David Autor: Will automation take away all our jobs?
דייויד אוטור: האם האוטומציה תגזול את כל מקומות העבודה שלנו?
David Autor's work assesses the labor market consequences of technological change and globalization. Full bio
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of the automated teller machine,
employed in the United States
to a half a million.
to about a half a million today,
economist James Bessen,
eliminated their employment by now?
לביטול העסקתם?
of the last 200 years
השנים האחרונות
for human physical toil.
human calculation
ומועדים לטעויות
employed in the labor market
שמועסקים בשוק העבודה
do our work for us.
עובדות במקומנו.
and our skills obsolete?
ואת הכישורים שלנו למיושנים?
מקומות עבודה זמינים?
that question tonight,
what this means for the future of work
עתיד התעסוקה.
does and does not pose
economic principles at stake.
על כף המאזניים.
with human insatiability,
the O-ring principle,
עקרון טבעת האטימה (או-רינג)
the type of work that we do.
is the never-get-enough principle,
there actually are.
על תעסוקת הכספרים.
on bank teller employment.
they replaced a lot of teller tasks.
הם החליפו הרבה ממשימות הכספר.
fell by about a third.
also was cheaper to open new branches,
שלפתוח סניפים חדשים היה זול יותר,
increased by about 40 percent
and more tellers.
יותר סניפים ויותר כספרים.
somewhat different work.
cash-handling tasks receded,
ירד משגרת העבודה שלהם,
like credit cards, loans and investments:
כמו כרטיסי אשראי, הלוואות והשקעות.
a more cognitively demanding job.
תובענית יותר מבחינה קוגניטיבית.
in the words of Thomas Edison.
some subset of those tasks
לחלק מהמשימות האלו
in the booster rocket
the night before
moments after takeoff.
מספר דקות לאחר ההמראה.
between mission success
of seven astronauts.
for this tragic setting
הטראגית הזו
בשם מיכאל קרמר
conceives of the work
תופסת את העבודה
for the mission to succeed.
כדי שהמשימה תצליח.
or the service,
has a surprisingly positive implication,
of any one link in the chain
of improving any of the other links.
של כל אחת מהחוליות האחרות.
are brittle and prone to breakage,
ונוטות לקרוס,
is not that reliable
become robust and reliable,
חזקות ואמינות,
becomes more essential.
to space shuttle Challenger
במעבורת החלל צ'לנג'ר
worked perfectly.
kind of the space era equivalent
wouldn't have mattered
we are the O-rings.
certain cash-handling tasks
במטלות מזומנים מסוימות
of their problem-solving skills
if we're building a building,
and caring for a patient,
of our expertise
to the second principle:
will be important.
יהפכו חשובות.
but they still need to be done.
אבל הן עדיין צריכות להתבצע.
how many jobs there will need to be.
כמה מקומות עבודה יצטרכו להיות.
isn't it kind of self-evident
productive at something,
worked our way out of a job?
מהתעסוקה?
growth in farming
a couple of million farmers
only so many O-ring jobs left in farming.
or service or industry
או שירות או תעשייה,
about the economy as a whole.
in which we now work --
a century ago.
that we spend a lot of our money on --
הרבה מכספנו -
a century ago.
increases the scope of what is possible,
ומגדילה את היקף האפשרויות,
new ideas, new services
רעיונות חדשים, שירותים חדשים
of these things are frivolous --
and they're willing to work hard for them.
the average living standard in 1915
just 17 weeks a year,
17 שבועות בלבד בשנה,
that is available to them.
eliminated perceived scarcity.
את תחושת המחסור הנתפשת.
Thorstein Veblen,
and the never-get-enough principle,
nothing to worry about?
more work in less time.
לבצע יותר עבודה בפחות זמן.
will use that wealth well,
spurting out of a hole in the ground.
equally well to foster human prosperity,
כדי לקדם שגשוג אנושי,
work and play well together.
between first and fourth
lack a path for personal advancement.
among nations in happiness,
ברמת האושר הלאומי,
around 12th or 13th.
many other human strivings.
to the challenge that we face today,
automation poses for us.
that we're running out of work.
cannot qualify for the good jobs
and in much of the developed world
ובארצות מפותחות רבות,
on either end of the bar.
של השכלה גבוהה ושכר גבוה,
programmers and engineers,
employment growth.
is robust in many low-skill,
הדורשות כישורים נמוכים,
middle-wage, middle-class jobs,
שכר בינוני, ומעמד בינוני,
and operative positions
ייצור ותפקידים תפעוליים
clerical and sales positions.
פקידים ואנשי מכירות.
be codified in software
this phenomenon creates,
employment polarization,
in the economic ladder,
a more stratified society.
highly educated professionals
ושכר גבוה
of citizens in low-paid jobs
to the comfort and health of the affluent.
ולבריאותם של האמידים.
economic transformations in the past,
שינויים עצומים כלכליים בעבר,
through them successfully.
vast numbers of agricultural jobs --
של מקומות עבודה בחקלאות -
of mass unemployment,
של אבטלה המונית
no longer needed on the farm
their entire youth population
and continue their education
expensive thing to do.
to invest in the schools,
at their jobs.
one of the best investments
אחת ההשקעות הטובות ביותר
the most flexible
workforce in the world.
imagine taking the labor force of 1899
את כוח העבודה של 1899
and good characters,
the basic literacy and numeracy skills
וחשבון בסיסי.
is the primacy of our institutions,
there's nothing to worry about.
in its schools and in its skills
ובכישוריהם
the high school movement,
a lot less happy society.
to say that our fates are sealed.
and by our institutions.
do our work for us.
our labor superfluous,
to our economic and social hell
לגיהנום הכלכלי והחברתי שלנו
an answer to that paradox.
תשובה לפרדוקס זה.
is that technology magnifies our leverage,
שטכנולוגיה מגדילה את המינוף שלנו,
our judgment and our creativity.
is our endless inventiveness
יכולת ההמצאה האינסופית שלנו,
never get enough.
of technological change
in our polarized labor market
to economic mobility.
to invest in ourselves and in our children
with the high school movement.
עם תנועת ההשכלה התיכונית.
a heartwarming tale
but probably not the future.
that this time is different.
in the last 200 years,
have raised the alarm
and making ourselves obsolete:
in the early 1800s;
Wassily Leontief in 1982;
הכלכלן וסילי לאונטייף ב -1982;
are in effect saying,
will do for work in the future,
יעבדו בעתיד,
what people are going to do for work
on my imagination.
in the year 1900,
teleported down to my field
היה מופיע בשדה שלי בהתעתקות
from 40 percent of all jobs
מ 40% מכלל התעסוקה
38 percent of workers are going to do?"
radiological medicine,
the wisdom to say,
in farm employment
finds something remarkable to do
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Autor - EconomistDavid Autor's work assesses the labor market consequences of technological change and globalization.
Why you should listen
David Autor, one of the leading labor economists in the world and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, is Ford Professor of Economics and associate department head of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Economics. He is also Faculty Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, Research Affiliate of the Abdul Jameel Latin Poverty Action Lab, Co-director of the MIT School Effectiveness and Inequality Initiative, Director of the NBER Disability Research Center and former editor in chief of the Journal of Economic Perspectives. He is an elected officer of the American Economic Association and the Society of Labor Economists and a fellow of the Econometric Society.
Autor's work focuses on earnings inequality, employment and feedback between labor market opportunities, household structure and the social/intellectual development of children. He has published extensively in many major academic journals in economics. His best known research formally models and empirically analyzes how computerization substitutes for and complements human labor; asks how the rapid rise of import competition from China has reshaped U.S. manufacturing, upending the conventional economic wisdom that free trade is a free lunch; explores how the economic pressures of globalization are reshaping U.S. electoral politics; and conducts large-scale randomized experiments that test whether generous financial aid grants improve the odds of college completion and long-run economic security of students from low income families.
Autor has received a number of prestigious prizes, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship, the National Science Foundation Career award, and the Sherwin Rosen Prize for outstanding contributions in the field of Labor Economics, and the John T. Dunlop Outstanding Scholar Award in 2006 given by the Labor and Employment Relations Association, to name just a few. His teaching has earned several awards, including MIT’s James A. and Ruth Levitan Award for excellence in teaching, the Undergraduate Economic Association Teaching Award, and the Technology and Public Policy Program’s Best Professor Award.
David Autor | Speaker | TED.com