Floyd E. Romesberg: The radical possibilities of man-made DNA
Floyd E. Romesberg: Las increíbles posibilidades del ADN artificial
Floyd E. Romesberg uses chemistry, biology and physics to study how biomolecules work and to create biomolecules with new forms and functions. Full bio
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to the information in DNA.
de la información de su ADN.
está formado por varias letras
as the English language
that, when combined into words,
permiten contar historias como la de hoy,
I'm going to tell you today,
that, when combined into genes,
las células pueden producir proteínas,
that fold up into complex structures
que forman estructuras complejas
that allow a cell to do what it does,
cumplir su función: contar historias.
and the genetic alphabet has four.
y el alfabeto genético, cuatro.
quizá las escucharon nombrar.
Maybe you've heard of them.
referred to as G, C, A and T.
that all the diversity of life
toda la diversidad orgánica
de cuatro letras genéticas.
if the English alphabet had four letters.
el alfabeto inglés tuviera cuatro letras.
would you be able to tell?
serían capaces de contar?
had more letters?
tuviese más letras?
be able to tell different stories,
incluso historias más interesantes?
Investigación Scripps, en La Jolla, CA.
Research Institute in La Jolla, California
con el objetivo de crear organismos vivos
with the goal of creating living organisms
of a six-letter genetic alphabet,
un alfabeto genético de seis letras:
plus two additional new man-made letters.
más dos nuevas letras artificiales.
vida radicalmente alterada jamás creada.
form of life ever created.
capaz de almacenar más información
than life ever has before.
en la historia.
a partir de más de 20 aminoácidos normales
than the 20 normal amino acids
podría contar ese organismo?
and molecular biology
y a más de 20 años de trabajo
con un ADN de seis letras.
from your high school biology
de sus clases de biología
combinan para crear dos pares de bases:
pair together to form two base pairs.
new candidate letters,
de posibles letras candidatas
to selectively pair with each other.
combinarse entre sí de forma selectiva.
bastante bien, al menos en probetas.
together really well,
pero llamémoslas simplemente X e Y.
was find a way to get X and Y into cells,
cómo insertar X e Y en células,
que hace algo similar en las algas
that does something similar in algae
was to show that with X and Y provided,
que, si contaban con X e Y,
and hold on to X and Y in their DNA.
y mantener a X e Y en su ADN.
took longer than I had hoped --
demoró más de lo deseado
se dio más rápido de lo imaginado,
worked faster than I dreamed,
grew bacteria with six-letter DNA.
crear bacterias con ADN de seis letras.
to introduce you to them right now.
semisynthetic organisms.
organismos semisintéticos.
that's really cool, right?
seis letras... Es genial, ¿cierto?
are still wondering why.
about some of our motivations,
nuestras motivaciones,
thought about life, what it is,
siempre ha pensado en la vida:
diferente a lo no vivo.
from things that are not alive,
life as being perfect,
que la vida es perfecta,
prueba de la existencia de un creador.
as evidence of a creator.
because a god breathed life into them.
porque un dios les otorgó vida.
a more scientific explanation,
más científica,
the molecules of life to be special.
los seres vivos son especiales.
durante miles de millones de años.
for billions of years, right?
it would seem pretty impossible
consiga fabricar partes nuevas
and build new parts
a las moléculas existentes
the natural molecules of life
really screwing everything up.
created or evolved are we?
evolucionados estamos realmente?
are the molecules of life?
las moléculas de los seres vivos?
impossible to even ask,
con qué hacer la comparación.
to compare life to.
nuestro trabajo indica
aren't that special.
de los seres vivos no son especiales.
isn't the only way it could be.
no es la única forma de vida posible.
quizá ni siquiera la mejor solución,
maybe not even the best solution,
fundamental issues about life,
clave sobre la vida,
motivaciones prácticas?
what sort of new stories
qué tipo de historias nuevas
con un vocabulario ampliado.
vocabulary could tell,
are the proteins that a cell produces
las proteínas que producen las células
with new types of functions
con funciones nuevas
make and maybe even use?
nuestros organismos semisintéticos?
to make proteins for us, for our use.
fabriquen proteínas para nuestro uso.
de muchas formas diferentes:
range of different applications,
que protejan a los soldados,
soldiers from injury
componentes peligrosos.
dangerous compounds,
is protein drugs.
la fabricación de drogas proteicas.
revolutionized medicine,
ya han revolucionado la medicina.
seguramente la escucharon nombrar,
and it's manufactured as a drug
totalmente la forma de tratar la diabetes.
how we treat diabetes.
son muy difíciles de fabricar.
are really hard to make
is to get cells to make them for you.
es hacer que las células las fabriquen.
proteins with the natural amino acids,
con aminoácidos naturales,
those proteins can have,
they could be developed for,
que podría dárseles,
la naturaleza de los aminoácidos
of those amino acids
strung together to make a protein,
se unen para fabricar una proteína.
they're not that different-looking.
that many different functions.
different functions available.
los químicos sintéticos crean como drogas.
that synthetic chemists make as drugs.
mucho más amplio de posibilidades.
a much broader range of diverse things.
a los detalles moleculares,
how different they are.
las vuelve drogas óptimas
that make them great drugs
what sort of new protein drugs
de drogas proteicas podrían desarrollarse
proteins from more diverse things.
creadas a partir de distintas cosas.
organismo semisintético
new and different amino acids,
y diferentes aminoácidos,
selected to confer the protein
alguna función específica?
dentro del organismo humano.
when you inject them into people.
with new amino acids
proteínas con aminoácidos
que las protejan del entorno,
from being degraded or eliminated,
y sean así drogas más eficaces?
with little fingers attached
que tengan pequeños dedos
grab on to other molecules?
failed during development as drugs
durante su desarrollo como drogas
specific enough to find their target
que es el organismo humano.
of the human body.
and make them parts of new amino acids
hacerlas parte de los nuevos aminoácidos
en una proteína,
to their target?
called Synthorx.
that's what you do with biotech companies.
las empresas de biotecnología.
trabajan en equipo
that recognizes a certain receptor
que reconoce ciertos receptores
of those same cells,
de las mismas células,
a variant of that protein
una variante de esa proteína
with that second bad receptor is shielded,
con el receptor incorrecto sea bloqueada,
con el receptor que corresponde?
with that first good receptor?
o imposible con los aminoácidos normales,
with the normal amino acids,
diseñados con ese propósito.
specifically designed for that purpose.
to act as little factories
células semisintéticas
de drogas proteicas más eficaces
really interesting application,
posible que resulta interesante,
las que permiten a las células actuar.
that allow cells to do what they do.
new proteins with new functions,
nuevas proteínas con nuevas funciones,
that natural cells can't do?
que las células naturales no pueden?
semisynthetic organisms
organismos semisintéticos que,
seek out cancer cells
rastreen las células cancerígenas
secrete a toxic protein that kills them?
una proteína tóxica que las elimine?
that eat different kinds of oil,
que se alimenten de petróleo
un derrame de petróleo?
of the types of stories
de las historias que veremos
with an expanded vocabulary can tell.
con un vocabulario ampliado.
organisms into people,
semisintéticos a las personas,
of our bacteria into the ocean
en el océano o en su playa preferida?
actually it sounds really scary.
suena bastante aterrador.
in order to survive,
organismos semisintéticos
precursors of X and Y.
precursores químicos de X e Y.
than anything that exists in nature.
que exista en la naturaleza.
ni tienen la habilidad de crearlas.
or the ability to make them.
en el entorno controlado del laboratorio
in the controlled environment of the lab,
con comida no natural.
lots of the unnatural food.
en un organismo o playa
in a person or out on a beach
have access that special food,
they can survive for a little,
que sobrevivan por un tiempo,
to perform some intended function,
para cumplir con su propósito,
to run out of the food.
and they just disappear.
y simplemente desaparecen.
los organismos cuenten nuevas historias,
to tell new stories,
to tell those stories.
y dónde contar esas historias.
I told you that we reported in 2014
la creación de organismos semisintéticos
that store more information,
información en su ADN: X e Y.
estas metas mencionadas,
that we just talked about
usen X e Y para fabricar proteínas,
to make proteins,
that the cells could take DNA with X and Y
capaces de tomar el ADN con X e Y
the working copy of DNA.
use X and Y to make proteins.
de usar X e Y para fabricar proteínas.
protagonistas de la charla,
semisynthetic organisms.
totalmente funcionales.
they're making a protein that glows green.
fabrican una proteína que brilla así.
actually, from jellyfish
muy conocida de las medusas
in its natural form
estas proteínas hay un aminoácido nuevo
natural life can't build proteins with.
no pueden fabricar proteínas.
genético de cuatro letras.
and making protein
proteínas con un alfabeto de seis letras.
the genetic alphabet of other cells,
trabajando para expandir
células humanas incluso,
on more complex organisms.
trabajar con organismos más complejos.
lo más importante
that I want to say to you,
semisintéticos está aquí.
of semisynthetic life is here.
Floyd, this is so remarkable.
esto es impresionante.
about the possibilities for life,
de la vida en el universo?
or so much of our assumptions are based
conjeturas sobre la vida
esta parte del ADN,
it's got to be DNA,
of self-replicating molecules
las moléculas autorreplicantes
incluso ADN de seis letras?
even just DNA with six letters?
Absolutely, I think that's right,
que siempre ha existido un prejuicio
there's been always this prejudice
que Dios nos creó de esta forma,
right alongside the natural ones,
funcionan junto a las naturales,
que cualquier molécula
that any molecules
de la química y la física,
of chemistry and physics
que las moléculas de los seres vivos.
the natural molecules of life do.
la vida podría haber evolucionado
many different ways,
with other types of DNA,
de ADN, o quizá en seres sin ADN.
van a lucir como una molécula de ADN,
to look something like a DNA molecule,
que pueda todavía autorreplicarse
that can still self-reproduce
una nueva forma de vida,
is that if we found new life,
with the search for Goldilocks planets
de planetas potencialmente habitables
with water and whatever,
quizá sea una aspiración muy limitada.
assumption, perhaps.
you can talk to, then maybe not,
alguien con quien hablar, quizá no.
forma de vida, creo que es acertado,
looking for any form of life,
looking for life under the light post.
Thank so much, Floyd.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Floyd E. Romesberg - Chemist, synthetic biologistFloyd E. Romesberg uses chemistry, biology and physics to study how biomolecules work and to create biomolecules with new forms and functions.
Why you should listen
Floyd E. Romesberg is the director of a talented team of researchers at The Scripps Research Institute who are working to understand how evolution tailors protein function, to develop novel antibiotics and aptamers and to expand on the potential of evolution through the expansion of the genetic alphabet. A chemist by training, Romesberg works beyond the traditional divides between scientific disciplines.
Since the last common ancestor of all life on earth, biological information has been stored in a four-letter alphabet consisting of G, A, T and C. In 1998, Romesberg wondered: Is DNA limited to four letters? The answer is a resounding "No!" Romesberg and his research group have designed, tested and optimized hundreds of unnatural DNA letters, and they have achieved impressive milestones including replication and amplification of six-letter DNA in a test tube; the use of six-letter DNA to produce novel materials; and most recently the creation of semi-synthetic life that stores and retrieves the increased information. The advances led to Romesberg founding Synthorx, Inc., a biotechnology company that uses the expanded genetic alphabet to develop novel protein therapeutics.
Floyd E. Romesberg | Speaker | TED.com