TED2009
Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time
Philip Zimbardo prepisuje recept za zdrav pogled na vrijeme
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Psiholog Philip Zimbardo kaže da su sreća i uspjeh ukorijenjeni u osobini koju većina nas zanemaruje: načinu na koji se odnosimo prema prošlosti, sadašnjosti i budućnosti. On predlaže da uskladimo svoj pogled na vrijeme kao prvi korak u poboljšanju našeg života.
Philip Zimbardo - Psychologist
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism. Full bio
Philip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
I want to share with you
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Želim podijeliti s vama
00:20
some ideas about the secret power of time,
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neke ideje o tajnoj moći vremena
00:22
in a very short time.
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u vrlo kratkom vremenu.
00:25
Video: All right, start the clock please. 30 seconds studio.
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Video: U redu, počnite s odbrojavanjem, molim. 30 sekundi, studio.
00:28
Keep it quiet please. Settle down.
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Molim tišinu. Umirite se.
00:33
It's about time. End sequence. Take one.
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Krajnje je vrijeme. Završna scena. Pokušaj prvi.
00:39
15 seconds studio.
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15 sekundi, studio.
00:42
10, nine, eight, seven,
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10, devet, osam, sedam,
00:45
six, five, four, three, two ...
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šest, pet, četiri, tri, dva...
00:52
Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation
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Philip Zimbardo: Poslušajmo razgovor
00:54
of the principals in Adam's temptation.
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o osnovama Adamovog iskušenja.
00:58
"Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy. Take a bite." "I did."
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Hajde Adame, ne budi tako hoću-neću. Zagrizi. Ja jesam.
01:02
"One bite, Adam. Don't abandon Eve."
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Jedan zalogaj, Adame. Ne odriči se Eve.
01:05
"I don't know, guys.
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Ne znam, ljudi.
01:08
I don't want to get in trouble."
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Ne bih želio upasti u nevolju.
01:10
"Okay. One bite. What the hell?"
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U redu. Jedan zalogaj. Dovraga, pa što onda?
01:15
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:17
Life is temptation. It's all about yielding, resisting,
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Život je kušnja. Sve se vrti oko popuštanja, odupiranja,
01:20
yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective,
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da, ne, sada, kasnije, impulzivno, promišljeno,
01:23
present focus and future focus.
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usredotočenost na sadašnjost ili na budućnost.
01:26
Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.
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Obećane vrline postaju žrtve trenutnih strasti.
01:28
Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage --
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Među tinejdžerkama koje su se zavjetovale na apstinenciju i nevinost do braka --
01:31
thank you George Bush --
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hvala ti, George Bush --
01:33
the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year.
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većina njih, 60 posto, poklekla je pred seksualnim iskušenjem u roku jedne godine.
01:37
And most of them did so without using birth control.
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I većina njih učinila je to bez korištenja kontracepcije.
01:40
So much for promises.
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Toliko o obećanjima.
01:42
Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat.
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Hajdemo sada staviti pred iskušenje četverogodišnjake, dajući im slasticu.
01:46
They can have one marshmallow now. But if they wait
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Mogu dobiti jedan marshmallow slatkiš odmah. Ali ako dočekaju
01:48
until the experimenter comes back, they can have two.
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povratak eksperimentatora, mogu dobiti dva.
01:50
Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait.
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Naravno da se isplati čekati ako voliš marshmallow.
01:53
What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation.
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Rezultat je da dvije trećine djece podlegne iskušenju.
01:56
They cannot wait. The others, of course, wait.
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Ne mogu čekati. Ostali, dakako, čekaju.
01:59
They resist the temptation. They delay the now for later.
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Odupiru se iskušenju. Odlažu sada za kasnije.
02:03
Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford,
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Walter Mischel, moj kolega sa Stanforda,
02:05
went back 14 years later,
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vratio se nakon 14 godina
02:07
to try to discover what was different about those kids.
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kako bi pokušao otkriti po čemu se ta djeca razlikuju.
02:10
There were enormous differences between kids who resisted
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Bilo je ogromnih razlika između djece koja su ustrajala i
02:12
and kids who yielded, in many ways.
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onih koji su podlegli iskušenju, u mnogim pogledima.
02:14
The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT.
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Djeca koja su se oduprla iskušenju postigla su 250 bodova više na SAT testu.
02:18
That's enormous. That's like a whole set of different IQ points.
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To je ogromna razlika. To je kao potpuno drugi set bodova na IQ testu.
02:22
They didn't get in as much trouble. They were better students.
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Oni su rjeđe upadali u nevolje. Bili su bolji studenti.
02:25
They were self-confident and determined. And the key for me today,
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Bili su samopouzdani i odlučni. A od posebnog značaja za mene danas,
02:27
the key for you,
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i značajno za vas,
02:29
is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.
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jest to da su ta djeca bila orijentirana na budućnost umjesto na sadašnjost.
02:32
So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today.
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Pa što je vremenska perspektiva? O tome ću govoriti danas.
02:35
Time perspective is the study of how individuals,
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Vremenska perspektiva proučava kako pojedinci,
02:38
all of us, divide the flow of your human experience
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svi mi, dijelimo tijek ljudskog iskustva
02:41
into time zones or time categories.
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u vremenske zone ili kategorije.
02:43
And you do it automatically and non-consciously.
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I činimo to automatski i nesvjesno.
02:45
They vary between cultures, between nations,
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Postoje razlike između kultura, nacija,
02:47
between individuals, between social classes,
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između pojedinaca, društvenih skupina,
02:49
between education levels.
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ljudi različitog stupnja obrazovanja.
02:51
And the problem is that they can become biased,
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A problem je u tome što se može pojaviti pristranost.
02:53
because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.
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Jer naučite neke od njih rabiti previše, a neke premalo.
02:57
What determines any decision you make?
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Što određuje svaku odluku koju donosite?
02:59
You make a decision on which you're going to base an action.
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Donosite odluku, na temelju koje ćete djelovati.
03:02
For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation,
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Nekim ljudima bitna je jedino neposredna situacija,
03:05
what other people are doing and what you're feeling.
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što drugi čine i što osjećaju.
03:08
And those people, when they make their decisions in that format --
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Ti ljudi, kada donose odluke u tom obliku --
03:11
we're going to call them "present-oriented,"
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nazvat ćemo ih "orijentiranima na sadašnjost".
03:13
because their focus is what is now.
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Jer je njihov fokus na "sada".
03:15
For others, the present is irrelevant.
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Drugima je sadašnjost nevažna.
03:17
It's always about "What is this situation like that I've experienced in the past?"
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Kod njih je uvijek, "Koliko je ovo situacija slična, onoj koju sam već doživio?“
03:20
So that their decisions are based on past memories.
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Njihove odluke se zasnivaju na prošlim sjećanjima.
03:23
And we're going to call those people "past-oriented," because they focus on what was.
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Njih ćemo nazvati "orijentiranima na prošlost". Jer se usmjeravaju na ono što je bilo.
03:27
For others it's not the past, it's not the present,
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Za druge nije riječ o prošlosti, nije riječ o sadašnjost,
03:29
it's only about the future.
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već samo o budućnosti.
03:31
Their focus is always about anticipated consequences.
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Njihov fokus je uvijek na predviđenim posljedicama.
03:33
Cost-benefit analysis.
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Analiza troškova i koristi.
03:36
We're going to call them "future-oriented." Their focus is on what will be.
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Njih ćemo nazvati "orijentiranima na budućnost". Njihov fokus je na ono što će biti.
03:39
So, time paradox, I want to argue,
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Tako da je vremenski paradoks, želim ustvrditi,
03:41
the paradox of time perspective,
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paradoks vremenske perspektive,
03:43
is something that influences every decision you make,
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nešto što utječe na svaku odluku koju donosite,
03:46
you're totally unaware of.
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a potpuno ste ga nesvjesni.
03:48
Namely, the extent to which you have one of these
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Mislim, razmjera u kojem su vam vremenske
03:50
biased time perspectives.
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perspektive pristrane.
03:52
Well there is actually six of them. There are two ways to be present-oriented.
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Zapravo ih ima šest. Postoje dva načina da budete orijentirani na sadašnjost.
03:55
There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future.
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Postoje dva načina da budete orijentirani na prošlost, i dva načina na budućnost.
03:57
You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative.
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Možete se usredotočiti na pozitivnu prošlost ili negativnu prošlost.
04:01
You can be present-hedonistic,
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Možete biti hedonist sadašnjosti,
04:03
namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist --
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naime, fokusirati se na užitke u životu, ili možete biti fatalist u sadašnjosti.
04:06
it doesn't matter, your life is controlled.
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Nije bitno. Život vam je kontroliran.
04:08
You can be future-oriented, setting goals.
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Možete biti orijentirani na budućnost, postavljati ciljeve.
04:10
Or you can be transcendental future:
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Ili možete biti za transcendentalnu budućnost:
04:12
namely, life begins after death.
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naime, da život počinje nakon smrti.
04:15
Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly
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Ono što morate naučiti je razviti
04:17
depending on the demands of the situation,
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mentalnu fleksibilnost kako biste tečno mijenjali
04:20
that's what you've got to learn to do.
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vremenske perspektive ovisno o potrebama situacije.
04:22
So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile?
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Pa, brzo, koji je optimalni vremenski profil?
04:25
High on past-positive. Moderately high on future.
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Jako visoko po pitanju pozitivne prošlosti. Umjereno visoko po pitanju budućnosti.
04:27
And moderate on present-hedonism.
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I umjereno po pitanju sadašnjeg hedonizma.
04:29
And always low on past-negative
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A uvijek nisko po pitanju negativne prošlosti
04:32
and present-fatalism.
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i sadašnjeg fatalizma.
04:34
So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past --
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Dakle, optimalni vremenski splet je ono što dobivate od prošlosti --
04:37
past-positive gives you roots. You connect your family, identity and your self.
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pozitivna prošlost vam predstavlja korijen. Povezujete svoju obitelj, identitet i svoje ja.
04:41
What you get from the future is wings
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Od budućnosti dobivate krila
04:43
to soar to new destinations, new challenges.
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za vinuti se k novim odredištima, novim izazovima.
04:45
What you get from the present hedonism
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A od sadašnjeg hedonizma dobivate
04:47
is the energy, the energy to explore yourself,
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energiju, energiju da ispitate sebe,
04:50
places, people, sensuality.
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mjesta, ljude, senzualnost.
04:54
Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives.
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Svaka vremenska perspektiva koja je pretjerana ima više negativnih nego pozitivnih strana.
04:58
What do futures sacrifice for success?
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Što orijentirani na budućnost žrtvuju zbog uspjeha?
05:01
They sacrifice family time. They sacrifice friend time.
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Žrtvuju vrijeme provedeno s obitelji. Žrtvuju vrijeme s prijateljima.
05:03
They sacrifice fun time. They sacrifice personal indulgence.
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Žrtvuju zabavu. Žrtvuju udovoljavanje sebi.
05:07
They sacrifice hobbies. And they sacrifice sleep. So it affects their health.
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Žrtvuju hobije. A žrtvuju i san. Pa si škode zdravlju.
05:12
And they live for work, achievement and control.
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Oni žive za posao, postignuće i kontrolu.
05:15
I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters.
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Siguran sam da neki od TED-ovaca to shvaćaju.
05:18
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:20
And it resonated for me. I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto,
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A shvaćam i ja. Odrastao sam kao siromašan dečko u getu južnog Bronxa,
05:23
a Sicilian family -- everyone lived in the past and present.
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u sicilijanskoj obitelji. Svi su živjeli u prošlosti i sadašnjosti.
05:26
I'm here as a future-oriented person
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Ovdje sam kao osoba orijentirana na budućnost
05:28
who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices
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koja je pretjerala, koja je podnijela sve žrtve
05:30
because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented.
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jer su se uključili učitelji i usmjerili me na budućnost.
05:34
Told me don't eat that marshmallow,
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Rekli mi da ne jedem marshmallow slatkiš,
05:36
because if you wait you're going to get two of them,
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jer ako pričekaš dobit ćeš dva,
05:38
until I learned to balance out.
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sve dok nisam naučio uspostaviti ravnotežu.
05:41
I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive,
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Dodao sam hedonizam u sadašnjosti. Dodao sam fokus na pozitivno u prošlosti.
05:46
so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive,
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Pa sam sa 76 godina energičniji no ikad, produktivniji,
05:49
and I'm happier than I have ever been.
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i sretniji nego što sam to ikad bio.
05:52
I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems:
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Želim reći da ovo primjenjujemo na mnoge svjetske probleme,
05:54
changing the drop-out rates of school kids,
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mijenjajući stope prekidanja školovanja,
05:56
combating addictions, enhancing teen health,
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boreći se s ovisnostima, poboljšavajući zdravlje adolescenata,
05:59
curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors -- getting miracle cures --
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liječeći PTSP veterane pomoću vremenskih metafora – i postižući čudesne rezultate --
06:02
promoting sustainability and conservation,
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zagovarajući održivost i očuvanje,
06:04
reducing physical rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate,
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smanjujući fizičku rehabilitaciju kod koje je stopa odustajanja 50%,
06:08
altering appeals to suicidal terrorists,
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mijenjajući apele upućene teroristima samoubojicama,
06:10
and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.
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i mijenjajući obiteljske sukobe do kojih dolazi zbog sukoba vremenskih zona.
06:14
So I want to end by saying:
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Pa želim završiti s time
06:16
many of life's puzzles can be solved
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da se mnoge životne zagonetke mogu riješiti
06:19
by understanding your time perspective and that of others.
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razumijevajući koja je vaša vremenska perspektiva, a koja je perspektiva drugih.
06:22
And the idea is so simple, so obvious,
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A ideja je tako jednostavna, tako očita,
06:24
but I think the consequences are really profound.
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no mislim da su posljedice zaista duboke.
06:26
Thank you so much.
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Hvala vam puno.
06:28
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Philip Zimbardo - PsychologistPhilip Zimbardo was the leader of the notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment -- and an expert witness at Abu Ghraib. His book The Lucifer Effect explores the nature of evil; now, in his new work, he studies the nature of heroism.
Why you should listen
Philip Zimbardo knows what evil looks like. After serving as an expert witness during the Abu Ghraib trials, he wrote The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. From Nazi comic books to the tactics of used-car salesmen, he explores a wealth of sources in trying to explain the psychology of evil.
A past president of the American Psychological Association and a professor emeritus at Stanford, Zimbardo retired in 2008 from lecturing, after 50 years of teaching his legendary introductory course in psychology. In addition to his work on evil and heroism, Zimbardo recently published The Time Paradox, exploring different cultural and personal perspectives on time.
Still well-known for his controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo in his new research looks at the psychology of heroism. He asks, "What pushes some people to become perpetrators of evil, while others act heroically on behalf of those in need?"
Philip Zimbardo | Speaker | TED.com