TEDWomen 2015
Marlene Zuk: What we learn from insects' sex lives
Marlene Zuk: Što možemo naučiti od uvrnutih spolnih života kukaca
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Marlene Zuk s oduševljenjem i odlučnošću proučava kukce. U ovom poučnom i smiješnom govoru, dijeli s nama neke od razloga zbog kojih su kukci zadivljujući - posebice zbog maštovitih načina kako se pare.
Marlene Zuk - Evolutionary biologist
Marlene Zuk studies insect behavior -- and how humans use animal behavior to think about how we behave ourselves. Full bio
Marlene Zuk studies insect behavior -- and how humans use animal behavior to think about how we behave ourselves. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
So, people are more afraid of insects
than they are of dying.
than they are of dying.
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Ljudi se više boje kukaca nego umiranja.
00:18
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:20
At least, according to a 1973
"Book of Lists" survey
"Book of Lists" survey
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Tako barem stoji u knjizi iz 1973.
"Book Of Lists",
"Book Of Lists",
00:25
which preceded all those online best,
worst, funniest lists that you see today.
worst, funniest lists that you see today.
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koja je prethodila najboljima, najgorim,
najsmiješnijima listama
najsmiješnijima listama
s kojima se susrećete danas online.
00:32
Only heights and public speaking
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Samo strah od visine i javnih govora
00:35
exceeded the six-legged
as sources of fear.
as sources of fear.
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su premašili šesteronožne stvorove
kao izvor straha.
kao izvor straha.
00:39
And I suspect if you had put
spiders in there,
spiders in there,
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Mislim da kada bi još dodali paukove,
00:43
the combinations of insects and spiders
would have just topped the chart.
would have just topped the chart.
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kombinacija paukova i kukaca
bi došla na vrh liste.
bi došla na vrh liste.
00:48
Now, I am not one of those people.
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Ja nisam jedna od tih ljudi.
Ja zaista volim kukce.
00:50
I really love insects.
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00:53
I think they're interesting and beautiful,
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Mislim da su zanimljivi i prekrasni,
a ponekad čak i slatki.
00:57
and sometimes even cute.
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(Smijeh)
00:58
(Laughter)
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01:00
And I'm not alone.
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I nisam sama.
01:01
For centuries, some
of the greatest minds in science,
of the greatest minds in science,
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Stoljećima, najveći znanstveni umovi,
01:05
from Charles Darwin to E.O. Wilson,
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od Charlesa Darwina do E.O. Wilsona,
01:08
have drawn inspiration from studying
some of the smallest minds on Earth.
some of the smallest minds on Earth.
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bivali su inspirirani proučavanjem
jednih od najmanjih umova na Zemlji.
jednih od najmanjih umova na Zemlji.
01:14
Well, why is that?
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Kako to?
01:16
What is that keeps us
coming back to insects?
coming back to insects?
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Što nas to tjera da se vraćamo kukcima?
01:20
Some of it, of course, is just the sheer
magnitude of almost everything about them.
magnitude of almost everything about them.
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Jedan razlog je količina onoga što znamo
o njima.
o njima.
01:24
They're more numerous
than any other kind of animal.
than any other kind of animal.
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Brojniji su od bilo koje
druge vrste životinja.
druge vrste životinja.
01:27
We don't even know how many species
of insects there are,
of insects there are,
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Niti ne znamo koliko vrsta kukaca postoji,
01:30
because new ones
are being discovered all the time.
are being discovered all the time.
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zato što nove vrste stalno
bivaju otkrivene.
bivaju otkrivene.
01:33
There are at least a million,
maybe as many as 10 million.
maybe as many as 10 million.
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Najmanje ih je milijun,
a možda čak i 10 milijuna.
a možda čak i 10 milijuna.
01:37
This means that you could have
an insect-of-the-month calendar
an insect-of-the-month calendar
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To znači da bi mogli imati
kalendar s kukcem mjeseca
kalendar s kukcem mjeseca
01:41
and not have to reuse a species
for over 80,000 years.
for over 80,000 years.
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i ne ponoviti vrstu 80 000 godina.
01:45
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:48
Take that, pandas and kittens!
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Evo vam, pande i mačići!
01:50
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:52
More seriously, insects are essential.
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A sada ozbiljno, kukci su neophodni.
01:55
We need them.
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Trebamo ih.
01:57
It's been estimated
that 1 out of every 3 bites of food
that 1 out of every 3 bites of food
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Procijenjeno je da jedan
od tri zalogaja hrane
od tri zalogaja hrane
02:00
is made possible by a pollinator.
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dobiven zahvaljujući oprašivačima.
02:04
Scientist use insects to make fundamental
discoveries
discoveries
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Znanstvenici pomoću kukaca dolaze do
velikih otkrića
velikih otkrića
02:08
about everything from the structure
of our nervous systems
of our nervous systems
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o svemu, od strukture našeg
živčanog sustava
živčanog sustava
02:11
to how our genes and DNA work.
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do toga kako naši geni i
DNA funkcioniraju.
DNA funkcioniraju.
02:14
But what I love most about insects
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Ono što ja najviše volim o kukcima
02:16
is what they can tell us
about our own behavior.
about our own behavior.
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jest da nam mogu reći o našem
ponašanju.
ponašanju.
02:19
Insects seem like they do
everything that people do.
everything that people do.
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Kukci rade sve što rade i ljudi.
02:22
They meet, they mate,
they fight, they break up.
they fight, they break up.
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Upoznaju se, razmnožavaju,
tuku, prekidaju veze.
tuku, prekidaju veze.
02:26
And they do so with what looks
like love or animosity.
like love or animosity.
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I čine sve to s onime što izgleda kao
ljubav ili mržnja.
ljubav ili mržnja.
02:31
But what drives their behaviors is really
different than what drives our own,
different than what drives our own,
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Ali ono što pokreće njihovo ponašanje
je ipak drukčije od onoga što pokreće nas,
je ipak drukčije od onoga što pokreće nas,
02:36
and that difference
can be really illuminating.
can be really illuminating.
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i ta razlika može biti vrlo poučna.
02:40
There's nowhere where that's more true
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To je najočitije
02:42
than when it comes to one
of our most consuming interests -- sex.
of our most consuming interests -- sex.
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kad se sve svede na zajednički
interes -- seks.
interes -- seks.
02:46
Now, I will maintain.
and I think I can defend,
and I think I can defend,
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Mislim da mogu dokazati i u
potpunosti stojim iza
potpunosti stojim iza
02:48
what may seem like a surprising statement.
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tvrdnje koja naizgled može zvučati
iznenađujuće.
iznenađujuće.
02:52
I think sex in insects is more
interesting than sex in people.
interesting than sex in people.
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Mislim da je seks u kukaca puno
zanimljiviji od seksa u ljudi.
zanimljiviji od seksa u ljudi.
02:56
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:58
And the wild variety that we see
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Ta divlja raznolikost koju vidimo u njih
03:01
makes us challenge
some of our own assumptions
some of our own assumptions
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dovodi u pitanje neke od naših
pretpostavki
pretpostavki
03:04
about what it means to be male and female.
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što znači biti muško i žensko.
Možemo početi s činjenicom
03:07
Of course, to start with,
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da puno kukaca uopće ne
treba seks da bi imali potomke.
treba seks da bi imali potomke.
03:09
a lot of insects don't need
to have sex at all to reproduce.
to have sex at all to reproduce.
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03:12
Female aphids can make little, tiny clones
of themselves without ever mating.
of themselves without ever mating.
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Ženke uši mogu napraviti svoje male,
sićušne klonove bez parenja.
sićušne klonove bez parenja.
03:17
Virgin birth, right there.
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Djevičansko rođenje, baš u njih.
03:18
On your rose bushes.
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Na vašim grmovima ruža.
03:20
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:23
When they do have sex,
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Kada zaista imaju seks,
03:25
even their sperm is more
interesting than human sperm.
interesting than human sperm.
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čak je i njihova sperma
zanimljivija nego ljudska.
zanimljivija nego ljudska.
03:28
There are some kinds of fruit flies
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Postoji vrsta voćnih mušica
03:30
whose sperm is longer
than the male's own body.
than the male's own body.
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čija je sperma duža od tijela mužjaka.
03:34
And that's important because the males
use their sperm to compete.
use their sperm to compete.
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To je važno jer mužjaci koriste svoju
spermu kako bi se natjecali.
spermu kako bi se natjecali.
03:38
Now, male insects do compete with weapons,
like the horns on these beetles.
like the horns on these beetles.
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Mužjaci kukaca se natječu i oružjem,
kao što su rogovi ovih tvrdokrilaca.
kao što su rogovi ovih tvrdokrilaca.
03:43
But they also compete
after mating with their sperm.
after mating with their sperm.
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Ali se isto tako natječu i nakon
parenja svojom spermom.
parenja svojom spermom.
03:48
Dragonflies and damselflies have penises
that look kind of like Swiss Army knives
that look kind of like Swiss Army knives
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Vilinski konjici imaju penise koji
izgledaju poput švicarskog noža
izgledaju poput švicarskog noža
03:53
with all of the attachments pulled out.
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sa svim alatkama izvučenim prema van.
03:55
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:57
They use these formidable devices
like scoops,
like scoops,
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Koriste te alatke kao žlice
04:02
to remove the sperm from previous males
that the female has mated with.
that the female has mated with.
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kako bi uklonili spermu prijašnjih mužjaka
s kojima se ženka parila.
s kojima se ženka parila.
04:06
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:08
So, what can we learn from this?
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I, što možemo naučiti iz toga?
04:11
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:17
All right, it is not a lesson in the sense
of us imitating them
of us imitating them
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U redu, to nije lekcija u smislu
da ih trebamo oponašati
da ih trebamo oponašati
04:22
or of them setting
an example for us to follow.
an example for us to follow.
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ili da oni nama trebaju dati primjer koji
trebamo slijediti.
trebamo slijediti.
04:25
Which, given this,
is probably just as well.
is probably just as well.
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Što možemo smatrati srećom.
04:29
And also, did I mention sexual cannibalism
is rampant among insects?
is rampant among insects?
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Jesam li spomenula da je seksualni
kanabalizam uobičajen među kukcima?
kanabalizam uobičajen među kukcima?
04:32
So, no, that's not the point.
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Tako da ne, ne radi se o tome.
04:35
But what I think insects do,
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Ono što ja mislim da kukci rade
04:36
is break a lot of the rules
that we humans have about the sex roles.
that we humans have about the sex roles.
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jest da krše mnoga pravila oko
spolnih uloga koje mi ljudi imamo.
spolnih uloga koje mi ljudi imamo.
04:43
So, people have this idea that nature
dictates kind of a 1950s sitcom version
dictates kind of a 1950s sitcom version
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Ljudi smatraju da priroda zapovijeda
verziju sitkoma iz 1950-te godine
verziju sitkoma iz 1950-te godine
04:48
of what males and females are like.
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kakvi su mužjaci i ženke.
04:50
So that males are always
supposed to be dominant and aggressive,
supposed to be dominant and aggressive,
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Mužjaci su uvijek dominantni i agresivni,
04:54
and females are passive and coy.
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a ženke pasivne i sramežljive.
04:55
But that's just not the case.
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Ali to baš nije uvijek tako.
04:58
So for example, take katydids,
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Uzmimo kao primjer kobilice,
05:00
which are relatives of crickets
and grasshoppers.
and grasshoppers.
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rođaka zrikavca i skakavaca.
05:03
The males are very picky
about who they mate with,
about who they mate with,
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Mužjaci su vrlo izbirljivi s kime se pare,
05:07
because they not only transfer
sperm during mating,
sperm during mating,
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zato što ne prenose samo spermu
tijekom parenja,
tijekom parenja,
05:10
they also give the female
something called a nuptial gift.
something called a nuptial gift.
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nego daju ženkama nešto poput
svadbenog dara.
svadbenog dara.
05:14
You can see two katydids
mating in these photos.
mating in these photos.
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Na ovim fotografijama možete vidjeti
dvije kobilice koje se pare.
dvije kobilice koje se pare.
05:18
In both panels,
the male's the one on the right,
the male's the one on the right,
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Na obje slike, mužjak je desno,
05:20
and that sword-like appendage
is the female's egg-laying organ.
is the female's egg-laying organ.
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a ovaj produžetak nalik maču
je ženski organ za lijeganje jaja.
je ženski organ za lijeganje jaja.
05:25
The white blob is the sperm,
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Bijela grudica je sperma,
05:27
the green blob is the nuptial gift,
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a zelena grudica je svadbeni dar,
05:31
and the male manufactures
this from his own body
this from his own body
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koju mužjak proizvodi iz vlastitog tijela
05:34
and it's extremely costly to produce.
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i energetki je vrlo skupo.
05:36
It can weigh up to a third
of his body mass.
of his body mass.
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Može težiti čak i trećinu
njegove tjelesne mase.
njegove tjelesne mase.
05:39
I will now pause for a moment
and let you think about
and let you think about
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Zastat ću na trenutak i pustiti
vas da razmislite
vas da razmislite
05:42
what it would be like if human men,
every time they had sex,
every time they had sex,
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kako bi bilo kad bi muškarac
svaki put tijekom seksa
svaki put tijekom seksa
05:46
had to produce something
that weighed 50, 60, 70 pounds.
that weighed 50, 60, 70 pounds.
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trebao proizvesti nešto
što teži 20 do 30 kilograma.
što teži 20 do 30 kilograma.
05:52
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:56
Okay, they would not be able
to do that very often.
to do that very often.
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Ok, oni to ne bi mogli napraviti
vrlo češto.
vrlo češto.
05:59
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:01
And indeed, neither can the katydids.
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I također, niti kobilice ne mogu.
06:04
And so what that means
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06:06
is the katydid males are very choosy
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To znači da su mužjaci kobilica
vrlo izbirljivi
vrlo izbirljivi
06:10
about who they offer
these nuptial gifts to.
these nuptial gifts to.
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kome će pokloniti svoj svadbeni dar.
06:13
Now, the gift is very nutritious,
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Taj dar je vrlo hranjiv
06:15
and the female eats it
during and after mating.
during and after mating.
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i ženka ga jede tijekom i nakon parenja.
06:17
So, the bigger it is,
the better off the male is,
the better off the male is,
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Tako da što je veći dar,
bolje za mužjaka
bolje za mužjaka
06:20
because that means more time for his sperm
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jer ima više vremena za njegovu spermu
06:22
to drain into her body
and fertilize her eggs.
and fertilize her eggs.
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da uđe u njeno tijelo
i oplodi njena jajašca.
i oplodi njena jajašca.
06:25
But it also means that the males
are very passive about mating,
are very passive about mating,
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Ali to isto tako znači da su
mužjaci vrlo pasivni što se tiče parenja,
mužjaci vrlo pasivni što se tiče parenja,
06:29
whereas the females
are extremely aggressive and competitive,
are extremely aggressive and competitive,
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dok su ženke vrlo agresivne
i kompetitivne,
i kompetitivne,
06:33
in an attempt to get as many of these
nutritious nuptial gifts as they can.
nutritious nuptial gifts as they can.
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u pokušajima da dobiju što više tih
svadbenih darova.
svadbenih darova.
06:37
So, it's not exactly
a stereotypical set of rules.
a stereotypical set of rules.
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To baš i nije po standardnim pravilima.
06:42
Even more generally though,
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Općenito,
06:44
males are actually not all that important
in the lives of a lot of insects.
in the lives of a lot of insects.
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mužjaci uopće nisu tako važni u
životu mnogih kukaca.
životu mnogih kukaca.
06:49
In the social insects --
the bees and wasps and ants --
the bees and wasps and ants --
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U kukaca koji žive u zajednici --
pčela, osa i mrava --
pčela, osa i mrava --
06:54
the individuals that you see every day --
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jedinke koje viđate svaki dan --
mravi koji idu u i iz vaše zdjele šećera,
06:56
the ants going back and forth
to your sugar bowl,
to your sugar bowl,
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06:59
the honey bees that are flitting
from flower to flower --
from flower to flower --
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pčele koje lepršaju od
cvijeta do cvijeta --
cvijeta do cvijeta --
07:02
all of those are always female.
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sve su to ženke.
07:05
People have had a hard time getting
their head around that idea for millennia.
their head around that idea for millennia.
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Ljudima je to bilo teško prihvatiti
tisućljećima.
tisućljećima.
07:09
The ancient Greeks knew that there was
a class of bees, the drones,
a class of bees, the drones,
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Drevni Grci su znali da postoji
kasta pčela, trutovi,
kasta pčela, trutovi,
07:15
that are larger than the workers,
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koji su mnogo veći nego radilice
07:17
although they disapproved
of the drones' laziness
of the drones' laziness
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i iako nisu odobravali lijenost trutova
07:19
because they could see that
the drones just hang around the hive
the drones just hang around the hive
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jer su primjetili da samo borave u košnici
07:22
until the mating flight --
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sve do svadbenog leta --
07:24
they're the males.
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to su mužjaci.
07:25
They hang around until the mating flight,
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Oni su tamo radi oplodnje,
07:27
but they don't participate
in gathering nectar or pollen.
in gathering nectar or pollen.
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ali ne sudjeluju u skupljanju
nektara ili peludi.
nektara ili peludi.
07:30
The Greeks couldn't figure out
the drones' sex,
the drones' sex,
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Grci nisu mogli otkriti kojeg su spola
trutovi
trutovi
07:32
and part of the confusion was that they
were aware of the stinging ability of bees
were aware of the stinging ability of bees
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i jednim dijelom su bili zbunjeni
jer su bili svjesni da pčele imaju žalac
jer su bili svjesni da pčele imaju žalac
07:37
but they found it difficult to believe
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i nisu mogli vjerovati
07:40
that any animals that bore such a weapon
could possibly be a female.
could possibly be a female.
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da bilo koja životinja koja ima takvo
oružje može biti ženka.
oružje može biti ženka.
07:43
Aristotle tried to get involved as well.
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Aristotel se također uključio.
07:46
He suggested, "OK, if the stinging
individuals are going to be the males ..."
individuals are going to be the males ..."
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Razmišljao je: "U redu, ako su jedinke sa
žalcem mužjaci..."
žalcem mužjaci..."
07:51
Then he got confused,
because that would have meant
because that would have meant
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Tada se zbunio jer bi to značilo
07:53
the males were also taking care
of the young in a colony,
of the young in a colony,
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da se mužjaci također brinu za mlade
u zajednici,
u zajednici,
07:56
and he seemed to think
that would be completely impossible.
that would be completely impossible.
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a on je smatrao da je to
u potpunosti nemoguće.
u potpunosti nemoguće.
08:01
He then concluded that maybe
bees had the organs of both sexes
bees had the organs of both sexes
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Tada je zaključio da možda
pčele imaju spolne organe oba spola
pčele imaju spolne organe oba spola
08:04
in the same individual,
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u istoj jedinki,
što i nije tako nezamislivo,
neke životinje ziasta jesu takve,
neke životinje ziasta jesu takve,
08:05
which is not that far-fetched,
some animals do that,
some animals do that,
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ali nikada nije to do kraja shvatio.
08:07
but he never really
did get it figured out.
did get it figured out.
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08:10
And you know, even today,
my students, for instance,
my students, for instance,
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Čak i danas,
moji studenti, na primjer,
moji studenti, na primjer,
08:14
call every animal they see,
including insects, a male.
including insects, a male.
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zovu svaku životinju koju vide,
uključujući kukce, mužjakom.
uključujući kukce, mužjakom.
08:19
And when I tell them
that the ferocious army-ant soldiers
that the ferocious army-ant soldiers
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I kad im kažem da je bijesna
vojska mrava
vojska mrava
08:23
with their giant jaws,
used to defend the colony,
used to defend the colony,
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sa ogromnim klještima
koje koriste za obranu kolonije,
koje koriste za obranu kolonije,
08:26
are all always female,
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sačinjena od ženki,
08:29
they seem to not quite believe me.
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kao da mi ne vjeruju u potpunosti.
08:31
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:32
And certainly all of the movies --
Antz, Bee Movie --
Antz, Bee Movie --
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I također svi crtani filmovi --
Mravi, Pčelin film --
Mravi, Pčelin film --
08:37
portray the main character
in the social insects as being male.
in the social insects as being male.
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prikazuju glavnog lika kukaca kao mužjaka.
08:44
Well, what difference does this make?
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Kakve veze to ima?
08:46
These are movies. They're fiction.
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To su crtani filmovi. To je mašta.
08:48
They have talking animals in them.
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U njima životinje pričaju.
08:50
What difference does it make
if they talk like Jerry Seinfeld?
if they talk like Jerry Seinfeld?
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Kakve veze ima ako pričaju
kao Jerry Seinfeld?
kao Jerry Seinfeld?
08:53
I think it does matter,
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Ja mislim da ima veze,
08:55
and it's a problem that actually
is part of a much deeper one
is part of a much deeper one
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i da je to dio puno većeg problema
08:58
that has implications
for medicine and health
for medicine and health
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koji ima veliki utjecaj
u medicini i zdravstvu
u medicini i zdravstvu
09:02
and a lot of other aspects of our lives.
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i u mnogo drugih aspekata
našeg života.
našeg života.
09:05
You all know that scientists
use what we call model systems,
use what we call model systems,
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Znate da znanstvenici koriste,
kako ih mi zovemo, modelne organizme,
kako ih mi zovemo, modelne organizme,
09:09
which are creatures --
white rats or fruit flies --
white rats or fruit flies --
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stvorenja --
bijeli štakori ili vinske mušice --
bijeli štakori ili vinske mušice --
09:12
that are kind of stand-ins
for all other animals, including people.
for all other animals, including people.
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koji služe kao standard za sve druge
životinje, uključujući ljude.
životinje, uključujući ljude.
09:17
And the idea is
that what's true for a person
that what's true for a person
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Ideja je da ono što važi za čovjeka
09:20
will also be true for the white rat.
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će također važiti i za bijelog štakora.
09:22
And by and large,
that turns out to be the case.
that turns out to be the case.
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Uglavnom, to i jest slučaj.
09:25
But you can take the idea
of a model system too far.
of a model system too far.
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Ali ta ideja modelnih organizma
može otići i predaleko.
može otići i predaleko.
09:29
And what I think we've done,
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Ono što mislim da smo napravili
09:32
is use males, in any species,
as though they are the model system.
as though they are the model system.
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je upotrebljavanje mužjaka bilo koje vrste
kao da su oni sami modelni organizam.
kao da su oni sami modelni organizam.
09:37
The norm.
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Norma.
09:38
The way things are supposed to be.
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Kako stvari trebaju biti.
09:41
And females as a kind of variant --
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A ženke su varijanta --
09:44
something special that you only study
after you get the basics down.
after you get the basics down.
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nešto specijalno što se proučava
kada se ovlada temeljima.
kada se ovlada temeljima.
09:49
And so, back to the insects.
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I tako se vraćamo na kukce.
09:52
I think what that means
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Mislim da ono što to znači
09:53
is that people just couldn't see
what was in front of them.
what was in front of them.
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jest da ljudi ne vide ono
što im je ispred nosa.
što im je ispred nosa.
09:56
Because they assumed that the world's
stage was largely occupied by male players
stage was largely occupied by male players
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Zato što su pretpostavili da je svjetska
scena većinom popunjena muškim igračima
scena većinom popunjena muškim igračima
10:03
and females would only have
minor, walk-on roles.
minor, walk-on roles.
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a ženke imaju manje, usputne uloge.
10:07
But when we do that, we really miss out
on a lot of what nature is like.
on a lot of what nature is like.
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Ali kada to činimo, propuštamo
puno toga o tome kakva je priroda.
puno toga o tome kakva je priroda.
10:13
And we can also miss out on the way
natural, living things, including people,
natural, living things, including people,
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Također propuštamo koliko se
prirodna i živuća bića, uključujući ljude,
prirodna i živuća bića, uključujući ljude,
mogu razlikovati.
10:20
can vary.
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To je razlog zašto su mužjaci korišteni
kao modeli u mnogim medicinskim
kao modeli u mnogim medicinskim
10:22
And I think that's why we've used males
as models in a lot of medical research,
as models in a lot of medical research,
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istraživanjima za što sada znamo
da je problem,
da je problem,
10:27
something that we know now to be a problem
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ako želimo da su rezultati primjenjivi
i na muškarce i žene.
i na muškarce i žene.
10:29
if we want the results to apply
to both men and women.
to both men and women.
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10:34
Well, the last thing
I really love about insects
I really love about insects
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Zadnja stvar o kukcima koju volim
10:37
is something that a lot of people
find unnerving about them.
find unnerving about them.
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je nešto za što puno ljudi smatra
da je obeshrabrujuće o njima.
da je obeshrabrujuće o njima.
10:40
They have little, tiny brains
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Imaju male, sićušne mozgove
10:42
with very little cognitive ability,
the way we normally think of it.
the way we normally think of it.
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s vrlo malom konignitvnom moći,
kako mi to vidimo.
kako mi to vidimo.
10:46
They have complicated behavior,
but they lack complicated brains.
but they lack complicated brains.
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Imaju složeno ponašanje
ali nemaju složene mozgove.
ali nemaju složene mozgove.
10:51
And so, we can't just think of them
as though they're little people
as though they're little people
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Na taj način ih ne možemo gledati
kao male ljude
kao male ljude
10:57
because they don't do things
the way that we do.
the way that we do.
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zato što ne rade stvari na način kao i mi.
11:00
I really love that it's difficult
to anthropomorphize insects,
to anthropomorphize insects,
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Zaista volim što je teško
prikazati kukce čovjekolikima,
prikazati kukce čovjekolikima,
11:04
to look at them and just think of them
like they're little people
like they're little people
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da ih se promatra i misli o njima
kao malim ljudima
kao malim ljudima
11:08
in exoskeletons, with six legs.
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sa egzoskeletom i šest nogu.
11:10
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:12
Instead, you really have to accept them
on their own terms,
on their own terms,
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Umjesto toga ih treba prihvatiti
po njihovim uvjetima,
po njihovim uvjetima,
11:15
because insects make us question
what's normal and what's natural.
what's normal and what's natural.
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zato što nas kukce navode na pitanja
o tome što je normalno i što je prirodno.
o tome što je normalno i što je prirodno.
11:21
Now, you know, people write fiction
and talk about parallel universes.
and talk about parallel universes.
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Znate da ljudi pišu fikcije
i pričaju o paralelnim svemirima.
i pričaju o paralelnim svemirima.
11:26
They speculate about the supernatural,
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Teoretiziraju o nadnaravnom,
11:29
maybe the spirits of the departed
walking among us.
walking among us.
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kako možda duhovi preminulih
hodaju među nama.
hodaju među nama.
11:34
The allure of another world
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Očaranost drugim svjetovima
11:37
is something that people say is part of
why they want to dabble in the paranormal.
why they want to dabble in the paranormal.
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je djelomično razlog zašto ljude
žele brbljati o nadnaravnom.
žele brbljati o nadnaravnom.
11:44
But as far as I'm concerned,
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Što se mene tiče,
11:46
who needs to be able to see dead people,
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kome treba sposobnost da vidi mrtve ljude,
11:48
when you can see live insects?
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kada može gledati žive kukce?
11:51
Thank you.
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Hvala.
11:52
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marlene Zuk - Evolutionary biologistMarlene Zuk studies insect behavior -- and how humans use animal behavior to think about how we behave ourselves.
Why you should listen
Marlene Zuk is a biologist and writer who researches animal behavior and evolution, mostly using insects as subjects. Zuk is interested in the ways that people use animal behavior to think about human behavior, and vice versa, as well as in the public's understanding of evolution. She teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior at the University of Minnesota -- including a seminar called “What’s the Alternative to Alternative Medicine?”
In addition to publishing numerous scientific articles, Zuk has published four books for a general audience: Sexual Selections: What We Can and Can’t Learn About Sex from Animals; Riddled with Life: Friendly Worms, Ladybug Sex, and the Parasites That Make Us Who We Are; Sex on Six Legs: Lessons on Life, Love and Language from the Insect World; and most recently, Paleofantasy: What Evolution Really Tells Us About Sex, Diet and the Way We Live.
Marlene Zuk | Speaker | TED.com