Mohamed Hijri: A simple solution to the coming phosphorus crisis
محمد هجرى: راه حلى ساده براى بحران آتى فسفر
Mohamed Hijri studies arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), seeking to understand the structure, evolution and reproduction of these organisms, which form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots. Full bio
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by asking you a question:
with the blue algae problem?
it's a serious issue.
blue algae-contaminated water,
I won't be talking about blue algae.
قصد ندارم راجع به جلبك آبى صحبت كنم.
I'll be talking about the main cause
در مورد علت اصلى كه ريشه در اين
the phosphorus crisis.
اشاره مىكنم.
about the phosphorus crisis today?
درباره بحران فسفر صحبت كنم؟
that nobody else is talking about it.
كه هيچكس ديگهاى راجع بهش حرف نمىزنه.
I hope that the general public
اميدوارم كه مردم عادى
and this issue.
آگاهى پيدا كنند.
in this situation with blue algae?
كنونى با جلبك آبى پيدا مىكنيم؟
that it comes from how we farm.
ناشى از نحوه كشاورزى كردنمان است.
chemical fertilizers.
كودهاى شيميايى.
in agriculture?
and to produce a better yield.
that is without precedent.
a crash course in plant biology.
درباره زیست شناسی گیاهی بدهم.
in order to grow?
needs light, it needs CO2,
به نور نياز دارد، به كربن دىاكسيد نياز دارد،
it needs nutrients,
به مواد مغذى نياز دارد.
are essential chemical elements:
عناصر شيميايى اساسى هستند:
these resources.
that is linked to phosphorus.
the most problematic chemical element.
پرمساله ترین عنصر شیمیاییست.
you will have seen
خواهيد ديد
and where we are today.
و جاييكه ما امروز هستيم.
This is a very important point.
اين نكته خيلى مهمى است.
what the phosphorus issue is.
دقيقاً چيه؟
in several molecules,
در مولكولهای مختلف است،
is phosphorus-based --
These are called phospholipids.
آنها فسفوليپد نام دارند.
ATP, is phosphorus-based.
ATP، مبناى فسفرى دارد.
phosphorus is a key component of DNA,
فسفر جزء كليدى DNA است،
and which is shown in this image.
و در اين تصوير نشان داده ميشود.
phosphorus is a key player.
فسفر بازيگر كليدى است.
from the soil, through water.
استخراج مىكنند، از طريق آب.
from the things we eat:
جيزهايى كه مىخوريم مىگيريم.
eat better than others.
تغذيه بهترى از بقيه دارند.
which speaks for itself,
كه بحد كافى گوياست،
as intensive agriculture.
on the use of chemical fertilizers.
از كودهاى شيميايى است.
we would not manage to produce enough
ما قادر به توليد كافى
7 billion of us on Earth.
٧ ميليارد نفر از ما روى زمين است.
there will be 9 billion of us.
٩ ميليارد نفر از ما خواهد بود.
Do we have enough phosphorus
آيا فسفر كافى براى تغذيه
where do we find our phosphorus?
كجا فسفر را پيدا مىكنيم؟
100 percent of a given dose of phosphorus.
دز معينى از فسفر را استفاده مىكنيم.
Eighty-five percent is lost.
85 درصد هدر می رود.
ending its journey in the lakes,
سفرش را در درياچهها به اتمام مىرساند،
which leads to the blue algae problem.
كه به مشكل جلبك آبى منتهى مىگردد.
something that is illogical.
چيزى كه غيرمنطقى است.
but only 15 percent goes to the plant.
اما تنها ١٥ درصد آن به گياه مىرود.
is that it is very expensive.
خيلى گرون هست.
out the window,
را دور بريزه.
that's what is happening here.
اين اتفاقى كه در اينجا رخ ميده.
depends on phosphorus.
متكى به فسفره.
to the plant, all the rest is lost,
this phosphorus from?
of an extraordinary article
مقاله فوقالعادهاى كه
about the phosphorus crisis.
which is becoming increasingly scarce,
كه بطور فزايندهاى رو به كمياب شدن گذاشته،
Politicians and scientists are in agreement
سياستمدارها و دانشمندان متفقالقول هستند
for a phosphorus crisis.
در پيش رو داريم.
is an open-pit mine in the U.S.,
یک معدن روباز در ايالات متحده است،
of the dimensions of this mine,
the little crane you can see,
جرثقيل كوچيكى را مىتوانيد ببينيد،
we talk about global warming,
درباره گرم شدن جهان حرف مىزنيم،
the phosphorus crisis.
oil is something we can replace.
نفت چيزيه كه ميتوانيم جايگزين كنيم.
but phosphorus is an essential element,
اما فسفر عنصرى لازم است،
and we can’t replace it.
و نمىتوانيم آن را جايگزين كنيم.
of the world's phosphorus reserves?
فسفر جهان چيست؟
of where we are today.
جاييكه امروزه قرار داريم، مىده.
for phosphorus reserves.
it will all be gone.
تمام خواهد شد.
I’ll be retired by then.
تا اون وقت بازنشسته مىشم.
for a major crisis,
بحرانى عمده مىرويم،
of this problem.
We are faced with a paradox.
با يك پارادوكس مواجهيم.
will be available.
موجود خواهد بود.
the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization,
سازمان كشاورزى و خوراك سازمان ملل،
in 2050 than we do today.
نياز خواهيم داشت.
but we'll need to produce more food.
اما خوراك بيشترى لازم كه توليد كنيم.
or an alternative
داريم
phosphorus use?
از فسفر كنه؟
that has existed for a very long time,
براى مدت خيلى طولانى وجود داشته،
that is very mysterious,
خيلى اسرارآميزه،
and yet also extremely complex.
و همچنين هنوز خيلى پيچيده است.
for over 16 years now.
قارچ كوچولو شدهام.
for my laboratory research.
آزمايشگاهيم استفاده كردم.
with the roots.
and mutually beneficial association
of a mycorrhiza.
را شرح مىدهد.
all by itself.
which surrounds it.
the root is ineffective.
ريشه ناكارآمد است.
in its search for phosphorus.
فراتر نميتونه بره.
microscopic mushroom.
كوچك ميكروسكوپى را تصور كنيد.
to seek out phosphorus.
خيلى بهتر طراحى شده.
the root’s one-millimeter scope
حوزه يك ميليمترى ريشه بره
for 450 million years.
has evolved and adapted to seek out
طورى تكامل و سازگارى يافته است
and to put it to use,
in the real world, is a carrot root,
در دنياى واقعى، ريشه هويج است،
with its very fine filaments.
با تارهاى خيلى ريزش.
we can see that this mushroom
ميتونيد ببينيد كه اين قارچ
between the root's cells,
تكثير خواهد شد،
a typical arbuscular structure,
the exchange interface
that mutual exchanges will occur.
I’m going to reduce it to 25 percent.
ميخوام اون را ٢٥ درصد كاهش بدم و
most will benefit the plant,
بيشتر به گياه منفعت مىرسد
will remain in the soil.
در خاك باقى خواهد ماند.
we don't even need to add phosphorus.
ما حتى نياز به افزودن فسفر نداريم.
I showed you earlier,
اونها كه قبل تر نشون دادم،
it is in insoluble form.
از نوع غيرقابلحل است.
soluble forms.
of dissolving this insoluble form
اين نوع حل شدنى
for the plant to use.
here is a picture that speaks for itself.
اينجا تصويرى هست كه خود گوياست.
in a field of sorghum.
در مزرعه ذرت خوشه اى است.
produced using conventional agriculture,
كه با استفاده از كشاورزی ىسنتی توليد شده،
the dose was reduced to 50 percent,
دز تا ٥٠ درصد كاهش داشته،
we achieved a better yield.
به محصول بهترى دست يافتيم.
that this method works.
كه چطور اين روش جواب ميده.
Mexico and India,
مكزيك و هند،
and in several other cases,
و در چندين مورد ديگر،
any phosphorus at all,
افزودن فسفر نيست،
and drawing it from the soil.
و
in Canada.
but not in the other.
اما در مزرعه ديگر نه.
and yellow a weaker yield.
I have invented nothing.
من چيزى اختراع نكردهام.
for 450 million years,
كه وجود داره.
modern-day plant species to diversify.
براى متنوع سازى كمك كرده است.
that is still undergoing lab tests.
یاز هم مورد تستهاى آزمايشگاهى قرار بگيره.
and commercialized worldwide.
و در سراسر جهان بصورت تجارى درآورده شده است.
that people are not aware of it.
مردم از اون آگاه نيستند.
are still not aware of this problem.
و كشاورزها هنوز از اين مشكل آگاهى ندارند.
will alleviate some of the pressure
كمى از فشاری كه به منابع فسفرى دنيا
on the world's phosphorus reserves.
كم مىكنه.
I am a scientist and a dreamer.
من يك دانشمند و يك روياپرداز هستم،
what my retirement dream is,
روياى بازنشستگى من چيست،
that phosphorus peak,
"Made with mycorrhiza,"
"ساخته شده با مايكوريزا" ،
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mohamed Hijri - BiologistMohamed Hijri studies arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), seeking to understand the structure, evolution and reproduction of these organisms, which form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots.
Why you should listen
Mohamed Hijri is a professor of biology and a researcher at the plant biology research institute (l'Institut de recherche en biologie végétale) at the Université de Montréal. His work focuses on the most common and widespread symbiotic relationship on earth -- between plant roots and a type of fungi found in the soil called arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These fungi improve plant growth by increasing roots' ability to absorb phosphorus, while also boosting resistance to pathogens.
As Hijri points out in his talk, the study of AMF and a deeper understanding of them could have big implications for agriculture and could help divert us from an impending crisis -- that we are quickly running out of phosphorus.
Mohamed Hijri | Speaker | TED.com