TEDYouth 2014
Nizar Ibrahim: How we unearthed the Spinosaurus
Nizar Ibrahim: Ako sme vykopali spinosaura
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Pätnásť metrov dlhý mäsožravec, ktorý pred 97 miliónmi rokov lovil v riekach svoju korisť: Spinosaurus, to je „drak z hlbín času“. Paleontológ Nizar Ibrahim a jeho kolegovia našli v púštnych zrázoch marockej Sahary nové fosílie, vďaka ktorým môžeme lepšie spoznať prvého plávajúceho dinosaura – ktorý by navyše mohol byť aj najväčším mäsožravým dinosaurom zo všetkých.
Nizar Ibrahim - Paleontologist
Nizar Ibrahim scours Northern Africa for clues to what things were like there in the Cretaceous period. A 2015 TED Fellow, he has spearheaded the recent search for the semi-aquatic dinosaur Spinosaurus. Full bio
Nizar Ibrahim scours Northern Africa for clues to what things were like there in the Cretaceous period. A 2015 TED Fellow, he has spearheaded the recent search for the semi-aquatic dinosaur Spinosaurus. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
These dragons from deep time
are incredible creatures.
are incredible creatures.
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Tieto draky z hlbín času
sú úžasné stvorenia.
sú úžasné stvorenia.
00:17
They're bizzarre,
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Sú bizarné,
00:19
they're beautiful,
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sú nádherné
00:20
and there's very little
we know about them.
we know about them.
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a vieme o nich veľmi málo.
00:23
These thoughts were going
through my head
through my head
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Takéto myšlienky sa mi
preháňali hlavou,
preháňali hlavou,
00:26
when I looked at the pages of
my first dinosaur book.
my first dinosaur book.
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keď som sa pozeral na stránky
svojej prvej knižky o dinosauroch.
svojej prvej knižky o dinosauroch.
00:30
I was about five years old at the time,
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Mal som asi päť rokov
00:33
and I decided there and then
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a už vtedy som sa rozhodol,
00:35
that I would become a paleontologist.
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že sa stanem paleontológom.
00:37
Paleontology allowed me
to combine my love for animals
to combine my love for animals
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Vďaka paleontológii som mohol
spojiť svoju lásku k zvieratám
spojiť svoju lásku k zvieratám
00:41
with my desire to travel to
far-flung corners of the world.
far-flung corners of the world.
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s túžbou navštíviť odľahlé kúty sveta.
00:45
And now, a few years later,
I've led several expeditions
I've led several expeditions
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Teraz som o pár rokov starší
a mám za sebou niekoľko expedícií
a mám za sebou niekoľko expedícií
00:48
to the ultimate far-flung corner
on this planet, the Sahara.
on this planet, the Sahara.
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na najodľahlejšie miesto tejto planéty,
na Saharu.
00:54
I've worked in the Sahara because
I've been on a quest
I've been on a quest
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Cieľom mojej saharskej výpravy
bolo nájsť ďalšie stopy
bolo nájsť ďalšie stopy
00:58
to uncover new remains of
a bizarre, giant predatory dinosaur
a bizarre, giant predatory dinosaur
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po zvláštnom obrovskom dravom dinosaurovi,
01:03
called Spinosaurus.
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zvanom spinosaurus.
01:06
A few bones of this animal
have been found
have been found
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Niekoľko kostí tohto zvieraťa
sa našlo v egyptskej púšti
sa našlo v egyptskej púšti
01:09
in the deserts of Egypt
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01:11
and were described about 100 years ago
by a German paleontologist.
by a German paleontologist.
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a asi pred 100 rokmi ich opísal
jeden nemecký paleontológ.
jeden nemecký paleontológ.
01:16
Unfortunately, all his Spinosaurus bones
were destroyed in World War II.
were destroyed in World War II.
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Bohužiaľ boli všetky tieto kosti
zničené počas 2. svetovej vojny.
zničené počas 2. svetovej vojny.
01:21
So all we're left with are just
a few drawings and notes.
a few drawings and notes.
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Takže nám zostalo
iba zopár kresieb a poznámok.
iba zopár kresieb a poznámok.
Z týchto kresieb vieme,
01:25
From these drawings,
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01:27
we know that this creature, which lived
about 100 million years ago,
about 100 million years ago,
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že toto stvorenie,
ktoré žilo asi pred 100 miliónmi rokov,
ktoré žilo asi pred 100 miliónmi rokov,
01:30
was very big,
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bolo veľmi veľké,
01:32
it had tall spines on its back,
forming a magnificent sail,
forming a magnificent sail,
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na chrbte malo vysoké ostne,
ktoré vytvárali veľkolepú plachtu,
ktoré vytvárali veľkolepú plachtu,
01:35
and it had long, slender jaws,
a bit like a crocodile,
a bit like a crocodile,
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a malo dlhé, úzke čeľuste,
takmer ako krokodíl,
takmer ako krokodíl,
01:41
with conical teeth,
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s kužeľovitými zubami,
01:43
that may have been used
to catch slippery prey, like fish.
to catch slippery prey, like fish.
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ktoré zrejme využívalo
na lov klzkých obetí, napríklad rýb.
na lov klzkých obetí, napríklad rýb.
01:48
But that was pretty much
all we knew
all we knew
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Počas nasledujúcich 100 rokov
01:50
about this animal for the next 100 years.
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sme sa však o tomto tvorovi
nedozvedeli už nič viac.
nedozvedeli už nič viac.
01:58
My fieldwork took me to the border region
between Morocco and Algeria,
between Morocco and Algeria,
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Môj výskum ma doviedol
na marocko – alžírsku hranicu,
na marocko – alžírsku hranicu,
02:03
a place called the Kem Kem.
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na miesto zvané Kem Kem.
02:05
It's a difficult place to work in.
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Pracuje sa tam veľmi ťažko.
02:08
You have to deal with sandstorms
and snakes and scorpions,
and snakes and scorpions,
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Musíte rátať s piesočnými búrkami,
hadmi a škorpiónmi
hadmi a škorpiónmi
02:11
and it's very difficult to find
good fossils there.
good fossils there.
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a je skutočne ťažké
nájsť tam dobré fosílie.
nájsť tam dobré fosílie.
02:15
But our hard work paid off.
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Ale naša ťažká práca sa vyplatila.
02:17
We discovered many incredible specimens.
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Objavili sme mnoho úžasných vzoriek.
02:20
There's the largest dinosaur bone
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Tu je najväčšia kosť dinosaura,
02:21
that had ever been found
in this part of the Sahara.
in this part of the Sahara.
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aká sa kedy našla v tejto časti Sahary.
02:25
We found remains of giant
predatory dinosaurs,
predatory dinosaurs,
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Našli sme pozostatky
obrovských dravých dinosaurov,
obrovských dravých dinosaurov,
02:28
medium-sized predatory dinosaurs,
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stredne veľkých dravých dinosaurov
02:31
and seven or eight different kinds
of crocodile-like hunters.
of crocodile-like hunters.
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a dokonca siedmich – ôsmich druhov
podobných krokodílom.
podobných krokodílom.
02:37
These fossils were deposited
in a river system.
in a river system.
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Tieto fosílie ležali v riečnom systéme.
02:40
The river system was also home
to a giant, car-sized coelacanth,
to a giant, car-sized coelacanth,
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Riečny systém tiež obývala
obrovská lalokoplutvá ryba veľkosti auta,
obrovská lalokoplutvá ryba veľkosti auta,
02:44
a monster sawfish,
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niečo ako ozrutný piliar,
02:47
and the skies over the river system
were filled with pterosaurs,
were filled with pterosaurs,
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a nebo nad riekou bolo plné pterosaurov,
02:51
flying reptiles.
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lietajúcich plazov.
02:53
It was a pretty dangerous place,
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Bolo to pekne nebezpečné miesto;
02:55
not the kind of place where you'd want
to travel to if you had a time machine.
to travel to if you had a time machine.
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miesto, kam by ste nechceli cestovať,
keby ste mali stroj času.
keby ste mali stroj času.
03:00
So we're finding all these
incredible fossils of animals
incredible fossils of animals
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Nachádzali sme
všetky tieto úžasné fosílie,
všetky tieto úžasné fosílie,
03:03
that lived alongside Spinosaurus,
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zvieratá, ktoré žili v dobe spinosaura,
03:05
but Spinosaurus itself proved
to be very elusive.
to be very elusive.
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ale spinosaurus samotný sa nám skrýval.
03:08
We were just finding bits and pieces
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Nachádzali sme iba kúsky a úlomky
03:10
and I was hoping that we'd find
a partial skeleton at some point.
a partial skeleton at some point.
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a ja som dúfal, že raz nájdeme
aspoň čiastočnú kostru.
aspoň čiastočnú kostru.
03:15
Finally, very recently,
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Nedávno sa nám však podarilo
vysledovať nálezisko,
vysledovať nálezisko,
03:17
we were able to track down a dig site
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03:20
where a local fossil hunter found
several bones of Spinosaurus.
several bones of Spinosaurus.
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kde miestny lovec fosílií našiel
niekoľko spinosaurích kostí.
niekoľko spinosaurích kostí.
03:25
We returned to the site,
we collected more bones.
we collected more bones.
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Vrátili sme sa tam
a pozbierali ďalšie kosti.
a pozbierali ďalšie kosti.
03:28
And so after 100 years we finally
had another partial skeleton
had another partial skeleton
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A tak sme po 100 rokoch
konečne našli ďalšiu čiastočnú kostru
konečne našli ďalšiu čiastočnú kostru
03:32
of this bizarre creature.
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tohto bizarného stvorenia.
03:34
And we were able to reconstruct it.
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A podarilo sa nám ho zrekonštruovať.
03:36
We now know that
Spinosaurus had a head
Spinosaurus had a head
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Teraz vieme, že hlava spinosaura
vyzerala trochu ako hlava krokodíla,
vyzerala trochu ako hlava krokodíla,
03:38
a little bit like a crocodile,
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03:39
very different from other
predatory dinosaurs,
predatory dinosaurs,
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úplne inak než hlavy
iných dravých dinosaurov,
iných dravých dinosaurov,
03:42
very different from the T. rex.
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napríklad tyranosaura.
03:44
But the really interesting information
came from the rest of the skeleton.
came from the rest of the skeleton.
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Ale tie najzaujímavejšie informácie
sme získali zo zvyšku kostry.
sme získali zo zvyšku kostry.
03:49
We had long spines,
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Mali sme dlhé ostne,
ktoré tvorili veľkú plachtu.
ktoré tvorili veľkú plachtu.
03:51
the spines forming the big sail.
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03:53
We had leg bones, we had skull bones,
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Mali sme kosti nohy, kosti lebky,
03:55
we had paddle-shaped feet, wide feet --
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široké, veslovité chodidlá;
to je tiež veľmi nezvyčajné,
také chodidlá nemal žiadny iný dinosaurus
také chodidlá nemal žiadny iný dinosaurus
03:59
again, very unusual, no other
dinosaur has feet like this --
dinosaur has feet like this --
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04:02
and we think they may have been
used to walk on soft sediment,
used to walk on soft sediment,
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a myslíme si, že chodil po mäkkom povrchu
04:05
or maybe for paddling in the water.
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alebo nimi vesloval pri plávaní.
04:07
We also looked at the fine
microstructure of the bone,
microstructure of the bone,
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Skúmali sme tiež jemnú mikroštruktúru
spinosaurích kostí
spinosaurích kostí
04:11
the inside structure of Spinosaurus bones,
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04:13
and it turns out that they're
very dense and compact.
very dense and compact.
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a ukázalo sa, že je
veľmi hustá a kompaktná.
veľmi hustá a kompaktná.
04:16
Again, this is something we see in animals
that spend a lot of time in the water,
that spend a lot of time in the water,
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To vídame u zvierat,
ktoré trávia veľa času vo vode;
ktoré trávia veľa času vo vode;
04:19
it's useful for buoyancy
control in the water.
control in the water.
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hodí sa im to na reguláciu vztlaku.
04:23
We C.T.-scanned all of our bones
and built a digital Spinosaurus skeleton.
and built a digital Spinosaurus skeleton.
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CT-čkom sme naskenovali všetky naše kosti
a zostavili digitálnu kostru spinosaura.
a zostavili digitálnu kostru spinosaura.
04:28
And when we looked
at the digital skeleton,
at the digital skeleton,
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Keď sme sa na ňu pozreli, bolo zrejmé
04:30
we realized that yes, this was
a dinosaur unlike any other.
a dinosaur unlike any other.
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že tento dinosaurus je skutočne jedinečný.
04:35
It's bigger than a T. rex,
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Je väčší ako tyranosaurus,
04:36
and yes, the head has "fish-eating"
written all over it,
written all over it,
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jeho hlava prezrádza, že jedol ryby,
04:39
but really the entire skeleton has
"water-loving" written all over it --
"water-loving" written all over it --
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celá kostra hovorí „milujem vodu“:
04:43
dense bone, paddle-like feet,
and the hind limbs are reduced in size,
and the hind limbs are reduced in size,
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husté kosti, veslovité chodidlá
a zmenšené zadné končatiny –
a zmenšené zadné končatiny –
04:48
and again, this is something
we see in animals
we see in animals
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ďalší charakteristický znak zvierat,
ktoré trávia podstatnú časť dňa vo vode.
ktoré trávia podstatnú časť dňa vo vode.
04:50
that spend a substantial amount
of time in the water.
of time in the water.
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Keď nášmu spinosaurovi pridáme svaly –
04:54
So, as we fleshed out our Spinosaurus --
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04:58
I'm looking at muscle attachments
and wrapping our dinosaur in skin --
and wrapping our dinosaur in skin --
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tu vidíte svaly, ktoré sme pridali,
a kožu, ktorou sme ho obalili, –
a kožu, ktorou sme ho obalili, –
05:02
we realize that we're dealing
with a river monster,
with a river monster,
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pochopíme, že máme do činenia
s riečnym obrom,
s riečnym obrom,
05:06
a predatory dinosaur, bigger than T. rex,
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dravým dinosaurom väčším od tyranosaura.
05:08
the ruler of this ancient river of giants,
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Bol vládcom tejto prastarej rieky obrov,
05:11
feeding on the many aquatic animals
I showed you earlier on.
I showed you earlier on.
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živil sa množstvom vodných zvierat,
ktoré som vám ukazoval.
ktoré som vám ukazoval.
05:14
So that's really what makes this
an incredible discovery.
an incredible discovery.
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Takže preto je to úžasný objav.
05:17
It's a dinosaur like no other.
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Je to jedinečný dinosaurus.
05:18
And some people told me, "Wow,
this is a once-in-a-lifetime discovery.
this is a once-in-a-lifetime discovery.
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Ľudia mi vraveli:
„Wow, to je objav, aký príde raz za život.
„Wow, to je objav, aký príde raz za život.
05:22
There are not many things left
to discover in the world."
to discover in the world."
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Na svete už nie je toľko vecí,
čo by sa dali objaviť.“
čo by sa dali objaviť.“
05:26
Well, I think nothing could be
further from the truth.
further from the truth.
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Ja si však myslím,
že majú k pravde veľmi ďaleko.
že majú k pravde veľmi ďaleko.
05:29
I think the Sahara's
still full of treasures,
still full of treasures,
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Myslím, že Sahara je stále plná pokladov,
05:32
and when people tell me there are
no places left to explore,
no places left to explore,
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a keď počúvam, že už nezostali miesta,
ktoré treba preskúmať,
ktoré treba preskúmať,
05:35
I like to quote a famous dinosaur hunter,
Roy Chapman Andrews,
Roy Chapman Andrews,
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rád citujem známeho lovca dinosaurov,
Roya Chapmana Andrewsa,
Roya Chapmana Andrewsa,
05:39
and he said, "Always, there has been
an adventure just around the corner --
an adventure just around the corner --
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ktorý povedal: „Dobrodružstvo
vždy čakalo za prvým rohom
vždy čakalo za prvým rohom
05:45
and the world is still full of corners."
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a svet je stále rohov plný.“
05:47
That was true many decades ago
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To platilo pred desaťročiami,
05:49
when Roy Chapman Andrews
wrote these lines.
wrote these lines.
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keď Roy Chapman Andrews
písal tieto riadky.
písal tieto riadky.
05:51
And it is still true today.
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A platí to aj dnes.
05:53
Thank you.
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Ďakujem.
05:54
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nizar Ibrahim - PaleontologistNizar Ibrahim scours Northern Africa for clues to what things were like there in the Cretaceous period. A 2015 TED Fellow, he has spearheaded the recent search for the semi-aquatic dinosaur Spinosaurus.
Why you should listen
Paleontologist Nizar Ibrahim, a postdoc at the University of Chicago, wanted to uncover the mystery of the Spinosaurus, a gigantic predatory dinosaur whose only known remains were lost during World War II. After identifying a new skeleton at a dig in North Africa, Ibrahim made the landmark conclusion that the Spinosaurus may have been the largest carnivorous dinosaur to ever live. Its crocodile-like head, dense bones, short legs, and wide, paddle feet suggest it was a water dweller unlike any other. “The entire skeleton has water-loving river monster written all over it,” he says.
Ibrahim is a TED Fellow and a National Geographic Emerging Explorer.
Nizar Ibrahim | Speaker | TED.com