TEDYouth 2014
Nizar Ibrahim: How we unearthed the Spinosaurus
Nazar Ibrahim: Kako smo Spinosaurusa izveli na svjetlo dana
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Spinosaurus, "zmaj iz davnine", mesožder je dugačak 15 metara koji je lovio svoj plijen u rijekama prije 97 milijuna godina. Paleontolog Nizar Ibrahim i njegova skupina otkrili su nove kosti, skrivene u liticama marokanskog dijela Sahare, a govore nam o prvom plivajućem dinosauru koji je ujedno možda i najveći dinosaur mesožder u povijesti.
Nizar Ibrahim - Paleontologist
Nizar Ibrahim scours Northern Africa for clues to what things were like there in the Cretaceous period. A 2015 TED Fellow, he has spearheaded the recent search for the semi-aquatic dinosaur Spinosaurus. Full bio
Nizar Ibrahim scours Northern Africa for clues to what things were like there in the Cretaceous period. A 2015 TED Fellow, he has spearheaded the recent search for the semi-aquatic dinosaur Spinosaurus. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
These dragons from deep time
are incredible creatures.
are incredible creatures.
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Zmajevi iz davnine
nevjerojatna su stvorenja.
nevjerojatna su stvorenja.
Bizarni su,
00:17
They're bizzarre,
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00:19
they're beautiful,
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predivni
00:20
and there's very little
we know about them.
we know about them.
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i malo znamo o njima.
00:23
These thoughts were going
through my head
through my head
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Te su mi misli prolazile kroz glavu
00:26
when I looked at the pages of
my first dinosaur book.
my first dinosaur book.
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listajući stranice
moje prve knjige o dinosaurima.
moje prve knjige o dinosaurima.
00:30
I was about five years old at the time,
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Imao sam pet godina
00:33
and I decided there and then
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i tada sam odlučio
00:35
that I would become a paleontologist.
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da ću bit paleontolog.
00:37
Paleontology allowed me
to combine my love for animals
to combine my love for animals
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Paleontologija mi je omogućila
da spojim svoju ljubav prema životinjama
da spojim svoju ljubav prema životinjama
00:41
with my desire to travel to
far-flung corners of the world.
far-flung corners of the world.
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i želju za putovanjem u
zabačene kutke svijeta.
zabačene kutke svijeta.
00:45
And now, a few years later,
I've led several expeditions
I've led several expeditions
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I sada, nekoliko godina poslije,
vodio sam nekoliko ekspedicija
vodio sam nekoliko ekspedicija
00:48
to the ultimate far-flung corner
on this planet, the Sahara.
on this planet, the Sahara.
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u krajnje zabačeni dio planete, Saharu.
00:54
I've worked in the Sahara because
I've been on a quest
I've been on a quest
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Radio sam u Sahari jer sam bio u potrazi
00:58
to uncover new remains of
a bizarre, giant predatory dinosaur
a bizarre, giant predatory dinosaur
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za novim ostacima bizarnog,
divovskog dinosaura predatora
divovskog dinosaura predatora
01:03
called Spinosaurus.
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Spinosaurusa.
01:06
A few bones of this animal
have been found
have been found
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Kosti te životinje ronađene su
01:09
in the deserts of Egypt
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u egipatskoj pustinji
01:11
and were described about 100 years ago
by a German paleontologist.
by a German paleontologist.
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i prije otprilike 100 godina opisao ih je
njemački paleontolog.
njemački paleontolog.
01:16
Unfortunately, all his Spinosaurus bones
were destroyed in World War II.
were destroyed in World War II.
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Nažalost, sve njegove kosti Spinosaurusa
uništene su u Drugom svjetskom ratu.
uništene su u Drugom svjetskom ratu.
01:21
So all we're left with are just
a few drawings and notes.
a few drawings and notes.
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Ostalo je tek nekoliko
njegovih crteža i bilješke.
njegovih crteža i bilješke.
01:25
From these drawings,
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Iz tih crteža
01:27
we know that this creature, which lived
about 100 million years ago,
about 100 million years ago,
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znamo da je taj stvor živio
prije otprilike 100 milijuna godina,
prije otprilike 100 milijuna godina,
01:30
was very big,
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bio je velik,
01:32
it had tall spines on its back,
forming a magnificent sail,
forming a magnificent sail,
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imao je visoke kralješke na leđima
u obliku veličanstvenog jedra
u obliku veličanstvenog jedra
01:35
and it had long, slender jaws,
a bit like a crocodile,
a bit like a crocodile,
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i dugačku, tanku čeljust,
pomalo nalik na krokodila,
pomalo nalik na krokodila,
01:41
with conical teeth,
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s klinastim zubima
01:43
that may have been used
to catch slippery prey, like fish.
to catch slippery prey, like fish.
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koje je vjerojatno koristio
za lov skliskog plijena poput ribe.
za lov skliskog plijena poput ribe.
I to je bilo otprilike sve što smo znali
01:48
But that was pretty much
all we knew
all we knew
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01:50
about this animal for the next 100 years.
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o toj životinji sljedećih 100 godina.
01:58
My fieldwork took me to the border region
between Morocco and Algeria,
between Morocco and Algeria,
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Terenski rad odveo me
na granicu između Maroka i Alžira,
na granicu između Maroka i Alžira,
02:03
a place called the Kem Kem.
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na mjesto pod imenom Kem Kem.
02:05
It's a difficult place to work in.
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Nije tu lako raditi.
02:08
You have to deal with sandstorms
and snakes and scorpions,
and snakes and scorpions,
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Morate se boriti s pješčanim olujama,
zmijama i škorpionima,
zmijama i škorpionima,
02:11
and it's very difficult to find
good fossils there.
good fossils there.
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vrlo je teško tamo pronaći dobre fosile.
02:15
But our hard work paid off.
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Ali naš se težak rad isplatio.
02:17
We discovered many incredible specimens.
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Pronašli smo puno
nevjerojatnih primjeraka.
nevjerojatnih primjeraka.
02:20
There's the largest dinosaur bone
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Ovo je najdulja kost dinosaura
02:21
that had ever been found
in this part of the Sahara.
in this part of the Sahara.
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kad nađena u tom dijelu Sahare.
02:25
We found remains of giant
predatory dinosaurs,
predatory dinosaurs,
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Našli smo ostatke divovskih
dinosaura predatora,
dinosaura predatora,
02:28
medium-sized predatory dinosaurs,
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srednje-velikih dinsosaura predatora
02:31
and seven or eight different kinds
of crocodile-like hunters.
of crocodile-like hunters.
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i sedam ili osam različitih vrsta
grabežljivaca nalik krokodilima.
grabežljivaca nalik krokodilima.
Ti su se fosili nataložili
u riječnom sustavu.
u riječnom sustavu.
02:37
These fossils were deposited
in a river system.
in a river system.
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02:40
The river system was also home
to a giant, car-sized coelacanth,
to a giant, car-sized coelacanth,
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Riječni sustav bio je stanište
i divovskog Coelicantha veličine auta,
i divovskog Coelicantha veličine auta,
02:44
a monster sawfish,
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čudovišnom pilanu,
02:47
and the skies over the river system
were filled with pterosaurs,
were filled with pterosaurs,
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a nebo iznad riječnog sustava
bilo je napučeno pterosaurima,
bilo je napučeno pterosaurima,
02:51
flying reptiles.
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letećim gmazovima.
Bilo je to poprilično opasno mjesto,
02:53
It was a pretty dangerous place,
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02:55
not the kind of place where you'd want
to travel to if you had a time machine.
to travel to if you had a time machine.
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nije to baš mjesto koje biste htjeli
posjetiti da imate vremenski stroj.
posjetiti da imate vremenski stroj.
03:00
So we're finding all these
incredible fossils of animals
incredible fossils of animals
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Nalazili smo te nevjerojatne
životinjske fosile
životinjske fosile
03:03
that lived alongside Spinosaurus,
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koji su živjeli u vrijeme Spinosaurusaa,
03:05
but Spinosaurus itself proved
to be very elusive.
to be very elusive.
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ali sam Spinosaurus činio se nedostižan.
03:08
We were just finding bits and pieces
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Nalazili smo samo komadiće
03:10
and I was hoping that we'd find
a partial skeleton at some point.
a partial skeleton at some point.
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i nadao sam se da ćemo u
jednom trenutku naći djelomičan kostur.
jednom trenutku naći djelomičan kostur.
03:15
Finally, very recently,
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Konačno, nedavno,
03:17
we were able to track down a dig site
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uspjeli smo pronaći nalazište
03:20
where a local fossil hunter found
several bones of Spinosaurus.
several bones of Spinosaurus.
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gdje je lokalni lovac na fosile
pronašao kosti Spinosaurusa.
pronašao kosti Spinosaurusa.
03:25
We returned to the site,
we collected more bones.
we collected more bones.
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Vratili smo se na nalazište
i sakupili još kostiju.
i sakupili još kostiju.
03:28
And so after 100 years we finally
had another partial skeleton
had another partial skeleton
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I tako smo nakon 100 godina konačno
dobili još jedan djelomičan kostur
dobili još jedan djelomičan kostur
03:32
of this bizarre creature.
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tog bizarnog stvorenja.
03:34
And we were able to reconstruct it.
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Mogli smo ga i rekonstruirati.
03:36
We now know that
Spinosaurus had a head
Spinosaurus had a head
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Sada znamo da je Spinosaurus imao glavu
03:38
a little bit like a crocodile,
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pomalo nalik krokodilu,
znatno drugačiju od
ostalih dinosaura predatora,
ostalih dinosaura predatora,
03:39
very different from other
predatory dinosaurs,
predatory dinosaurs,
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03:42
very different from the T. rex.
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znatno drukčiju od Tiranosaura.
03:44
But the really interesting information
came from the rest of the skeleton.
came from the rest of the skeleton.
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Vrlo zanimljive informacije smo
dobili od ostatka kostura.
dobili od ostatka kostura.
03:49
We had long spines,
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Imao je dugačku kralježnicu
03:51
the spines forming the big sail.
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s kralješcima koji su oblikovali
ogromno jedro.
ogromno jedro.
03:53
We had leg bones, we had skull bones,
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Našli smo kosti nogu, lubanje,
03:55
we had paddle-shaped feet, wide feet --
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stopala u obliku vesla, široka stopala --
također vrlo neobična, nijedan
drugi dinosaur nema takva stopala.
drugi dinosaur nema takva stopala.
03:59
again, very unusual, no other
dinosaur has feet like this --
dinosaur has feet like this --
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04:02
and we think they may have been
used to walk on soft sediment,
used to walk on soft sediment,
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Smatramo da ih je koristio
za hodanje po mekanom mulju
za hodanje po mekanom mulju
04:05
or maybe for paddling in the water.
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ili možda za veslanje po vodi.
04:07
We also looked at the fine
microstructure of the bone,
microstructure of the bone,
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Proučili smo i mikrostrukturu kostiju,
04:11
the inside structure of Spinosaurus bones,
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unutrašnju strukturu kostiju Spinosaurusa
04:13
and it turns out that they're
very dense and compact.
very dense and compact.
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i ispada da su vrlo guste i kompaktne.
04:16
Again, this is something we see in animals
that spend a lot of time in the water,
that spend a lot of time in the water,
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To je također karakteristika životinja
koje provode mnogo vremena u vodi.
koje provode mnogo vremena u vodi.
04:19
it's useful for buoyancy
control in the water.
control in the water.
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Potrebne su za kontrolu plovnosti po vodi.
04:23
We C.T.-scanned all of our bones
and built a digital Spinosaurus skeleton.
and built a digital Spinosaurus skeleton.
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Napravili smo CT-snimak svih kostiju
i izgradili digitalni kostur Spinosaurusa.
i izgradili digitalni kostur Spinosaurusa.
04:28
And when we looked
at the digital skeleton,
at the digital skeleton,
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Kada smo promotrili digitalni kostur,
04:30
we realized that yes, this was
a dinosaur unlike any other.
a dinosaur unlike any other.
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shvatili smo da je to bio
dinosaur kao nijedan drugi.
dinosaur kao nijedan drugi.
04:35
It's bigger than a T. rex,
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Veći je od Tiranosaura
04:36
and yes, the head has "fish-eating"
written all over it,
written all over it,
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i glava mu je prilagođena jedenju ribe,
04:39
but really the entire skeleton has
"water-loving" written all over it --
"water-loving" written all over it --
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a cijeli je kostur prilagođen
životu u vodi:
životu u vodi:
04:43
dense bone, paddle-like feet,
and the hind limbs are reduced in size,
and the hind limbs are reduced in size,
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guste kosti, stopala u obliku vesla,
i kraći stražnji udovi,
i kraći stražnji udovi,
04:48
and again, this is something
we see in animals
we see in animals
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što je karakteristika životinja
04:50
that spend a substantial amount
of time in the water.
of time in the water.
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koje provode mnogo vremena u vodi.
04:54
So, as we fleshed out our Spinosaurus --
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Dodali smo meso našem Spinosaurusu i
04:58
I'm looking at muscle attachments
and wrapping our dinosaur in skin --
and wrapping our dinosaur in skin --
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promatrajući našeg Spinosura s
dodatcima mišića te obloženog kožom,
dodatcima mišića te obloženog kožom,
05:02
we realize that we're dealing
with a river monster,
with a river monster,
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shvaćamo da se radi o
vodenom čudovištu,
vodenom čudovištu,
05:06
a predatory dinosaur, bigger than T. rex,
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dinosauru predatoru, većem od Tiranosaura,
05:08
the ruler of this ancient river of giants,
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vladaru drevnih vodenih divova
05:11
feeding on the many aquatic animals
I showed you earlier on.
I showed you earlier on.
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koji se hranio vodenim životinjima
koje sam vam pokazao ranije.
koje sam vam pokazao ranije.
05:14
So that's really what makes this
an incredible discovery.
an incredible discovery.
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I to je ono što ovo čini
nevjerojatnim otkrićem.
nevjerojatnim otkrićem.
To je dinosaur kao niti jedan drugi.
05:17
It's a dinosaur like no other.
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05:18
And some people told me, "Wow,
this is a once-in-a-lifetime discovery.
this is a once-in-a-lifetime discovery.
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Ljudi su mi rekli: "Ovo je
otkriće koje se događa jednom u životu.
otkriće koje se događa jednom u životu.
05:22
There are not many things left
to discover in the world."
to discover in the world."
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Nema više puno toga
za otkriti na ovom svijetu."
za otkriti na ovom svijetu."
05:26
Well, I think nothing could be
further from the truth.
further from the truth.
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Uopće se ne slažem s time.
05:29
I think the Sahara's
still full of treasures,
still full of treasures,
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Mislim da je Sahara još
uvijek prepuna blaga
uvijek prepuna blaga
05:32
and when people tell me there are
no places left to explore,
no places left to explore,
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i kada mi ljudi kažu da nema
preostalih mjesta za istraživanje,
preostalih mjesta za istraživanje,
05:35
I like to quote a famous dinosaur hunter,
Roy Chapman Andrews,
Roy Chapman Andrews,
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citiram poznatog lovca na dinosaure
Roya Chapmana Andrewsa
Roya Chapmana Andrewsa
05:39
and he said, "Always, there has been
an adventure just around the corner --
an adventure just around the corner --
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koji je rekao: "Pustolovine
uvijek čekaju iza ugla,
uvijek čekaju iza ugla,
05:45
and the world is still full of corners."
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a svijet je prepun uglova."
05:47
That was true many decades ago
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To je vrijedilo prije mnogo desteljeća
05:49
when Roy Chapman Andrews
wrote these lines.
wrote these lines.
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kada je Roy Chapman Andrews
napisao te retke.
napisao te retke.
05:51
And it is still true today.
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A vrijedi i danas.
05:53
Thank you.
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Hvala.
05:54
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nizar Ibrahim - PaleontologistNizar Ibrahim scours Northern Africa for clues to what things were like there in the Cretaceous period. A 2015 TED Fellow, he has spearheaded the recent search for the semi-aquatic dinosaur Spinosaurus.
Why you should listen
Paleontologist Nizar Ibrahim, a postdoc at the University of Chicago, wanted to uncover the mystery of the Spinosaurus, a gigantic predatory dinosaur whose only known remains were lost during World War II. After identifying a new skeleton at a dig in North Africa, Ibrahim made the landmark conclusion that the Spinosaurus may have been the largest carnivorous dinosaur to ever live. Its crocodile-like head, dense bones, short legs, and wide, paddle feet suggest it was a water dweller unlike any other. “The entire skeleton has water-loving river monster written all over it,” he says.
Ibrahim is a TED Fellow and a National Geographic Emerging Explorer.
Nizar Ibrahim | Speaker | TED.com