David Autor: Will automation take away all our jobs?
David Autor: Vezme nám automatizace naše pracovní místa?
David Autor's work assesses the labor market consequences of technological change and globalization. Full bio
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of the automated teller machine,
od zavedení bankomatů,
employed in the United States
zaměstnaných v USA
to a half a million.
to about a half a million today,
a 500 tisíc zaměstnanců dnes,
jich přibylo od roku 2000.
James Bessen
economist James Bessen,
eliminated their employment by now?
of the last 200 years
za posledních 200 let
lidskou práci.
for human physical toil.
mechanickou silou.
lidskou ruční práci
aby vyměnily
human calculation
zapsáním do knihy.
employed in the labor market
poměr lidí zaměstnaných
do our work for us.
and our skills obsolete?
nadbytečná a naše znalosti zastaralé?
that question tonight,
otázku zodpovědět.
what this means for the future of work
znamená pro budoucnost práce
does and does not pose
představuje a nepředstavuje
economic principles at stake.
ekonomické principy.
with human insatiability,
the O-ring principle,
the type of work that we do.
který zastáváme my.
is the never-get-enough principle,
there actually are.
ve skutečnosti existuje.
on bank teller employment.
they replaced a lot of teller tasks.
nahrazují hodně jejich úkolů.
fell by about a third.
se snížil asi o třetinu.
also was cheaper to open new branches,
nových poboček je mnohem levnější,
increased by about 40 percent
and more tellers.
a tím pádem více pokladníků.
somewhat different work.
ale dělají odlišnou práci.
cash-handling tasks receded,
a snížila se manipulace s penězi,
like credit cards, loans and investments:
kreditní karty, úvěry a investice.
a more cognitively demanding job.
kognitivně náročnou práci.
a intuitivní schopnosti,
in the words of Thomas Edison.
podle slov Thomase Edisona.
some subset of those tasks
naší práce
našich schopností zbytečnými.
je dělá o to důležitějšími.
méně než dvě minuty po startu
in the booster rocket
u přídavné rakety,
the night before
moments after takeoff.
between mission success
of seven astronauts.
for this tragic setting
tragickou událost
Michaelem Kremerem
conceives of the work
for the mission to succeed.
aby byla mise úspěšná.
or the service,
has a surprisingly positive implication,
pozitivní implikace.
of any one link in the chain
of improving any of the other links.
jakéhokoliv dalšího článku.
are brittle and prone to breakage,
a pravděpodobně se rozbije,
is not that reliable
není spolehlivý,
become robust and reliable,
silné a spolehlivé,
becomes more essential.
vašeho článku.
to space shuttle Challenger
raketoplán Challenger,
worked perfectly.
fungovalo perfektně.
kind of the space era equivalent
vesmírný ekvivalent
wouldn't have mattered
vůbec nezáleželo,
we are the O-rings.
jsme jako O-kroužek.
certain cash-handling tasks
of their problem-solving skills
pro řešení problémů
if we're building a building,
kdy stavíme budovu,
and caring for a patient,
a staráme se o pacienta,
k našim schopnostem,
of our expertise
to the second principle:
will be important.
bude důležitá.
but they still need to be done.
a přesto ji musí někdo udělat.
how many jobs there will need to be.
tu bude muset být."
isn't it kind of self-evident
není to přece jasné?
productive at something,
dostatečně produktivní,
worked our way out of a job?
všech zaměstnaných
growth in farming
a couple of million farmers
o 320 milionech obyvatel.
only so many O-ring jobs left in farming.
málo O-kroužkových prací v zemědělství.
pracovní místa.
or service or industry
službě nebo průmyslu
about the economy as a whole.
in which we now work --
ve kterých pracujeme --
a century ago.
that we spend a lot of our money on --
utrácíme peníze --
a century ago.
increases the scope of what is possible,
rozšiřuje se rozsah toho, co je možné.
new ideas, new services
a služby,
of these things are frivolous --
věcí jsou zbytečné --
and they're willing to work hard for them.
pro tyto věci tvrdě pracovat.
průměrný zaměstnanec v roce 2015
the average living standard in 1915
just 17 weeks a year,
that is available to them.
hojnost, která je jim dostupná.
eliminated perceived scarcity.
vnímání nedostatku.
Thorstein Veblen,
and the never-get-enough principle,
nothing to worry about?
pracovní místa --
more work in less time.
práce za kratší dobu.
will use that wealth well,
využijeme správně,
spurting out of a hole in the ground.
equally well to foster human prosperity,
stejně, aby podpořila blahobyt,
work and play well together.
spolupracují.
between first and fourth
národního štěstí
absolutistická monarchie,
lack a path for personal advancement.
cesta k osobnímu růstu.
among nations in happiness,
štěstí, což je
velice nízké hodnocení.
around 12th or 13th.
do vytvoření společnosti
many other human strivings.
to the challenge that we face today,
které v současnosti čelíme,
automation poses for us.
automatizace.
that we're running out of work.
o pracovní místa.
cannot qualify for the good jobs
pro dobrá zaměstnání,
and in much of the developed world
a ve většině vyspělého světa
on either end of the bar.
vysoce placená zaměstnání
programmers and engineers,
a technici,
employment growth.
je silná a roste.
is robust in many low-skill,
prací s malou potřebou znalostí,
middle-wage, middle-class jobs,
a střední mzdou,
and operative positions
clerical and sales positions.
a principy,
be codified in software
do software
this phenomenon creates,
employment polarization,
polarizace zaměstnanosti,
in the economic ladder,
v ekonomickém žebříčku,
a more stratified society.
highly educated professionals
placených a vzdělaných profesionálů,
of citizens in low-paid jobs
na špatně placených pozicích,
to the comfort and health of the affluent.
na pohodlí a zdraví bohatých.
economic transformations in the past,
už jsme v minulosti čelili
through them successfully.
vast numbers of agricultural jobs --
velkou část zemědělských zaměstnání --
of mass unemployment,
hrozbě vysoké nezaměstnanosti,
no longer needed on the farm
potřeba na farmách,
their entire youth population
and continue their education
ve svém vzdělání
expensive thing to do.
to invest in the schools,
at their jobs.
zaměstnáních.
one of the best investments
investic,
the most flexible
nejflexibilnější
workforce in the world.
na celém světě.
imagine taking the labor force of 1899
představte si, že pracovníky z roku 1899
and good characters,
the basic literacy and numeracy skills
základní gramotnost a znalosti počtů,
is the primacy of our institutions,
důležitost našich institucí,
there's nothing to worry about.
čeho obávat.
in its schools and in its skills
během středoškolského hnutí,
the high school movement,
a lot less happy society.
tak šťastná společnost.
to say that our fates are sealed.
osudy jsou zpečetěny.
and by our institutions.
do our work for us.
our labor superfluous,
nadbytečná,
to our economic and social hell
a společenského pekla
an answer to that paradox.
řešení tohoto paradoxu.
is that technology magnifies our leverage,
zvyšuje význam našich schopností,
our judgment and our creativity.
is our endless inventiveness
nekonečná vynalézavost
never get enough.
of technological change
technologických změn
in our polarized labor market
na polarizovaném trhu práce,
to economic mobility.
pro ekonomickou mobilitu.
to invest in ourselves and in our children
investovat do sebe a svých dětí tak,
with the high school movement.
během středoškolského hnutí.
to neudělat.
a heartwarming tale
srdceryvný příběh
but probably not the future.
o budoucnosti.
that this time is different.
in the last 200 years,
v posledních 200 letech
have raised the alarm
and making ourselves obsolete:
a že se stáváme zastaralými.
in the early 1800s;
Luddité na začátku 19. století,
Wassily Leontief in 1982;
Wassily Leontief v roce 1982
are in effect saying,
will do for work in the future,
v budoucnosti dělat,
lidské vynalézavosti.
what people are going to do for work
lidé zastávat
on my imagination.
představivosti.
in the year 1900,
z Iowy v letech 1900,
teleported down to my field
ekonom z 21. století
from 40 percent of all jobs
průmyslu o 40 %
38 percent of workers are going to do?"
pracovníků dělat za práci?"
radiological medicine,
radiační léčba,
the wisdom to say,
a řekl:
in farm employment
o 95 % a přesto
finds something remarkable to do
pozoruhodné věci
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Autor - EconomistDavid Autor's work assesses the labor market consequences of technological change and globalization.
Why you should listen
David Autor, one of the leading labor economists in the world and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, is Ford Professor of Economics and associate department head of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Economics. He is also Faculty Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, Research Affiliate of the Abdul Jameel Latin Poverty Action Lab, Co-director of the MIT School Effectiveness and Inequality Initiative, Director of the NBER Disability Research Center and former editor in chief of the Journal of Economic Perspectives. He is an elected officer of the American Economic Association and the Society of Labor Economists and a fellow of the Econometric Society.
Autor's work focuses on earnings inequality, employment and feedback between labor market opportunities, household structure and the social/intellectual development of children. He has published extensively in many major academic journals in economics. His best known research formally models and empirically analyzes how computerization substitutes for and complements human labor; asks how the rapid rise of import competition from China has reshaped U.S. manufacturing, upending the conventional economic wisdom that free trade is a free lunch; explores how the economic pressures of globalization are reshaping U.S. electoral politics; and conducts large-scale randomized experiments that test whether generous financial aid grants improve the odds of college completion and long-run economic security of students from low income families.
Autor has received a number of prestigious prizes, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship, the National Science Foundation Career award, and the Sherwin Rosen Prize for outstanding contributions in the field of Labor Economics, and the John T. Dunlop Outstanding Scholar Award in 2006 given by the Labor and Employment Relations Association, to name just a few. His teaching has earned several awards, including MIT’s James A. and Ruth Levitan Award for excellence in teaching, the Undergraduate Economic Association Teaching Award, and the Technology and Public Policy Program’s Best Professor Award.
David Autor | Speaker | TED.com