TEDYouth 2014
Nizar Ibrahim: How we unearthed the Spinosaurus
Nizar Ibrahim: Kako smo otkrili spinosaurusa
Filmed:
Readability: 4.3
1,044,658 views
Mesojed dug 15 metara koji je svoj plen lovio u rekama pre 97 miliona godina - spinosaurus je "zmaj iz davnih vremena". Paleontolog Nizar Ibrahim i njegov tim našli su nove fosile, skrivene u pustinji Sahari u Moroku, i ti fosili nam pomažu da naučimo više o prvom dinosaurusu koji je plivao - i koji je možda bio i najveći dinosaurus mesojed uopšte.
Nizar Ibrahim - Paleontologist
Nizar Ibrahim scours Northern Africa for clues to what things were like there in the Cretaceous period. A 2015 TED Fellow, he has spearheaded the recent search for the semi-aquatic dinosaur Spinosaurus. Full bio
Nizar Ibrahim scours Northern Africa for clues to what things were like there in the Cretaceous period. A 2015 TED Fellow, he has spearheaded the recent search for the semi-aquatic dinosaur Spinosaurus. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
These dragons from deep time
are incredible creatures.
are incredible creatures.
0
988
4713
Ovi zmajevi iz davnih vremena
su predivna stvorenja.
su predivna stvorenja.
00:17
They're bizzarre,
1
5701
1445
Bizarni su,
00:19
they're beautiful,
2
7146
1710
predivni su
00:20
and there's very little
we know about them.
we know about them.
3
8856
2985
i o njima znamo veoma malo toga.
00:23
These thoughts were going
through my head
through my head
4
11841
2290
Ove misli prolazile su mi kroz glavu
00:26
when I looked at the pages of
my first dinosaur book.
my first dinosaur book.
5
14131
4443
kada sam gledao po stranicama
moje prve knjige o dinosaurusima.
moje prve knjige o dinosaurusima.
00:30
I was about five years old at the time,
6
18574
2504
Tada sam imao oko pet godina
00:33
and I decided there and then
7
21078
1953
i tada sam odlučio
00:35
that I would become a paleontologist.
8
23031
2845
da ću postati paleontolog.
00:37
Paleontology allowed me
to combine my love for animals
to combine my love for animals
9
25876
3337
Paleontologija mi je
omogućila da kombinujem
omogućila da kombinujem
svoju ljubav prema životinjama
00:41
with my desire to travel to
far-flung corners of the world.
far-flung corners of the world.
10
29213
4728
sa željom da putujem
u udaljene krajeve sveta.
u udaljene krajeve sveta.
00:45
And now, a few years later,
I've led several expeditions
I've led several expeditions
11
33941
3023
Sada, nekoliko godina kasnije,
vodio sam nekoliko ekspedicija
vodio sam nekoliko ekspedicija
00:48
to the ultimate far-flung corner
on this planet, the Sahara.
on this planet, the Sahara.
12
36964
5182
do najudaljenijeg od udaljenih krajeva
na ovoj planeti, Sahare.
na ovoj planeti, Sahare.
00:54
I've worked in the Sahara because
I've been on a quest
I've been on a quest
13
42146
4049
Radio sam u Sahari
jer sam bio u potrazi
jer sam bio u potrazi
00:58
to uncover new remains of
a bizarre, giant predatory dinosaur
a bizarre, giant predatory dinosaur
14
46195
5105
da otkrijem nove ostatke
bizarnog, ogromnog dinosaurusa,
bizarnog, ogromnog dinosaurusa,
01:03
called Spinosaurus.
15
51300
3151
grabljivice zvane spinosaurus.
01:06
A few bones of this animal
have been found
have been found
16
54451
3353
Pronađeno je nekoliko kostiju
ove životinje
ove životinje
01:09
in the deserts of Egypt
17
57804
1380
u pustinjama Egipta
01:11
and were described about 100 years ago
by a German paleontologist.
by a German paleontologist.
18
59184
5353
i pre oko 100 godina ih je opisao
nemački paleontolog.
nemački paleontolog.
01:16
Unfortunately, all his Spinosaurus bones
were destroyed in World War II.
were destroyed in World War II.
19
64537
4948
Nažalost, sve njegove kosti spinosaurusa
uništene su u Drugom svetskom ratu.
uništene su u Drugom svetskom ratu.
01:21
So all we're left with are just
a few drawings and notes.
a few drawings and notes.
20
69485
4304
Sve što nam je ostalo
je nekoliko crteža i beleški.
je nekoliko crteža i beleški.
01:25
From these drawings,
21
73789
1261
Iz ovih crteža,
01:27
we know that this creature, which lived
about 100 million years ago,
about 100 million years ago,
22
75050
3411
znamo da je ovo stvorenje,
koje je živelo pre oko 100 miliona godina,
koje je živelo pre oko 100 miliona godina,
01:30
was very big,
23
78461
1551
bilo veoma veliko,
01:32
it had tall spines on its back,
forming a magnificent sail,
forming a magnificent sail,
24
80012
3413
imalo je velike bodlje na leđima
koje su činile predivno jedro,
koje su činile predivno jedro,
01:35
and it had long, slender jaws,
a bit like a crocodile,
a bit like a crocodile,
25
83425
4747
vilica mu je bila duga i uska,
pomalo nalik na krokodila,
pomalo nalik na krokodila,
01:41
with conical teeth,
26
89542
2218
sa zubima konusnog oblika
01:43
that may have been used
to catch slippery prey, like fish.
to catch slippery prey, like fish.
27
91760
4887
kojim je možda lovio
klizav plen, poput ribe.
klizav plen, poput ribe.
01:48
But that was pretty much
all we knew
all we knew
28
96647
2057
Ali to je bilo sve što smo znali
01:50
about this animal for the next 100 years.
29
98704
3599
o ovoj životinji narednih 100 godina.
01:58
My fieldwork took me to the border region
between Morocco and Algeria,
between Morocco and Algeria,
30
106563
4802
Moj terenski rad odveo me je
do graničnog predela
između Maroka i Alžira,
između Maroka i Alžira,
02:03
a place called the Kem Kem.
31
111365
2573
do mesta zvanog Kem Kem.
02:05
It's a difficult place to work in.
32
113938
2313
To je teško mesto za rad.
02:08
You have to deal with sandstorms
and snakes and scorpions,
and snakes and scorpions,
33
116251
3689
Imate posla sa peščanim olujama
i zmijama i škorpijama
i zmijama i škorpijama
02:11
and it's very difficult to find
good fossils there.
good fossils there.
34
119940
3144
i tamo je veoma teško
naći dobre fosile.
naći dobre fosile.
02:15
But our hard work paid off.
35
123084
2816
Ali naš težak rad se isplatio.
02:17
We discovered many incredible specimens.
36
125900
2215
Otkrili smo mnogo sjajnih primeraka.
02:20
There's the largest dinosaur bone
37
128115
1752
Tu je najveća kost dinosaurusa
02:21
that had ever been found
in this part of the Sahara.
in this part of the Sahara.
38
129867
2508
koja je ikada pronađena
u ovom delu Sahare.
u ovom delu Sahare.
02:25
We found remains of giant
predatory dinosaurs,
predatory dinosaurs,
39
133475
3494
Pronašli smo ostatke
ogromnih dinosaurusa grabljivica,
ogromnih dinosaurusa grabljivica,
02:28
medium-sized predatory dinosaurs,
40
136969
2663
dinosaurusa grabljivica srednje veličine
02:31
and seven or eight different kinds
of crocodile-like hunters.
of crocodile-like hunters.
41
139632
5599
i sedam ili osam razlčitih vrsta
grabljivica nalik krokodilima.
grabljivica nalik krokodilima.
02:37
These fossils were deposited
in a river system.
in a river system.
42
145231
3002
Ovi fosili su bili smešteni
u rečnom sistemu.
u rečnom sistemu.
02:40
The river system was also home
to a giant, car-sized coelacanth,
to a giant, car-sized coelacanth,
43
148233
4170
Rečni sistem takođe je bio dom
ogromnog celakanta veličine automobila,
ogromnog celakanta veličine automobila,
02:44
a monster sawfish,
44
152403
3460
ogromne testerače
02:47
and the skies over the river system
were filled with pterosaurs,
were filled with pterosaurs,
45
155863
3700
a nebo iznad rečnog sistema
bilo je prepuno pterosaurusa,
bilo je prepuno pterosaurusa,
02:51
flying reptiles.
46
159563
2028
letećih reptila.
02:53
It was a pretty dangerous place,
47
161591
1619
Bilo je to prilično opasno mesto,
02:55
not the kind of place where you'd want
to travel to if you had a time machine.
to travel to if you had a time machine.
48
163210
3719
tamo ne biste želeli da otputujete
kada biste imali vremeplov.
kada biste imali vremeplov.
03:00
So we're finding all these
incredible fossils of animals
incredible fossils of animals
49
168159
2920
Pronalazili smo sve ove
neverovatne fosile životinja
neverovatne fosile životinja
03:03
that lived alongside Spinosaurus,
50
171079
2690
koji su živeli u isto vreme
sa spinosaurusom,
sa spinosaurusom,
03:05
but Spinosaurus itself proved
to be very elusive.
to be very elusive.
51
173769
2769
ali sam spinosaurus se ispostavio
kao težak za uhvatiti.
kao težak za uhvatiti.
03:08
We were just finding bits and pieces
52
176538
1747
Nalazili smo samo deliće
03:10
and I was hoping that we'd find
a partial skeleton at some point.
a partial skeleton at some point.
53
178285
4415
i nadao sam se da ćemo u nekom trenutku
pronaći delimičan skelet.
pronaći delimičan skelet.
03:15
Finally, very recently,
54
183640
1717
Konačno, nedavno smo uspeli
03:17
we were able to track down a dig site
55
185357
3110
da pronađemo mesto za kopanje
03:20
where a local fossil hunter found
several bones of Spinosaurus.
several bones of Spinosaurus.
56
188467
4964
gde je lokalni lovac na fosile pronašao
nekoliko kostiju spinosaurusa.
nekoliko kostiju spinosaurusa.
03:25
We returned to the site,
we collected more bones.
we collected more bones.
57
193431
2860
Vratili smo se na lokaciju,
skupili smo još kostiju.
skupili smo još kostiju.
03:28
And so after 100 years we finally
had another partial skeleton
had another partial skeleton
58
196291
4073
Tako smo nakon 100 godina
konačno imali delimični skelet
konačno imali delimični skelet
03:32
of this bizarre creature.
59
200364
2161
ovog bizarnog stvorenja.
03:34
And we were able to reconstruct it.
60
202525
1671
I mogli smo da ga rekonstruišemo.
03:36
We now know that
Spinosaurus had a head
Spinosaurus had a head
61
204196
1894
Sada znamo da je spinosaurus imao glavu
03:38
a little bit like a crocodile,
62
206090
1796
pomalo nalik na krokodila,
veoma drugačiju od drugih
dinosaurusa grabljivica,
dinosaurusa grabljivica,
03:39
very different from other
predatory dinosaurs,
predatory dinosaurs,
63
207886
2195
03:42
very different from the T. rex.
64
210081
2737
drugačiju od tiranosaurusa reksa.
03:44
But the really interesting information
came from the rest of the skeleton.
came from the rest of the skeleton.
65
212818
4853
Ali zaista zanimljive informacije
dobili smo od ostatka skeleta.
dobili smo od ostatka skeleta.
03:49
We had long spines,
66
217671
1333
Imali smo dugačke bodlje
03:51
the spines forming the big sail.
67
219004
2628
koje su formirale veliko jedro.
03:53
We had leg bones, we had skull bones,
68
221632
2245
Imali smo kosti nogu, kosti lobanje,
03:55
we had paddle-shaped feet, wide feet --
69
223877
3448
široka stopala u obliku vesala -
03:59
again, very unusual, no other
dinosaur has feet like this --
dinosaur has feet like this --
70
227325
2815
opet, veoma neobično,
nijedan drugi dinosaurus
nema ovakva stopala
nema ovakva stopala
04:02
and we think they may have been
used to walk on soft sediment,
used to walk on soft sediment,
71
230140
3111
i mislimo da su verovatno bili naviknuti
na hodanje po mekoj podlozi
na hodanje po mekoj podlozi
04:05
or maybe for paddling in the water.
72
233251
2692
ili veslanje po vodi.
04:07
We also looked at the fine
microstructure of the bone,
microstructure of the bone,
73
235943
3438
Takođe smo posmatrali
i finu mikrostrukturu kosti,
i finu mikrostrukturu kosti,
04:11
the inside structure of Spinosaurus bones,
74
239381
1996
unutrašnju strukturu kostiju spinosaurusa
04:13
and it turns out that they're
very dense and compact.
very dense and compact.
75
241377
2759
i ispostavlja se
da su veoma guste i kompaktne.
da su veoma guste i kompaktne.
04:16
Again, this is something we see in animals
that spend a lot of time in the water,
that spend a lot of time in the water,
76
244136
3858
Opet, ovo je nešto što vidimo
kod životinja koje dosta vremena
provode u vodi,
provode u vodi,
04:19
it's useful for buoyancy
control in the water.
control in the water.
77
247994
3192
korisno je za kontrolu plovnosti u vodi.
04:23
We C.T.-scanned all of our bones
and built a digital Spinosaurus skeleton.
and built a digital Spinosaurus skeleton.
78
251186
5373
Sve kosti smo stavili pod rendgen
i napravili digitalni skelet spinosaurusa.
i napravili digitalni skelet spinosaurusa.
04:28
And when we looked
at the digital skeleton,
at the digital skeleton,
79
256559
2211
I kada smo pogledali digitalni skelet,
04:30
we realized that yes, this was
a dinosaur unlike any other.
a dinosaur unlike any other.
80
258770
4436
shvatili smo da je ovo
zaista jedinstven dinosaurus.
zaista jedinstven dinosaurus.
04:35
It's bigger than a T. rex,
81
263206
1599
Veći je od tiranosaurusa reksa,
04:36
and yes, the head has "fish-eating"
written all over it,
written all over it,
82
264805
2725
i sve u vezi sa njim
naglašava da jede ribu,
naglašava da jede ribu,
04:39
but really the entire skeleton has
"water-loving" written all over it --
"water-loving" written all over it --
83
267530
4099
ali zapravo ceo skelet nam je govorio
da on voli vodu -
da on voli vodu -
04:43
dense bone, paddle-like feet,
and the hind limbs are reduced in size,
and the hind limbs are reduced in size,
84
271629
4835
guste kosti, stopala nalik veslima
i smanjeni zadnji udovi
i smanjeni zadnji udovi
04:48
and again, this is something
we see in animals
we see in animals
85
276464
2208
i opet, ovo je nešto
što viđamo kod životinja
što viđamo kod životinja
04:50
that spend a substantial amount
of time in the water.
of time in the water.
86
278672
2879
koje provode
značajne količine vremena u vodi.
značajne količine vremena u vodi.
04:54
So, as we fleshed out our Spinosaurus --
87
282711
3393
Dok smo na našeg spinosaurusa
nabacivali meso -
nabacivali meso -
04:58
I'm looking at muscle attachments
and wrapping our dinosaur in skin --
and wrapping our dinosaur in skin --
88
286104
4164
gledam vezivanje mišića
i obmotavanje našeg dinosaurusa kožom -
i obmotavanje našeg dinosaurusa kožom -
05:02
we realize that we're dealing
with a river monster,
with a river monster,
89
290268
3880
shvatamo da imamo posla
sa rečnim čudovištem,
sa rečnim čudovištem,
05:06
a predatory dinosaur, bigger than T. rex,
90
294148
2329
dinosaurusom grabljivicom,
koji je veći od tiranosaurusa reksa,
koji je veći od tiranosaurusa reksa,
05:08
the ruler of this ancient river of giants,
91
296477
2776
vladara ove prastare reke džinova,
05:11
feeding on the many aquatic animals
I showed you earlier on.
I showed you earlier on.
92
299253
3250
koji se hranio mnogim vodenim životinjama
koje sam vam ranije pokazao.
koje sam vam ranije pokazao.
05:14
So that's really what makes this
an incredible discovery.
an incredible discovery.
93
302503
2866
To je ono što ovo otkriće
čini neverovatnim.
čini neverovatnim.
05:17
It's a dinosaur like no other.
94
305369
1505
To je dinosaurus nalik nijednom drugom.
05:18
And some people told me, "Wow,
this is a once-in-a-lifetime discovery.
this is a once-in-a-lifetime discovery.
95
306874
3567
Neki ljudi su mi rekli:
"Opa, ovo je otkriće života.
"Opa, ovo je otkriće života.
05:22
There are not many things left
to discover in the world."
to discover in the world."
96
310441
3262
Na svetu nije ostalo još mnogo toga
da se otkrije."
da se otkrije."
05:26
Well, I think nothing could be
further from the truth.
further from the truth.
97
314803
3172
Mislim da je istina daleko od toga.
05:29
I think the Sahara's
still full of treasures,
still full of treasures,
98
317975
2271
Mislim da je Sahara još prepuna blaga
05:32
and when people tell me there are
no places left to explore,
no places left to explore,
99
320246
3185
i kada mi ljudi kažu da nema više
mesta za istraživanje,
mesta za istraživanje,
05:35
I like to quote a famous dinosaur hunter,
Roy Chapman Andrews,
Roy Chapman Andrews,
100
323431
4037
volim da citiram
čuvenog lovca na dinosauruse,
čuvenog lovca na dinosauruse,
Roja Čepmena Endrusa,
05:39
and he said, "Always, there has been
an adventure just around the corner --
an adventure just around the corner --
101
327468
5616
a on je rekao:
"Avantura je uvek bila tik iza ćoška,
"Avantura je uvek bila tik iza ćoška,
05:45
and the world is still full of corners."
102
333084
2812
a svet je još prepun ćoškova".
05:47
That was true many decades ago
103
335896
1919
To je bilo istina pre mnogo decenija
05:49
when Roy Chapman Andrews
wrote these lines.
wrote these lines.
104
337815
2042
kada je Roj Čepmen Endrus
napisao ove reči.
napisao ove reči.
05:51
And it is still true today.
105
339857
1982
Istina je i danas.
05:53
Thank you.
106
341839
888
Hvala vam.
05:54
(Applause)
107
342727
2694
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nizar Ibrahim - PaleontologistNizar Ibrahim scours Northern Africa for clues to what things were like there in the Cretaceous period. A 2015 TED Fellow, he has spearheaded the recent search for the semi-aquatic dinosaur Spinosaurus.
Why you should listen
Paleontologist Nizar Ibrahim, a postdoc at the University of Chicago, wanted to uncover the mystery of the Spinosaurus, a gigantic predatory dinosaur whose only known remains were lost during World War II. After identifying a new skeleton at a dig in North Africa, Ibrahim made the landmark conclusion that the Spinosaurus may have been the largest carnivorous dinosaur to ever live. Its crocodile-like head, dense bones, short legs, and wide, paddle feet suggest it was a water dweller unlike any other. “The entire skeleton has water-loving river monster written all over it,” he says.
Ibrahim is a TED Fellow and a National Geographic Emerging Explorer.
Nizar Ibrahim | Speaker | TED.com