TED2006
Nicholas Negroponte: One Laptop per Child
Nicholas Negroponte habla sobre Una Laptop por Niño
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Nicholas Negroponte, fundador del MIT Media Laboratory, describe cómo el proyecto One Laptop Per Child (Una Laptop Por Niño) construirá y distribuirá la "laptop de 100 dólares".
Nicholas Negroponte - Tech visionary
The founder of the MIT Media Lab, Nicholas Negroponte pushed the edge of the information revolution as an inventor, thinker and angel investor. He's the driving force behind One Laptop per Child, building computers for children in the developing world. Full bio
The founder of the MIT Media Lab, Nicholas Negroponte pushed the edge of the information revolution as an inventor, thinker and angel investor. He's the driving force behind One Laptop per Child, building computers for children in the developing world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:24
I've been at MIT for 44 years.
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He estado en el MIT durante 44 años. Asistí a TED I.
00:27
I went to TED I.
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Sólo hay otra persona aquí, creo, que también asistió.
00:29
There's only one other person here,
I think, who did that.
I think, who did that.
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En todas las otras TED (asistí a todas, bajo el reinado de Ricky)
00:32
All the other TEDs --
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00:33
and I went to them all,
under Ricky's regime --
under Ricky's regime --
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hablé de las actividades del Media Lab,
00:36
I talked about
what the Media Lab was doing,
what the Media Lab was doing,
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00:38
which today has almost 500 people in it.
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que hoy cuenta con casi 500 personas.
Si leen la prensa, la semana pasada decía que renuncié a Media Lab.
00:41
And if you read the press,
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00:43
last week it actually said
I quit the Media Lab.
I quit the Media Lab.
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00:45
I didn't quit the Media Lab,
I stepped down as chairman --
I stepped down as chairman --
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No lo hice; renuncié a la presidencia...
era un título algo ridículo, pero alguien más lo asumió,
00:50
which was a kind of ridiculous title,
but someone else has taken it on --
but someone else has taken it on --
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00:54
and one of the things
you can do as a professor
you can do as a professor
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y una de las cosas que uno puede hacer como profesor,
es seguir siendo profesor.
00:56
is you stay on as a professor.
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00:58
And I will now do for the rest of my life
the One Laptop Per Child,
the One Laptop Per Child,
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Ahora, y por el resto de mi vida, me dedicaré a Una Laptop Por Niño,
de todas formas, es algo que he estado haciendo durante un año y medio.
01:03
which I've sort of been doing
for a year and a half, anyway.
for a year and a half, anyway.
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Así que les voy a contar sobre esto,
01:06
So I'm going to tell you about this,
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voy a usar mis 18 minutos para contarles por qué,
01:07
use my 18 minutes
to tell you why we're doing it,
to tell you why we're doing it,
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cómo y qué estoy haciendo.
01:12
how we're doing it
and then what we're doing.
and then what we're doing.
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Y en cierto momento haré circular, inclusive,
01:14
And at some point I'll even pass around
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lo que podría ser la laptop de los 100 dólares.
01:17
what the $100 laptop might be like.
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Bueno, Chris me pidió que cuente los grandes retos,
01:23
I was asked by Chris
to talk about some of the big issues,
to talk about some of the big issues,
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así que comenzaré con los tres que me llevaron a hacer esto.
01:26
and so I figured I'd start with the three
that at least drove me to do this.
that at least drove me to do this.
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01:31
And the first is pretty obvious.
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Y el primero es bastante obvio.
Es curioso, cuando uno conoce a un jefe de Estado y pregunta:
01:34
It's amazing when you meet
a head of state, and you say,
a head of state, and you say,
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"¿Cuál es su recurso natural más valioso?"
01:37
"What is your most precious
natural resource?"
natural resource?"
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Los niños no son lo primero que mencionan,
01:40
They will not say "children" at first,
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01:42
and then when you say, "children,"
they will pretty quickly agree with you.
they will pretty quickly agree with you.
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y al mencionar a los niños, rápidamente están de acuerdo.
Así que este punto no es tan difícil.
01:47
And so that isn't very hard.
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01:49
(Laughter)
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Todos concuerdan que cualquiera sea la solución a los grandes problemas,
01:51
Everybody agrees that whatever
the solutions are to the big problems,
the solutions are to the big problems,
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se incluye la educación; a veces es sólo la educación
01:56
they include education,
sometimes can be just education
sometimes can be just education
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pero siempre hay un componente educativo.
02:01
and can never be without
some element of education.
some element of education.
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Definitivamente es parte de la solución.
02:04
So that's certainly part of it.
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02:06
And the third
is a little bit less obvious.
is a little bit less obvious.
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El tercer elemento es un poco menos obvio.
Y es que todos en esta sala aprendimos a caminar y hablar
02:09
And that is that we all in this room
learned how to walk, how to talk,
learned how to walk, how to talk,
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no porque nos hayan enseñado cómo caminar o hablar,
02:13
not by being taught how to talk,
or taught how to walk,
or taught how to walk,
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sino interactuando con el mundo,
02:18
but by interacting with the world,
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obteniendo ciertos resultados a partir de saber pedir algo
02:20
by having certain results as a consequence
of being able to ask for something,
of being able to ask for something,
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02:24
or being able to stand up and reach it.
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o de pararse y alcanzarlo.
02:26
Whereas at about the age six,
we were told to stop learning that way,
we were told to stop learning that way,
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Cerca de los seis años nos dicen que ya no aprendamos así,
02:30
and that all learning from then on
would happen through teaching,
would happen through teaching,
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y desde entonces todo aprendizaje se da mediante la enseñanza,
sea esta en forma presencial, como ahora, o mediante un libro, etc.
02:34
whether it's people standing up,
like I'm doing now,
like I'm doing now,
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02:36
or a book, or something.
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Pero era a través de la enseñanza.
02:38
But it was really through teaching.
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Y uno de los aportes de la computación a la enseñanza
02:40
And one of the things in general
that computers have provided to learning
that computers have provided to learning
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02:45
is that it now includes a kind of learning
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es que ahora brinda una forma de aprender
02:48
which is a little bit more
like walking and talking,
like walking and talking,
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similar a la de caminar y hablar,
02:51
in the sense that a lot of it is driven
by the learner himself or herself.
by the learner himself or herself.
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en el sentido que tiene mucho de autodidacta.
Con esos principios...
02:58
So with those as the principles --
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algunos ya conocen a Seymour Papert,
03:01
some of you may know Seymour Papert.
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03:03
This is back in 1982,
when we were working in Senegal.
when we were working in Senegal.
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esto es en 1982, cuando trabajábamos en Senegal.
03:06
Because some people think that
the $100 laptop just happened a year ago,
the $100 laptop just happened a year ago,
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Algunos piensan que la laptop de 100 dólares surgió hace un año,
o dos años, o que llegó por inspiración divina.
03:12
or two years ago,
or we were struck by lightning --
or we were struck by lightning --
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Esto en realidad se remonta a los '60s.
03:15
this actually has gone back a long time,
and in fact, back to the '60s.
and in fact, back to the '60s.
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Aquí estamos en los '80s.
03:20
Here we're in the '80s.
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Steve Jobs nos donó algunas laptops; estábamos en Senegal.
03:21
Steve Jobs had given us some laptops.
We were in Senegal.
We were in Senegal.
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Esto no prosperó pero al menos llevó computadoras a países en desarrollo,
03:26
It didn't scale
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03:27
but it at least was bringing computers
to developing countries
to developing countries
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03:32
and learning pretty quickly
that these kids,
that these kids,
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y aprendimos rápidamente que estos niños...
si bien el inglés no era su idioma,
03:35
even though English wasn't their language,
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y el alfabeto latino apenas les era familiar,
03:37
the Latin alphabet
barely was their language,
barely was their language,
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se sentían como peces en el agua;
03:40
but they could just swim like fish.
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podían tocar los teclados como pianos.
03:42
They could play these like pianos.
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Hace poco me involucré personalmente.
03:46
A little bit more recently,
I got involved personally.
I got involved personally.
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03:50
And these are two anecdotes --
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Y estas son dos anécdotas: una en Camboya,
03:52
one was in Cambodia,
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en una aldea sin electricidad, ni agua, ni televisión, ni teléfono,
03:54
in a village that has no electricity,
no water, no television, no telephone,
no water, no television, no telephone,
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pero ahora tiene banda ancha.
03:59
but has broadband Internet now.
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04:01
And these kids,
their first English word is "Google"
their first English word is "Google"
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La primera palabra en inglés de estos niños es "Google",
y sólo conocen Skype. No conocen la telefonía.
04:04
and they only know Skype.
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04:07
They've never heard of telephony.
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Bien, sólo usan Skype.
04:08
They just use Skype.
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Y por las noches en sus casas tienen banda ancha
04:11
And they go home at night --
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04:12
they've got a broadband connection
in a hut that doesn't have electricity.
in a hut that doesn't have electricity.
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en una choza sin electricidad.
04:16
The parents love it,
because when they open up the laptops,
because when they open up the laptops,
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A los padres les encanta, porque cuando encienden la laptop,
es la fuente de luz más brillante de la casa.
04:19
it's the brightest light source
in the house.
in the house.
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04:21
And talk about
where metaphors and reality mix --
where metaphors and reality mix --
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En cuanto a metáforas y realidades que se mezclan...
04:25
this is the actual school.
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esta es la escuela.
04:28
In parallel with this,
Seymour Papert got the governor of Maine
Seymour Papert got the governor of Maine
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Al mismo tiempo, Seymur Papert logró que el gobernador de Maine
04:33
to legislate one laptop per child
in the year 2002.
in the year 2002.
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legislara sobre Una Laptop Por Niño en 2002.
En ese momento 80% de los profesores se mostraban...
04:39
Now at the time, I think it's fair to say
that 80 percent of the teachers were --
that 80 percent of the teachers were --
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digamos, reticentes.
04:44
let me say, apprehensive.
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04:45
Really, they were actually against it.
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Realmente estaban completamente en contra.
04:47
And they really preferred
that the money would be used
that the money would be used
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Preferían que ese dinero se usara
en salarios, más escuelas, etc.
04:50
for higher salaries,
more schools, whatever.
more schools, whatever.
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04:52
And now, three and a half
years later, guess what?
years later, guess what?
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Ahora, tres años y medio después, adivinen.
04:56
They're reporting five things:
drop of truancy to almost zero,
drop of truancy to almost zero,
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Se informan cinco cosas.
Disminución de ausentismo a casi cero; las reuniones de padres...
05:03
attending parent-teacher meetings --
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a las que nadie asistía y ahora todos asisten
05:04
which nobody did
and now almost everybody does --
and now almost everybody does --
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Disminución de la indisciplina, aumento de la participación estudiantil.
05:07
drop in discipline problems,
increase in student participation.
increase in student participation.
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05:11
Teachers are now saying
it's kind of fun to teach.
it's kind of fun to teach.
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Los maestros ahora dicen que enseñar es divertido;
los niños están entusiasmados. Tienen laptops.
05:13
Kids are engaged -- they have laptops! --
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Y el quinto punto, el que más me interesa,
05:17
and then the fifth,
which interests me the most,
which interests me the most,
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es que los servidores tienen que apagarse a cierta hora de la noche
05:19
is that the servers have to be turned off
at certain times at night
at certain times at night
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05:22
because the teachers
are getting too much email
are getting too much email
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porque los profesores reciben demasiados correos
de los niños solicitándoles ayuda.
05:25
from the kids asking them for help.
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Así, cuando vemos esas cosas, no es necesario hacer más pruebas.
05:27
So when you see that kind of thing --
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05:29
this is not something
that you have to test.
that you have to test.
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Se acabaron los proyectos pilotos, donde se decía:
05:31
The days of pilot projects are over,
when people say,
when people say,
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05:33
"We'd like to do three or four thousand
in our country to see how it works."
in our country to see how it works."
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"Bueno, probaremos tres o cuatro mil en nuestro país y veremos qué pasa".
Olvídenlo. Vaya al final de la cola, que otro lo hará
05:37
Screw you. Go to the back of the line
and someone else will do it,
and someone else will do it,
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y cuando vean que esto funciona, pueden sumarse también.
05:41
and then when you figure out
that this works, you can join as well.
that this works, you can join as well.
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Y esto es lo que estamos haciendo.
05:45
And this is what we're doing.
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(Risas) (Aplausos)
05:48
(Laughter) (Applause)
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Una Laptop por Niño se constituyó hace un año y medio.
05:50
So, One Laptop Per Child
was formed about a year and a half ago.
was formed about a year and a half ago.
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Es una organización sin fines de lucro que recaudó unos 20 millones de dólares
05:55
It's a nonprofit association.
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05:57
It raised about 20 million dollars
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para la ingeniería previa y la construcción posterior.
05:59
to do the engineering
to just get this built,
to just get this built,
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06:03
and then have it produced afterwards.
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La escala es en verdad importante.
06:05
Scale is truly important.
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No porque se puedan comprar componentes a precios bajos...
06:08
And it's not important because you can
buy components at a lower price, OK?
buy components at a lower price, OK?
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sino porque se puede ir al fabricante...
06:14
It's because you can go
to a manufacturer --
to a manufacturer --
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(no lo voy a mencionar)
06:17
and I will leave the name out --
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queríamos una pantalla pequeña, no requería perfecta uniformidad de color,
06:18
but we wanted a small display,
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06:22
doesn't have to have
perfect color uniformity.
perfect color uniformity.
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podía faltarle uno o dos píxeles, o no ser tan brillante.
06:26
It can even have a pixel or two missing.
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06:28
It doesn't have to be that bright.
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Y este fabricante en particular dijo:
06:31
And this particular manufacturer said,
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06:33
"We're not interested in that.
We're interested in the living room.
We're interested in the living room.
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"Bien, no nos interesa. Nos interesa la sala de estar,
la perfecta uniformidad de color,
06:36
We're interested
in perfect color uniformity.
in perfect color uniformity.
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Nos interesan pantallas grandes, pantallas brillantes.
06:38
We're interested in big displays,
bright displays.
bright displays.
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Ustedes no son parte de nuestro plan estratégico".
06:41
You're not part of our strategic plan."
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Y yo dije: "Bueno, es una lástima,
06:44
And I said, "That's kind of too bad,
because we need 100 million units a year."
because we need 100 million units a year."
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porque necesitamos 100 millones por año".
06:47
(Laughter)
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Y dijeron: "Bueno, quizá podamos formar parte de su plan estratégico".
06:49
And they said, "Oh, well, maybe we could
become part of your strategic plan."
become part of your strategic plan."
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06:53
And that's why scale counts.
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Por eso es que importa la escala.
06:55
And that's why we will not launch this
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Y por eso no lo lanzaremos sin contar con 5 a 10 millones de unidades iniciales.
06:58
without five to 10 million units
in the first run.
in the first run.
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La idea es lanzarlo con una escala suficiente
07:02
And the idea is
to launch with enough scale
to launch with enough scale
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que ayude a bajar el precio,
07:05
that the scale itself
helps bring the price down,
helps bring the price down,
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07:07
and that's why I said
seven to 10 million there.
seven to 10 million there.
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por eso dije de 7 a 10 millones.
Y lo estamos haciendo sin equipo de marketing y ventas.
07:11
And we're doing it
without a sales-and-marketing team.
without a sales-and-marketing team.
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Quiero decir, yo soy el equipo de ventas y marketing.
07:14
I mean, you're looking
at the sales-and-marketing team.
at the sales-and-marketing team.
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07:17
We will do it by going
to seven large countries
to seven large countries
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Lo haremos yendo a siete países grandes para acordar el lanzamiento,
07:21
and getting them to agree and launch it,
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y los demás nos seguirán.
07:24
and then the others can follow.
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07:26
We have partners.
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Tenemos socios; es fácil adivinar que Google será uno de ellos,
07:28
It's not hard to guess
Google would be one.
Google would be one.
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los demás están en suspenso.
07:30
The others are all playing to pending.
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Esto ha recibido mucha cobertura de prensa.
07:34
And this has been
in the press a great deal.
in the press a great deal.
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Es la llamada Máquina Verde que presentamos con Kofi Annan
07:36
It's the so-called Green Machine
that we introduced with Kofi Annan
that we introduced with Kofi Annan
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en noviembre, en la Cumbre Mundial de Túnez.
07:42
in November at the World Summit
that was held in Tunisia.
that was held in Tunisia.
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La gente ve esto y dice: ah, es un proyecto de laptops.
07:47
Now once people start looking at this,
they say, "Ah, this is a laptop project."
they say, "Ah, this is a laptop project."
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07:52
Well, no, it's not a laptop project.
It's an education project.
It's an education project.
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Bueno, no, no lo es. Es un proyecto educativo.
07:56
And the fun part --
and I'm quite focused on it --
and I'm quite focused on it --
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Y lo gracioso es que (me he concentrado en esto)
07:59
I tell people I used to be a light bulb,
but now I'm a laser --
but now I'm a laser --
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le digo a la gente que yo solía ser un foco pero ahora soy un láser.
Sólo quiero que esto sea realidad
08:03
I'm just going to get that thing built,
and it turns out it's not so hard.
and it turns out it's not so hard.
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y resulta que no es tan difícil.
Porque los costos de las laptops son los siguientes:
08:10
Because laptop economics
are the following:
are the following:
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el 50%, o mejor el 60%,
08:13
I say 50 percent here --
it's more like 60,
it's more like 60,
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08:15
60 percent of the cost of your laptop
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el 60% del costo de una laptop va a ventas, marketing, distribución y utilidades.
08:17
is sales, marketing,
distribution and profit.
distribution and profit.
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08:20
Now we have none of those, OK?
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No tenemos nada de eso aquí, ¿bien?
Nada de eso entra en nuestro costo.
08:23
None of those figure into our cost,
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Porque vendemos al costo y los gobiernos las distribuyen.
08:26
because first of all, we sell it at cost,
and the governments distribute it.
and the governments distribute it.
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08:30
It gets distributed
to the school system like a textbook.
to the school system like a textbook.
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Se distribuyen a través del sistema educativo como un libro.
08:34
So that piece disappears.
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Así que esa parte del costo desaparece, y nos quedamos con la pantalla y el resto.
08:36
Then you have display and everything else.
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La pantalla de una laptop cuesta, aproximadamente,
08:39
Now the display on your laptop costs,
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08:42
in rough numbers,
10 dollars a diagonal inch.
10 dollars a diagonal inch.
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10 dólares por pulgada diagonal.
08:47
That can drop to eight;
it can drop to seven
it can drop to seven
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Y eso puede bajar a 8, puede bajar a 7,
08:49
but it's not going to drop to two,
or to one and a half,
or to one and a half,
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pero no va a bajar a 2, o 1.5,
08:52
unless we do some pretty clever things.
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a menos que actuemos ingeniosamente.
El resto (esa cajita marrón) es fascinante,
08:56
It's the rest -- that little brown box --
that is pretty fascinating,
that is pretty fascinating,
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porque el resto de la laptop está dedicada a sí misma.
09:01
because the rest of your laptop
is devoted to itself.
is devoted to itself.
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Es como una persona obesa que usa la mayor parte
09:06
It's a little bit like an obese person
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09:09
having to use most of their energy
to move their obesity.
to move their obesity.
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de su energía en mover su obesidad, ¿bien?
09:12
(Laughter)
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09:13
And we have a situation today
which is incredible.
which is incredible.
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Y hoy vemos una situación increíble.
Uso laptops desde que salieron.
09:19
I've been using laptops
since their inception.
since their inception.
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Hoy mi laptop es más lenta, menos confiable y placentera que antes.
09:22
And my laptop runs slower,
less reliably and less pleasantly
less reliably and less pleasantly
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09:27
than it ever has before.
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Y este año es peor.
09:30
And this year is worse.
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Hoy la gente aplaude, a veces de pie, y digo:
09:32
(Applause)
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09:33
People clap, sometimes
you even get standing ovations,
you even get standing ovations,
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09:36
and I say, "What the hell's wrong
with you? Why are we all sitting there?"
with you? Why are we all sitting there?"
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"¿Qué les pasa? ¿Por qué quedamos ahí sentados?"
09:40
And somebody -- to remain nameless --
called our laptop a "gadget" recently.
called our laptop a "gadget" recently.
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Alguien, que no mencionaré, llamó a nuestra laptop un dispositivo.
Y dije: Dios, nuestra laptop va a ir rapidísimo.
09:46
And I said, "God, our laptop's going to go
like a bat out of hell.
like a bat out of hell.
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Cuando la abran: ¡bingo! Estará encendida, lista para usar.
09:50
When you open it up,
it's going to go 'bing.'"
it's going to go 'bing.'"
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09:52
It'll be on.
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09:54
It'll be just like it was in 1985,
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Va a ser como en 1985, cuando uno compraba una Apple Macintosh 512.
09:57
when you bought an Apple Macintosh 512.
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Funcionaba muy bien.
10:02
It worked really well.
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Hemos ido empeorando continuamente.
10:04
And we've been going steadily downhill.
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La gente siempre pregunta qué es.
10:07
Now, people ask all the time what it is.
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Es eso.
10:11
That's what it is.
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Las dos cosas más notables: será una red de malla,
10:13
The two pieces that are probably notable:
it'll be a mesh network,
it'll be a mesh network,
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10:18
so when the kids open up their laptops,
they all become a network,
they all become a network,
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cuando los niños abran sus laptops conformarán una red,
sólo se necesita uno o dos puntos de distribución.
10:22
and then just need
one or two points of backhaul.
one or two points of backhaul.
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Puede darse acceso a un par de miles de niños con 2Mb.
10:25
You can serve a couple of thousand kids
with two megabits.
with two megabits.
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Se brinda acceso a una aldea,
10:28
So you really can bring into a village,
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10:31
and then the villages
can connect themselves,
can connect themselves,
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y luego las aldeas pueden comunicarse,
puede hacerse bastante bien.
10:33
and you really can do it quite well.
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La pantalla bimodo: la idea es tener una pantalla que funcione al aire libre
10:36
The dual mode display --
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10:38
the idea is to have a display
that both works outdoors --
that both works outdoors --
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¿no es genial usar el celular al aire libre?
10:43
isn't it fun using your cell phone
outdoors in the sunlight?
outdoors in the sunlight?
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Bueno, la pantalla no se puede ver.
10:47
Well, you can't see it.
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10:48
And one of the reasons you can't see it
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Una de las causas es la iluminación de fondo
10:50
is because it's backlighting
most of the time, most cell phones.
most of the time, most cell phones.
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de los celulares.
Ahora estamos haciendo iluminación de frente y de fondo.
10:54
Now, what we're doing is, we're doing one
that will be both frontlit and backlit.
that will be both frontlit and backlit.
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Ya sea manualmente o por software, se verá.
10:59
And whether you manually switch it
or you do it in the software
or you do it in the software
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11:03
is to be seen.
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Cuando es de fondo, es a color...
11:04
But when it's backlit, it's color.
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11:06
And when it's frontlit,
it's black and white
it's black and white
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y de frente es en blanco y negro, a tres veces la resolución.
11:08
at three times the resolution.
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¿Está todo resuelto? No.
11:10
Is it all worked out? No.
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11:13
That's why a lot of our people are
more or less living in Taiwan right now.
more or less living in Taiwan right now.
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Por eso mucha de nuestra gente ahora casi vive en Taiwan.
11:18
And in about 30 days,
we'll know for sure whether this works.
we'll know for sure whether this works.
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En 30 días sabremos si funcionó.
Probablemente lo más importante
11:22
Probably the most important piece there
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es que los niños pueden hacer el mantenimiento.
11:27
is that the kids
really can do the maintenance.
really can do the maintenance.
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y esto, de nuevo, es algo que la gente no cree,
11:30
And this is again something
that people don't believe,
that people don't believe,
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pero pienso que es verdad.
11:33
but I really think it's quite true.
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Esa es la máquina que mostramos en Túnez
11:36
That's the machine we showed in Tunis.
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y esta es la dirección en la que vamos.
11:41
This is more the direction
that we're going to go.
that we're going to go.
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11:44
And it's something
that we didn't think was possible.
that we didn't think was possible.
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Es algo que pensábamos imposible.
11:47
Now, I'm going to pass this around.
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Iré pasando esto.
No es un diseño, ¿bien?
11:51
This isn't a design, OK?
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Es como un dispositivo mecánico para jugar.
11:53
So this is just a mechanical
engineering sort of embodiment of it
engineering sort of embodiment of it
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11:58
for you to play with.
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Claramente, es un modelo.
11:59
And it's clearly just a model.
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El original está en MIT.
12:01
The working one is at MIT.
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Lo voy a pasar a este guapo caballero.
12:04
I'm going to pass it
to this handsome gentleman.
to this handsome gentleman.
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Luego decidan si va a la izquierda o...
12:07
At least you can decide
whether it goes left or --
whether it goes left or --
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12:09
Chris Anderson: Before you do it,
for the people down in simulcast --
for the people down in simulcast --
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...el simulcast, lo siento. Lo olvidé. Bien, donde esté la cámara...
12:12
Nicholas Negroponte: Sorry! I forgot.
CA: Just show it off a bit.
CA: Just show it off a bit.
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Bien, buen punto. Gracias, Chris.
12:15
So wherever the camera is --
OK, good point. Thank you, Chris.
OK, good point. Thank you, Chris.
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La idea era que no sería sólo una laptop
12:19
The idea was that
it would be not only a laptop,
it would be not only a laptop,
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sino que pudiera transformarse en un libro electrónico.
12:22
but that it could transform
into an electronic book.
into an electronic book.
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Es una especie de libro electrónico.
12:26
So it's sort of an electronic book.
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Así se ve al aire libre, en blanco y negro.
12:27
This is where when you go outside,
it's in black and white.
it's in black and white.
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Faltan los botones de juegos, será para juegos y libros.
12:30
The games buttons are missing,
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12:32
but it'll also be a games machine,
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12:34
book machine.
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1337
Puesto así es un televisor.
12:36
Set it up this way,
and it's a television set.
and it's a television set.
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Etc., etc. ¿Suficiente? Bien, lo siento.
12:38
Etc., etc. -- is that enough
for simulcast? OK, sorry.
for simulcast? OK, sorry.
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Dejaré que Jim decida cómo enviarlas después.
12:44
I'll let Jim decide
which way to send it afterwards.
which way to send it afterwards.
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Siete países. (Risas)
12:47
OK. Seven countries.
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12:49
(Laughter)
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Quizás para Massachusetts, porque tienen que ofertar.
12:51
I say "maybe" for Massachusetts,
because they actually have to do a bid.
because they actually have to do a bid.
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Por ley hay que ofertar y todo eso.
12:56
By law you've got to bid,
and so on and so forth.
and so on and so forth.
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Por eso casi no puedo nombrarlos.
12:58
So I can't quite name them.
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En otros casos no es necesario. Pueden decidir.
13:00
In the other cases,
they don't have to do bids.
they don't have to do bids.
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13:03
They can decide --
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Es el gobierno federal en cada caso.
13:04
it's the federal government in each case.
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Es un poco angustiante; muchos dicen:
13:06
It's kind of agonizing,
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"Bien, hagámoslo a nivel estatal".
13:08
because a lot of people say,
"Let's do it at the state level,"
"Let's do it at the state level,"
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Por supuesto, los estados son más ágiles dado su tamaño.
13:10
because states are more nimble
than the feds, just because of size.
than the feds, just because of size.
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Y todavía esperamos.
13:15
And yet we count.
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Tratamos con el gobierno federal;
13:17
We're really dealing
with the federal government.
with the federal government.
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en realidad con los ministerios de educación.
13:19
We're really dealing
with ministries of education.
with ministries of education.
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13:21
And if you look at governments
around the world,
around the world,
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Y si miramos los gobiernos del mundo
los ministerios de educación tienden a ser más conservadores
13:24
ministries of education
tend to be the most conservative,
tend to be the most conservative,
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y a tener nóminas enormes.
13:28
and also the ones that have huge payrolls.
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Todos piensan que saben de educación,
13:32
Everybody thinks
they know about education,
they know about education,
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pero hay mucho de cultura también.
13:34
a lot of culture is built into it as well.
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Es difícil. Por cierto, es el camino más difícil.
13:37
It's really hard.
And so it's certainly the hard road.
And so it's certainly the hard road.
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Los países están distribuidos geoculturalmente.
13:41
If you look at the countries,
they're pretty geoculturally distributed.
they're pretty geoculturally distributed.
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13:45
Have they all agreed? No, not completely.
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¿Hay acuerdo unánime? No, no totalmente;
quizá Tailandia, Brasil y Nigeria son los tres más activos
13:48
Probably Thailand, Brazil and Nigeria
257
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13:50
are the three that are
the most active and most agreed.
the most active and most agreed.
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donde casi hay consenso.
Adrede, no hemos firmando nada con nadie
13:53
We're purposely
not signing anything with anybody
not signing anything with anybody
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hasta tener los casos testigo.
13:56
until we actually have the working ones.
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Y ya que visito cada país al menos cada tres meses,
13:59
And since I visit
each one of those countries
each one of those countries
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14:01
within at least every three months,
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doy la vuelta al mundo cada tres semanas.
14:04
I'm just going around the world
every three weeks.
every three weeks.
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Este es un cronograma,
14:07
Here's sort of the schedule
264
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14:08
and I put at the bottom we might give some
away free in two years at this meeting.
away free in two years at this meeting.
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y abajo anoté que podríamos regalarlas aquí, en dos años.
Todos dicen que no podremos hacer una laptop de 100 dólares.
14:15
Everybody says it's a $100 laptop --
266
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14:18
you can't do it.
267
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1151
Y adivinen qué: no podemos.
14:19
Well, guess what, we're not.
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1402
Probablemente alcancemos los $135. Luego bajará.
14:20
We're coming in probably at 135,
to start, then drift down.
to start, then drift down.
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5056
Eso es muy importante
14:26
And that's very important,
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1456
14:27
because so many things hit the market
at a price and then drift up.
at a price and then drift up.
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5296
porque muchas cosas entran a un precio y luego suben.
Primero a pérdida y luego, cuando se pone interesante,
14:32
It's kind of the loss leader,
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14:34
and then as soon as it looks interesting,
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o no puede costearse o no se puede escalar.
14:37
it can't be afforded,
or it can't be scaled out.
or it can't be scaled out.
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Estamos proyectando 50 dólares para 2010.
14:39
So we're targeting 50 dollars in 2010.
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El mercado alternativo es importante. Una de las formas, sólo una,
14:43
The gray market's a big issue.
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14:45
And one of the ways -- just one --
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una de las formas de ayudar en los mercados alternativos
14:47
but one of the ways to help
in the case of the gray market
in the case of the gray market
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es hacer algo totalmente único.
14:51
is to make something
that is so utterly unique --
that is so utterly unique --
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Es como con los autos...
14:54
It's a little bit like the fact
that automobiles --
that automobiles --
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3616
miles de automóviles son robados cada día en EE.UU.
14:57
thousands of automobiles
are stolen every day in the United States.
are stolen every day in the United States.
281
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3656
15:01
Not one single
post-office truck is stolen.
post-office truck is stolen.
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2936
pero nadie roba un camión del correo. Bien, ¿por qué?
15:04
(Laughter)
283
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15:05
And why?
284
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1176
Porque no hay un mercado para los camiones del correo.
15:06
Because there's no market
for post-office trucks.
for post-office trucks.
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2336
Parece un camión de correo.
15:09
It looks like a post-office truck.
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1736
Puedes pintarlo, o hacer cualquier cosa.
15:11
You can spray paint it.
You can do anything you want.
You can do anything you want.
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Hace poco supe que no robaban Volvos blancos en Sudáfrica.
15:13
I just learned recently: in South Africa,
no white Volvos are stolen.
no white Volvos are stolen.
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4195
Punto. Ninguno. Cero.
15:17
Period. None. Zero.
289
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Queremos hacerlas como un Volvo blanco.
15:19
So we want to make it
very much like a white Volvo.
very much like a white Volvo.
290
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4015
Cada gobierno tiene un grupo de trabajo. Esto puede ser menos interesante,
15:24
Each government has a task force.
291
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2216
15:26
This perhaps is less interesting,
292
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pero tratamos de lograr que los gobiernos trabajen juntos, y no es fácil.
15:28
but we're trying to get the governments
to all work together
to all work together
293
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2905
15:30
and it's not easy.
294
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2435
El plan comercial consiste en comenzar con los gobiernos federales,
15:34
The economics of this
is to start with the federal governments
is to start with the federal governments
295
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5047
y más tarde pasar a otros...
15:39
and then later,
to subsequently go to other --
to subsequently go to other --
296
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6982
sea un financiamiento niño a niño
15:46
whether it's child-to-child funding,
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así un niño compra una para un niño de otro país en desarrollo,
15:48
so a child in this country buys one
for a child in the developing world,
for a child in the developing world,
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923877
4459
quizás del mismo género y edad.
15:53
maybe of the same gender,
maybe of the same age.
maybe of the same age.
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3096
Un tío le regala una a un sobrino para su cumpleaños.
15:56
An uncle gives a niece or a nephew that
as a birthday present.
as a birthday present.
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3696
Como digo, sucederán todo tipo de cosas,
16:00
I mean, there are all sorts of things
that will happen,
that will happen,
301
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2696
16:02
and they'll be very, very exciting.
302
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todas muy, muy interesantes.
16:04
And everybody says -- I say --
it's an education project.
it's an education project.
303
939840
4995
Y todos dicen, yo lo digo, es un proyecto educativo.
¿Proveemos el software?
16:09
Are we providing the software?
304
944859
1997
La respuesta es que, obviamente, el sistema tiene software,
16:11
The answer is:
305
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1485
16:13
The system certainly has software,
306
948389
1627
pero no, no proveemos el contenido educativo.
16:14
but no, we're not providing
the education content.
the education content.
307
950040
3136
Eso se elabora en los países.
16:18
That is really done in the countries.
308
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4096
Somos construccionistas.
16:22
But we are certainly constructionists.
309
957320
2076
Creemos que se aprende haciendo
16:24
And we certainly believe
in learning by doing
in learning by doing
310
959420
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16:26
and everything from Logo,
which was started in 1968,
which was started in 1968,
311
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y todo, desde Logo, que comenzó en 1968
16:30
to more modern things, like Scratch,
if you've ever even heard of it,
if you've ever even heard of it,
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hasta el más moderno Scratch (no sé si lo conocen)
vienen incluidos.
16:35
are very, very much part of it.
313
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2056
Ese es el lanzamiento.
16:37
And that's the rollout.
314
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1843
¿Estamos soñando? ¿Es real? Sí, lo es.
16:40
Are we dreaming? Is this real?
315
975880
2239
16:42
It actually is real.
316
978143
1665
La única crítica- la gente en verdad no quiere criticar,
16:45
The only criticism, and people
really don't want to criticize this,
really don't want to criticize this,
317
980760
4736
porque es un esfuerzo humanitario, sin fines de lucro,
16:50
because it is a humanitarian effort,
a nonprofit effort
a nonprofit effort
318
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3856
y criticarlo sería algo tonto.
16:54
and to criticize it
is a little bit stupid, actually.
is a little bit stupid, actually.
319
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3816
16:58
(Laughter)
320
993240
1216
Pero algo criticable era:
16:59
But the one thing
that people could criticize was,
that people could criticize was,
321
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6136
es una buena idea pero no podrán hacerlo.
17:05
"Great idea, but these guys can't do it."
322
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3564
Eso podría significar que estos tipos, profesores, etc., no podrán hacerlo
17:09
And that could either mean these guys,
professors and so on couldn't do it,
professors and so on couldn't do it,
323
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4176
17:13
or that it's not possible.
324
1009000
1976
o que no es posible.
17:15
Well, on December 12, a company
called Quanta agreed to build it,
called Quanta agreed to build it,
325
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5696
Bien, el 12 de diciembre una empresa llamada Quanta acordó contruirla
y dado que hoy hacen un tercio de las laptops del planeta
17:21
and since they make about one-third
of all the laptops on the planet today,
of all the laptops on the planet today,
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17:26
that question disappeared.
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esa pregunta desapareció.
17:28
So it's not a matter
of whether it's going to happen.
of whether it's going to happen.
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Así que no dudamos si sucederá o no. Va a suceder.
17:31
It is going to happen.
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17:32
And if it comes out
at 138 dollars, so what?
at 138 dollars, so what?
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Y si cuesta 138 dólares, ¿qué?
Y si sale seis meses más tarde, ¿qué?
17:37
If it comes out six months late, so what?
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Es un aterrizaje bastante suave. Gracias.
17:40
That's a pretty soft landing. Thank you.
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(Aplausos)
17:42
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nicholas Negroponte - Tech visionaryThe founder of the MIT Media Lab, Nicholas Negroponte pushed the edge of the information revolution as an inventor, thinker and angel investor. He's the driving force behind One Laptop per Child, building computers for children in the developing world.
Why you should listen
A pioneer in the field of computer-aided design, Negroponte founded (and was the first director of) MIT's Media Lab, which helped drive the multimedia revolution and now houses more than 500 researchers and staff across a broad range of disciplines. An original investor in Wired (and the magazine's "patron saint"), for five years he penned a column exploring the frontiers of technology -- ideas that he expanded into his 1995 best-selling book Being Digital. An angel investor extraordinaire, he's funded more than 40 startups, and served on the boards of companies such as Motorola and Ambient Devices.
But his latest effort, the One Laptop per Child project, may prove his most ambitious. The organization is designing, manufacturing and distributing low-cost, wireless Internet-enabled computers costing roughly $100 and aimed at children. Negroponte hopes to put millions of these devices in the hands of children in the developing world.
Nicholas Negroponte | Speaker | TED.com