zimbardo | Speaker | TED.com