TED2006
Amy Smith: Simple designs to save a life
Amy Smith berbagi tentang desain sederhana, penyelamat hidup
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Asap pembakaran dari kegiatan memasak dalam rumah membunuh lebih dari 2 juta anak setahun di dunia berkembang, Insinyur MIT Amy Smith menjelaskan solusi menarik namun sederhana: sebuah alat untuk mengubah limbah peternakan menjadi arang bersih.
Amy Smith - inventor, engineer
Amy Smith designs cheap, practical fixes for tough problems in developing countries. Among her many accomplishments, the MIT engineer received a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2004 and was the first woman to win the Lemelson-MIT Prize for turning her ideas into inventions. Full bio
Amy Smith designs cheap, practical fixes for tough problems in developing countries. Among her many accomplishments, the MIT engineer received a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2004 and was the first woman to win the Lemelson-MIT Prize for turning her ideas into inventions. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Dari segi penemuan,
00:25
In terms of invention,
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00:26
I'd like to tell you the tale
of one of my favorite projects.
of one of my favorite projects.
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Saya ingin memberitahu Anda kisah tentang salah satu proyek favorit saya.
00:29
I think it's one of the most exciting
that I'm working on,
that I'm working on,
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Menurut saya ini adalah salah satu hal paling menarik yang saya kerjakan,
tapi saya pikir juga yang paling sederhana.
00:32
but I think it's also the simplest.
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Ini adalah proyek yang berpotensi memberi dampak besar di seluruh dunia.
00:34
It's a project that has the potential
to make a huge impact around the world.
to make a huge impact around the world.
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Proyek ini menyikapi salah satu isu kesehatan terbesar di planet ini,
00:39
It addresses one of the biggest
health issues on the planet,
health issues on the planet,
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penyebab kematian nomor satu pada anak di bawah usia lima tahun,
00:42
the number one cause of death
in children under five.
in children under five.
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yaitu ... ? Penyakit yang tersebar lewat air. Diare. Malnutrisi.
00:46
Which is ...?
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00:48
Water-borne diseases?
Diarrhea? Malnutrition?
Diarrhea? Malnutrition?
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Bukan, tapi menghirup asap dari hasil memasak di dalam rumah --
00:52
No.
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00:53
It's breathing the smoke
from indoor cooking fires --
from indoor cooking fires --
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infeksi pernapasan akut disebabkan oleh hal ini. Apakah Anda percaya itu?
00:57
acute respiratory infections
caused by this.
caused by this.
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01:00
Can you believe that?
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Menurutku ini mengejutkan dan mengerikan.
01:02
I find this shocking
and somewhat appalling.
and somewhat appalling.
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Tak bisakah kita membuat bahan bakar yang lebih bersih untuk memasak?
01:05
Can't we make
cleaner burning cooking fuels?
cleaner burning cooking fuels?
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Tak bisakah kita membuat kompor yang lebih baik?
01:08
Can't we make better stoves?
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Bagaimana hal ini bisa menyebabkan lebih dari dua juta kematian tiap tahun?
01:10
How is it that this can lead
to over two million deaths every year?
to over two million deaths every year?
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Saya tahu Bill Joy telah membicarakan
01:14
I know Bill Joy was talking to you
about the wonders of carbon nanotubes,
about the wonders of carbon nanotubes,
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tentang keajaiban carbon nanotubes.
Jadi saya akan berbicara tentang
01:18
so I'm going to talk to you
about the wonders of carbon macro-tubes,
about the wonders of carbon macro-tubes,
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keajaiban carbon macro-tubes, yaitu arang.
01:22
which is charcoal.
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01:24
(Laughter)
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Ini adalah gambar pedesaan Haiti. Sebanyak 98 persen wilayah hutan Haiti telah ditebangi.
01:26
So this is a picture of rural Haiti.
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01:28
Haiti is now 98 percent deforested.
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Anda akan lihat pemandangan seperti ini di seluruh pulau ini.
01:31
You'll see scenes like this
all over the island.
all over the island.
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Hal ini menyebabkan semua jenis masalah lingkungan
01:34
It leads to all sorts
of environmental problems
of environmental problems
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dan masalah yang mempengaruhi seluruh bangsa ini.
01:37
and problems that affect people
throughout the nation.
throughout the nation.
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01:41
A couple years ago
there was severe flooding
there was severe flooding
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Beberapa tahun lalu terjadi banjir parah
yang mengakibatkan ribuan korban jiwa,
01:43
that led to thousands of deaths --
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yang benar-benar disebabkan oleh fakta
01:45
that's directly attributable to the fact
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bahwa tidak ada pohon sama sekali di perbukitan untuk menstabilkan tanah.
01:47
that there are no trees on the hills
to stabilize the soil.
to stabilize the soil.
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Jadi saat hujan, air mengalir ke sungai, dan terjadilah banjir.
01:50
So the rains come --
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01:51
they go down the rivers
and the flooding happens.
and the flooding happens.
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Kini salah satu alasan mengapa ada begitu sedikit pohon adalah:
01:55
Now one of the reasons
why there are so few trees is this:
why there are so few trees is this:
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orang harus memasak, dan mereka menebang kayu
01:58
people need to cook,
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02:00
and they harvest wood
and they make charcoal in order to do it.
and they make charcoal in order to do it.
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dan membuat arang untuk memasak.
Semua orang bukannya tidak peduli pada kerusakan lingkungan.
02:04
It's not that people are ignorant
to the environmental damage.
to the environmental damage.
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Mereka benar-benar menyadarinya, tapi mereka tidak punya pilihan.
02:07
They know perfectly well,
but they have no other choice.
but they have no other choice.
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Bahan bakar fosil tidak tersedia,
02:09
Fossil fuels are not available,
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dan tenaga matahari tidak bisa mematangkan masakan sesuai keinginan mereka.
02:11
and solar energy doesn't cook the way
that they like their food prepared.
that they like their food prepared.
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02:16
And so this is what they do.
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Dan inilah yang mereka lakukan.
Anda akan melihat keluarga-keluarga seperti ini yang pergi ke hutan mencari sebatang pohon,
02:18
You'll find families like this who go out
into the forest to find a tree,
into the forest to find a tree,
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menebangnya dan membuat arang.
02:23
cut it down and make charcoal out of it.
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jadi tidak mengherankan, ada banyak upaya
02:27
So not surprisingly,
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02:28
there's a lot of effort that's been done
to look at alternative cooking fuels.
to look at alternative cooking fuels.
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yang telah dilakukan untuk mencari bahan bakar memasak alternatif.
Sekitar empat tahun lalu saya membawa sekelompok siswa ke Haiti,
02:34
About four years ago, I took
a team of students down to Haiti
a team of students down to Haiti
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dan kami bekerja dengan sukarelawan Peace Corps di sana.
02:37
and we worked with
Peace Corps volunteers there.
Peace Corps volunteers there.
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02:39
This is one such volunteer
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Ini adalah salah satu sukarelawan,
02:41
and this is a device that he had built
in the village where he worked.
in the village where he worked.
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dan ini adalah alat yang ia buat di desa tempatnya bekerja.
02:44
And the idea was
that you could take waste paper;
that you could take waste paper;
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Idenya adalah Anda bisa memakai limbah kertas,
Anda bisa memadatkannya, dan membuat bata yang bisa digunakan sebagai bahan bakar.
02:47
you could compress it
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02:48
and make briquettes
that could be used for fuel.
that could be used for fuel.
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Tapi alat ini sangat lambat
02:51
But this device was very slow.
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Jadi para siswa teknik kami melakukan sesuatu pada bata itu,
02:53
So our engineering students
went to work on it
went to work on it
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dan dengan beberapa perubahan sederhana,
02:56
and with some very simple changes,
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02:58
they were able to triple
the throughput of this device.
the throughput of this device.
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mereka mampu membuat hasilnya menjadi tiga kali lipat.
03:01
So you could imagine
they were very excited about it.
they were very excited about it.
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Jadi Anda bisa bayangkan mereka begitu bersemangat.
Dan mereka membawa bata ini kembali ke MIT agar bisa mengujinya.
03:04
And they took the briquettes back to MIT
so that they could test them.
so that they could test them.
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Dan salah satu hal yang mereka temukan adalah bata itu tidak bisa terbakar.
03:08
And one of the things
that they found was they didn't burn.
that they found was they didn't burn.
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Jadi ini agak mengecewakan bagi para siswa.
03:13
So it was a little
discouraging to the students.
discouraging to the students.
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03:15
(Laughter)
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Dan jika Anda melihat dengan seksama, di sini,
03:17
And in fact, if you look closely,
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03:19
right here you can see
it says, "US Peace Corps."
it says, "US Peace Corps."
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Anda bisa lihat tulisan, "U.S. Peace Corps."
Nampaknya, sama sekali tidak ada limbah kertas di desa ini.
03:23
As it turns out, there actually wasn't
any waste paper in this village.
any waste paper in this village.
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Dan walaupun ini adalah penggunaan dokumen pemerintah yang baik
03:27
And while it was a good use
of government paperwork
of government paperwork
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03:30
for this volunteer to bring it
back with him to his village,
back with him to his village,
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bagi sukarelawan ini untuk dibawa kembali ke desanya.
jaraknya 800 kilometer.
03:33
it was 800 kilometers away.
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Jadi kami pikir mungkin ada cara yang lebih baik
03:35
And so we thought perhaps
there might be a better way
there might be a better way
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03:38
to come up with
an alternative cooking fuel.
an alternative cooking fuel.
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untuk mendapat bahan bakar alternatif untuk memasak.
Yang ingin kami lakukan, adalah kami ingin membuat bahan bakar
03:41
What we wanted to do
is we wanted to make a fuel
is we wanted to make a fuel
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03:43
that used something that was
readily available on the local level.
readily available on the local level.
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yang menggunakan sesuatu yang sudah tersedia di tingkat lokal.
Anda juga melihatnya di seluruh Haiti. Semua ini adalah pabrik gula skala kecil.
03:47
You see these all over Haiti as well.
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03:48
They're small-scale sugar mills.
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03:50
And the waste product from them
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Dan produk limbahnya
setelah Anda mengambil sarinya dari tebu, yang disebut bagasse.
03:52
after you extract the juice
from the sugarcane
from the sugarcane
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03:54
is called "bagasse."
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Limbah ini tidak mempunyai manfaat lain. Bagasse tidak mengandung nilai gizi,
03:56
It has no other use.
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03:57
It has no nutritional value,
so they don't feed it to the animals.
so they don't feed it to the animals.
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jadi mereka tidak memberikannya sebagai pakan hewan.
04:00
It just sits in a pile near the sugar mill
until eventually they burn it.
until eventually they burn it.
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Bagasse hanya ditumpuk di dekat pabrik gula hingga akhirnya mereka membakarnya.
Apa yang ingin kami lakukan adalah kami ingin menemukan cara
04:05
What we wanted to do was
we wanted to find a way
we wanted to find a way
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untuk memanfaatkan sumber daya limbah ini dan mengubahnya menjadi bahan bakar
04:08
to harness this waste resource
and turn it into a fuel
and turn it into a fuel
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yang bisa digunakan orang dengan mudah untuk memasak,
04:11
that would be something
that people could easily cook with,
that people could easily cook with,
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sesuatu seperti arang.
04:14
something like charcoal.
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Jadi selama beberapa tahun berikutnya, para siswa dan saya mengembangkan sebuah proses.
04:16
So over the next couple of years,
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04:18
students and I worked
to develop a process.
to develop a process.
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Jadi Andamulai dengan bagasse, kemudian Anda buat satu ruang isolasi sederhana
04:21
So you start with the bagasse,
and then you take a very simple kiln
and then you take a very simple kiln
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yang bisa Anda buat dari limbah sebanyak lima puluh lima galon drum minyak.
04:25
that you can make out of
a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum.
a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum.
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Setelah beberapa saat, setelah membakarnya, Anda menutupnya
04:28
After some time, after setting it on fire,
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04:31
you seal it to restrict the oxygen
that goes into the kiln,
that goes into the kiln,
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untuk mencegah oksigen masuk ke dalam ruang isolasi,
kemudian Anda akan mendapat materi terkarbonisasi di sini.
04:35
and then you end up
with this carbonized material here.
with this carbonized material here.
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Tapi, Anda tidak bisa membakarnya. Karena terlalu halus
04:38
However, you can't burn this.
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04:40
It's too fine and it burns too quickly
to be useful for cooking.
to be useful for cooking.
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dan terbakar terlalu cepat sehingga tidak berguna untuk memasak.
Jadi kami harus mencoba menemukan cara membuatnya menjadi bata yang berguna.
04:45
So we had to try to find a way
to form it into useful briquettes.
to form it into useful briquettes.
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Dan kebetulan sekali, salah satu siswa saya yang berasal dari Ghana,
04:49
And conveniently,
one of my students was from Ghana,
one of my students was from Ghana,
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ia ingat masakan yang dulu dibuat untuknya oleh ibunya bernama kokonte,
04:52
and he remembered a dish his mom
used to make for him called "kokonte,"
used to make for him called "kokonte,"
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04:56
which is a very sticky porridge
made out of the cassava root.
made out of the cassava root.
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yaitu bubur sangat kental yang terbuat dari akar singkong.
04:59
And so what we did was we looked,
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Dan yang kami lakukan adalah kami mencari, dan menemukan
05:01
and we found that cassava
is indeed grown in Haiti,
is indeed grown in Haiti,
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bahwa singkong memang tumbuh di Haiti, dengan nama manioc.
05:04
under the name of "manioc."
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Dan sebenarnya, tumbuh di seluruh dunia --
05:06
In fact, it's grown all over the world --
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yucca, tapioka, manioc, cassava, semuanya sama --
05:08
yucca, tapioca, manioc, cassava,
it's all the same thing --
it's all the same thing --
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05:11
a very starchy root vegetable.
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sayur akar-akaran yang banyak mengandung tepung.
Dan Anda bisa membuat bubur yang sangat kental dan pekat dengan ini,
05:13
And you can make a very thick,
sticky porridge out of it,
sticky porridge out of it,
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yang bisa Anda gunakan untuk memadatkan bata arang.
05:17
which you can use to bind together
the charcoal briquettes.
the charcoal briquettes.
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Jadi kami melakukannya. Kami pergi ke Haiti.
05:21
So we did this. We went down to Haiti.
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Ini semua adalah hasil Ecole de Chabon pertama,
05:24
These are the graduates
of the first Ecole de Charbon,
of the first Ecole de Charbon,
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atau Institut Arang. Dan ini semua --
05:27
or Charcoal Institute.
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(Gelak tawa)
05:28
And these --
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05:30
(Laughter)
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-- benar. Jadi saya benar-benar seorang instruktur di MIT dan CIT.
05:31
That's right. So I'm actually
an instructor at MIT as well as CIT.
an instructor at MIT as well as CIT.
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Dan ini semua adalah bata yang kami buat.
05:37
And these are the briquettes that we made.
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Kini saya akan membawa Anda ke benua yang berbeda. Ini adalah India,
05:40
Now I'm going to take you
to a different continent.
to a different continent.
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05:44
This is India
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dan ini adalah yang paling umum digunakan untuk memasak di India: kotoran sapi.
05:45
and this is the most commonly used
cooking fuel in India.
cooking fuel in India.
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05:48
It's cow dung.
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Dan lebih parah dari Haiti, kotoran ini menghasilkan api yang sangat pekat asapnya,
05:50
And more than in Haiti,
this produces really smoky fires,
this produces really smoky fires,
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dan ini adalah di mana Anda melihat dampak kesehatannya
05:54
and this is where you see
the health impacts
the health impacts
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05:56
of cooking with cow dung
and biomass as a fuel.
and biomass as a fuel.
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memasak dengan kotoran sapi dan biomassa sebagai bahan bakar.
Mereka yang terpengaruh khususnya anak-anak dan para wanita
06:01
Kids and women
are especially affected by it,
are especially affected by it,
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06:03
because they're the ones
who are around the cooking fires.
who are around the cooking fires.
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karena merekalah yang berada di dekat api untuk memasak.
Jadi kami ingin melihat apakah kami bisa memperkenalkan
06:06
So we wanted to see
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06:08
if we could introduce
this charcoal-making technology there.
this charcoal-making technology there.
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teknologi pembuatan arang di sini.
Tapi sayangnya, mereka tidak mempunyai tebu
06:11
Well, unfortunately,
they didn't have sugarcane
they didn't have sugarcane
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dan mereka tidak mempunyai singkong, tapi ini tidak menghentikan kami.
06:14
and they didn't have cassava,
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06:15
but that didn't stop us.
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Yang kami lakukan adalah, kami menemukan sumber biomassa apa yang tersedia secara lokal.
06:17
What we did was we found what were
the locally available sources of biomass.
the locally available sources of biomass.
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Ada jerami gandum, dan ada jerami padi di daerah ini.
06:21
And there was wheat straw
and there was rice straw in this area.
and there was rice straw in this area.
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Dan apa yang bisa kami gunakan sebagai pengikat
06:24
And what we could use as a binder
was actually small amounts of cow manure,
was actually small amounts of cow manure,
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sebenarnya adalah sedikit pupuk kandang sapi,
yang biasa mereka gunakan sebagai bahan bakar.
06:28
which they used ordinarily for their fuel.
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Dan kami melakukan tes perbandingan, dan ini yang bisa Anda lihat
06:31
And we did side-by-side tests,
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06:33
and here you can see
the charcoal briquettes
the charcoal briquettes
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bata arang, dan ini adalah kotoran sapinya.
06:36
and here the cow dung.
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06:37
And you can see that it's a lot cleaner
burning of a cooking fuel.
burning of a cooking fuel.
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Dan Anda bisa lihat bahwa ini adalah bahan bakar memasak yang jauh lebih bersih.
Dan sesungguhnya, bata ini memanaskan air lebih cepat.
06:41
And in fact, it heats the water
a lot more quickly.
a lot more quickly.
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06:43
And so we were very happy, thus far.
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Dan kami sangat senang, sejauh ini.
Tapi salah satu hal yang kami temukan
06:46
But one of the things that we found
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06:47
was when we did side-by-side
comparisons with wood charcoal,
comparisons with wood charcoal,
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adalah saat kami melakukan perbandingan dengan arang kayu,
06:50
it didn't burn as long.
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masa bakarnya tidak selama arang kayu. Dan bata ini sedikit remuk,
06:52
And the briquettes crumbled a little bit
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dan kami kehilangan energi saat bata ini remuk saat dipakai memasak.
06:54
and we lost energy as they fell apart
as they were cooking.
as they were cooking.
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Jadi kami ingin mencari cara untuk membuatnya menjadi bata yang lebih kuat
06:57
So we wanted to try to find a way
to make a stronger briquette
to make a stronger briquette
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07:00
so that we could compete with
wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.
wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.
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sehingga kami bisa menyaingi arang kayu di pasar Haiti.
Jadi kami kembali ke MIT, mengeluarkan mesin Instron,
07:05
So we went back to MIT,
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07:07
we took out the Instron machine
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dan mencari jenis daya apa yang Anda perlukan
07:09
and we figured out
what sort of forces you needed
what sort of forces you needed
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untuk memadatkan bata sampai pada tingkat
07:12
in order to compress
a briquette to the level
a briquette to the level
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di mana Anda benar-benar mampu meningkatkan kemampuan bakarnya?
07:14
that you actually are getting
improved performance out of it?
improved performance out of it?
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Dan pada saat yang sama saat para siswa kami di lab menelitinya,
07:17
And at the same time that we had
students in the lab looking at this,
students in the lab looking at this,
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kami juga memiliki mitra masyarakat di Haiti yang mengembangkan proses ini,
07:21
we also had community partners in Haiti
working to develop the process,
working to develop the process,
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untuk memperbaikinya dan membuatnya jadi lebih mudah didapat oleh warga desa di sana.
07:28
to improve it and make it more accessible
to people in the villages there.
to people in the villages there.
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Dan setelah beberapa waktu,
07:33
And after some time,
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kami mengembangkan mesin pencetak murah yang memungkinkan Anda membuat arang,
07:35
we developed a low-cost press
that allows you to produce charcoal,
that allows you to produce charcoal,
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yang kini benar-benar terbakar lebih lama, lebih bersih daripada arang kayu.
07:40
which actually now burns not only --
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07:43
actually, it burns longer,
cleaner than wood charcoal.
cleaner than wood charcoal.
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Jadi kini kami ada dalam situasi di mana kami mempunyai produk, yang memang lebih baik
07:47
So now we're in a situation
where we have a product,
where we have a product,
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07:49
which is actually better than what
you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace,
you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace,
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daripada yang bisa Anda beli di pasaran di Haiti,
yang merupakan tempat yang paling baik untuk ini.
07:54
which is a very wonderful place to be.
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DI Haiti saja, sekitar 30 juta pohon ditebang setiap tahun.
07:58
In Haiti alone, about 30 million trees
are cut down every year.
are cut down every year.
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08:03
There's a possibility
of this being implemented
of this being implemented
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Ada kemungkinan hal ini diterapkan maka
sejumlah besar pohon terselamatkan.
08:06
and saving a good portion of those.
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Selain itu, pemasukan dari arang ini adalah 260 juta dolar.
08:08
In addition, the revenue generated
from that charcoal is 260 million dollars.
from that charcoal is 260 million dollars.
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Ini jumlah yang sangat besar bagi negara seperti Haiti --
08:14
That's an awful lot
for a country like Haiti --
for a country like Haiti --
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dengan jumlah penduduk delapan juta jiwa
08:17
with a population of eight million
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dan penghasilan rata-rata kurang dari 400 dolar.
08:19
and an average income
of less than 400 dollars.
of less than 400 dollars.
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Jadi ini tahap di mana kami bergerak memajukan proyek arang kami.
08:23
So this is where we're also moving ahead
with our charcoal project.
with our charcoal project.
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08:27
And one of the things
that I think is also interesting,
that I think is also interesting,
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Dan salah satu hal yang menarik bagi saya,
adalah saya mempunyai teman di UC Berkeley yang tengah melakukan analisis risiko.
08:30
is I have a friend up at UC Berkeley
who's been doing risk analysis.
who's been doing risk analysis.
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08:34
And he's looked at the problem
of the health impacts
of the health impacts
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Dan ia meneliti masalah dampak kesehatan
08:37
of burning wood versus charcoal.
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dari pembakaran kayu dibandingkan dengan arang.
08:39
And he's found that worldwide,
you could prevent a million deaths
you could prevent a million deaths
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Dan ia menemukan bahwa di seluruh dunia,
Anda bisa mencegah sejuta kematian dengan beralih dari kayu ke arang
08:43
switching from wood
to charcoal as a cooking fuel.
to charcoal as a cooking fuel.
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sebagai bahan bakar memasak. Ini luar biasa.
08:46
That's remarkable,
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Tapi sampai sekarang, tidak ada cara untuk melakukannya tanpa menebang pohon.
08:47
but up until now, there weren't ways
to do it without cutting down trees.
to do it without cutting down trees.
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Tapi kini kami punya cara
08:51
But now we have a way
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08:52
that's using an agricultural
waste material to create a cooking fuel.
waste material to create a cooking fuel.
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yaitu menggunakan materi limbah pertanian untuk membuat bahan bakar memasak.
08:56
One of the really exciting things, though,
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Salah satu hal yang paling menarik,
08:58
is something that came out of the trip
that I took to Ghana just last month.
that I took to Ghana just last month.
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adalah sesuatu yang saya dapat dari perjalanan saya ke Ghana bulan lalu.
Dan ini, menurut saya, adalah yang paling hebat,
09:02
And I think it's the coolest thing,
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dan bahkan teknologinya lebih sederhana daripada yang baru saja Anda lihat,
09:05
and it's even lower tech
than what you just saw,
than what you just saw,
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jika Anda bisa membayangkan hal seperti ini. Ini dia.
09:08
if you can imagine such a thing.
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09:10
Here it is.
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Apa ini? Ini adalah tongkol jagung yang diubah menjadi arang.
09:11
So what is this?
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09:13
This is corncobs turned into charcoal.
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Dan hal yang indah adalah adalah bahwa Anda tidak perlu membuat bata.
09:15
And the beauty of this is
that you don't need to form briquettes --
that you don't need to form briquettes --
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Ini siap dipakai langsung. Ini laptop saya seharga 100 dolar, di sini.
09:19
it comes ready made.
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09:20
This is my $100 laptop, right here.
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Dan sebenarnya, seperti Nick, saya membawa contoh.
09:23
And actually, like Nick,
I brought samples.
I brought samples.
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(Gelak tawa)
09:26
(Laughter)
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09:28
So we can pass these around.
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Tolong contoh ini diedarkan.
Semua ini benar-benar fungsional, teruji di lapangan, siap diluncurkan.
09:32
They're fully functional,
field-tested, ready to roll out.
field-tested, ready to roll out.
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09:36
(Laughter)
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Dan menurut saya salah satu hal, yang juga hebat tentang teknologi ini
09:40
And I think one of the things
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09:41
which is also remarkable
about this technology,
about this technology,
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adalah transfer teknologinya begitu mudah.
09:46
is that the technology
transfer is so easy.
transfer is so easy.
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Dibandingkan dengan arang tebu,
09:48
Compared to the sugarcane charcoal,
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di mana kita harus benar-benar mengajari orang bagaimana membuatnya menjadi bata
09:51
where we have to teach people
how to form it into briquettes
how to form it into briquettes
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dan Anda harus mempunyai langkah ekstra untuk mematangkan perekatnya,
09:53
and you have the extra step
of cooking the binder,
of cooking the binder,
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inilah pra-bata.
09:56
this comes pre-briquetted.
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Dan ini tentang hal yang paling menarik dalam hidup saya saat ini,
09:57
And this is about the most exciting
thing in my life right now,
thing in my life right now,
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yang mungkin merupakan uraian menyedihkan dalam hidup saya.
10:00
which is perhaps
a sad commentary on my life.
a sad commentary on my life.
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(Gelak tawa)
10:04
(Laughter)
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Tapi begitu Anda melihatnya, seperti Anda semua yang duduk di baris terdepan, baiklah
10:06
But once you see it,
like you guys in the front row --
like you guys in the front row --
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ya, OK. Jadi --
10:08
All right, yeah, OK.
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10:10
So anyway --
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(Gelak tawa)
10:11
(Laughter)
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-- ini dia. Dan ini adalah contoh yang sempurna menurut saya
10:13
Here it is.
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10:14
And this is, I think, a perfect example
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dari apa yang dibicarakan oleh Robert Wright tentang semua hal yang bernilai.
10:17
of what Robert Wright was talking about
in those non-zero-sum things.
in those non-zero-sum things.
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Jadi Anda tidak hanya mendapat manfaat kesehatan,
10:22
So not only do you have health benefits,
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Anda juga mendapat manfaat lingkungan.
10:24
you have environmental benefits.
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Tapi ini adalah salah satu situasi yang sangat langka
10:27
But this is one
of the incredibly rare situations
of the incredibly rare situations
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di mana Anda juga mendapat manfaat ekonomi.
10:30
where you also have economic benefits.
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Orang bisa membuat bahan bakar memasak sendiri dari produk limbah.
10:33
People can make their own cooking fuel
from waste products.
from waste products.
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10:36
They can generate income from this.
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Mereka bisa mendapat penghasilan dari hal ini.
10:38
They can save the money
that they were going to spend on charcoal
that they were going to spend on charcoal
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Mereka bisa menabung uang yang akan mereka gunakan membeli arang,
10:41
and they can produce excess
and sell it in the market
and sell it in the market
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dan mereka bisa membuat dalam jumlah berlebih dan menjualnya di pasar
kepada orang-orang yang tidak membuatnya sendiri.
10:44
to people who aren't making their own.
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yang langka adalah bahwa Anda tidak melakukan barter
10:46
It's really rare
that you don't have trade-offs
that you don't have trade-offs
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antara kesehatan dan ekonomi, atau lingkungan dan ekonomi.
10:48
between health and economics,
or environment and economics.
or environment and economics.
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10:51
So this is a project
that I just find extremely exciting
that I just find extremely exciting
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Jadi ini adalah proyek yang saya anggap sangat menarik,
dan saya benar-benar tak sabar melihat ke mana perkembangan proyek ini.
10:55
and I'm really looking forward
to see where it takes us.
to see where it takes us.
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Jadi saat kita membahas tentang, sekarang, masa depan yang akan kita buat,
11:02
So when we talk about, now,
the future we will create,
the future we will create,
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salah satu hal yang menurut saya penting
11:06
one of the things
that I think is necessary
that I think is necessary
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11:08
is to have a very clear vision
of the world that we live in.
of the world that we live in.
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adalah memiliki pandangan yang sangat jelas tentang dunia yang kita tinggali.
Dan kini saya tidak benar-benar bermaksud dunia yang kita tinggali.
11:12
And now, I don't actually mean
the world that we live in.
the world that we live in.
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11:16
I mean the world where women
spend two to three hours everyday
spend two to three hours everyday
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Maksud saya adalah dunia di mana para wanita menghabiskan dua hingga tiga jam setiap hari
menggiling biji-bijian untuk dimakan oleh keluarga mereka.
11:20
grinding grain for their families to eat.
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Maksud saya adalah dunia di mana bahan bangunan canggih
11:24
I mean the world
where advanced building materials
where advanced building materials
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adalah genteng berbahan semen yang dibuat dengan tangan,
11:27
means cement roofing tiles
that are made by hand,
that are made by hand,
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dan di mana, saat Anda bekerja sepuluh jam sehari,
11:30
and where, when you work 10 hours a day,
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11:32
you're still only earning
60 dollars in a month.
60 dollars in a month.
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Anda masih hanya menghasilkan 60 dolar sebulan.
Maksud saya adalah dunia di mana para wanita dan anak-anak menghabiskan 40 milyar jam setahun untuk mengambil air.
11:37
I mean the world
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11:38
where women and children spend
40 billion hours a year fetching water.
40 billion hours a year fetching water.
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Seolah-olah seluruh tenaga kerja negara bagian California
11:45
That's as if the entire workforce
of the state of California
of the state of California
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bekerja penuh waktu setahun untuk tidak melakukan apa-apa selain mengambil air.
11:49
worked full time for a year
doing nothing but fetching water.
doing nothing but fetching water.
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Ini adalah tempat di mana, misalnya, jika ini India,
11:53
It's a place where,
for example, if this were India,
for example, if this were India,
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di ruangan ini, hanya tiga orang yang memiliki mobil.
11:57
in this room, only three of us
would have a car.
would have a car.
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Jika ini adalah Afghanistan,
12:01
If this were Afghanistan,
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hanya satu orang di ruangan ini yang tahu bagaimana menggunakan Internet.
12:02
only one person in this room
would know how the use the Internet.
would know how the use the Internet.
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Jika ini adalah Zambia, 300 orang di sini adalah petani,
12:06
If this were Zambia --
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12:08
300 of you would be farmers,
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100 orang lainnya mengidap AIDS atau HIV,
12:11
100 of you would have AIDS or HIV.
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Dan lebih dari setengah dari Anda hidup dengan kurang dari satu dolar sehari.
12:14
And more than half of you would be living
on less than a dollar a day.
on less than a dollar a day.
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Ini adalah isu-isu yang harus kita pecahkan.
12:19
These are the issues that we
need to come up with solutions for.
need to come up with solutions for.
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Inilah isu-isu di mana para insinyur kita,
12:23
These are the issues that
we need to be training our engineers,
we need to be training our engineers,
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12:27
our designers, our business people,
our entrepreneurs to be facing.
our entrepreneurs to be facing.
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para desainer kita, pengusaha kita, wiraswasta kita harus kita latih agar bisa menghadapinya.
Ini adalah solusi yang harus kita temukan.
12:32
These are the solutions
that we need to find.
that we need to find.
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12:34
I have a few areas that I believe
are especially important that we address.
are especially important that we address.
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Saya mempunyai beberapa hal yang saya yakin sangat penting untuk kita sikapi.
Salah satunya adalah menciptakan teknologi untuk mendorong keuangan mikro dan usaha kecil.
12:41
One of them is creating technologies
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12:43
to promote micro-finance
and micro-enterprise,
and micro-enterprise,
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Sehingga semua orang yang hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan bisa menemukan cara untuk keluar --
12:46
so that people who are living
below the poverty line
below the poverty line
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12:49
can find a way to move out --
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dan mereka tidak melakukannya
12:50
and that they're not doing it
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dengan membuat keranjang tradisional yang sama, memelihara ternak, dan sebagainya.
12:51
using the same traditional
basket making, poultry rearing, etc.
basket making, poultry rearing, etc.
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12:55
But there are new technologies
and new products
and new products
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Tapi ada teknologi-teknologi baru dan produk-produk baru
12:57
that they can make on a small scale.
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yang bisa mereka buat dalam skala kecil.
13:00
The next thing I believe
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Hal berikutnya yang saya yakini adalah bahwa kita harus menciptakan teknologi bagi para petani miskin
13:01
is that we need to create
technologies for poor farmers
technologies for poor farmers
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untuk menambah nilai hasil panen mereka.
13:06
to add value to their own crops.
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Dan kita harus memikirkan kembali strategi pengembangan kita,
13:09
And we need to rethink
our development strategies,
our development strategies,
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sehingga kita tidak mendorong kampanye pendidikan
13:12
so that we're not promoting
educational campaigns
educational campaigns
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13:15
to get them to stop being farmers,
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untuk mencegah mereka terus menerus menjadi petani,
13:17
but rather to stop being poor farmers.
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tapi sebaliknya mencegah mereka menjadi petani miskin.
13:20
And we need to think
about how we can do that effectively.
about how we can do that effectively.
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Dan kita harus memikirkan tentang bagaimana kita bisa melakukannya dengan efektif.
Kita harus bekerja dengan orang-orang ini dalam lingkungan ini,
13:24
We need to work with the people
in these communities
in these communities
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dan memberi mereka sumber daya dan peralatan yang mereka perlukan
13:27
and give them the resources
and the tools that they need
and the tools that they need
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untuk memecahkan masalah mereka sendiri. Itu hal terbaik untuk melakukannya.
13:29
to solve their own problems.
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13:31
That's the best way to do it.
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Kita tidak bisa melakukannya dari luar.
13:33
We shouldn't be doing it from outside.
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Jadi kita harus menciptakan masa depan ini, dan kita harus mulai melakukannya sekarang.
13:35
So we need to create this future,
and we need to start doing it now.
and we need to start doing it now.
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Terima kasih.
13:40
Thank you.
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13:41
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
13:46
Chris Anderson: Thank you, incredible.
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13:49
Stay here.
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Chris Anderso: Beritahu kami -- sambil menunggu jika ada pertanyaan --
13:51
Tell us -- just while we see
if someone has a question --
if someone has a question --
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beritahu kami tentang hal lain yang telah Anda kerjakan.
13:54
just tell us about one of the other things
that you've worked on.
that you've worked on.
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Amy Smith: Beberapa hal lain yang kami kerjakan
13:57
Amy Smith: Some of the other
things we're working on
things we're working on
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adalah mencari cara melakukan pengujian mutu air yang berbiaya rendah,
14:00
are ways to do low-cost
water quality testing,
water quality testing,
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agar masyarakat bisa menjaga sistem air mereka sendiri,
14:02
so that communities can maintain
their own water systems,
their own water systems,
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tahu apakah sistemnya bekerja, tahu apakah harus diperbaiki, dan sebagainya.
14:05
know when they're working,
know when they treat them, etc.
know when they treat them, etc.
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14:07
We're also looking at low-cost
water-treatment systems.
water-treatment systems.
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Kami juga mencari sistem pengolahan air berbiaya rendah.
Salah satu hal yang paling menarik adalah mengamati pembasmian kuman di air dengan tenaga matahari
14:10
One of the really exciting things
is looking at solar water disinfection
is looking at solar water disinfection
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dan memperbaiki kemampuan dalam melakukannya.
14:13
and improving the ability
to be able to do that.
to be able to do that.
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CA: Apa hambatan yang mencegah hal ini untuk berkembang?
14:17
CA: What's the bottleneck
preventing this stuff getting from scale?
preventing this stuff getting from scale?
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Apakah Anda memerlukan wiraswasta, atau mencari kaum kapital,
14:21
Do you need to find entrepreneurs,
or venture capitalists,
or venture capitalists,
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atau apa yang Anda perlukan agar apa yang Anda sudah miliki dapat berkembang?
14:24
or what do you need to take
what you've got and get it to scale?
what you've got and get it to scale?
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AS: Ya, saya pikir begitu banyak orang yang memajukannya.
14:29
AS: I think it's large numbers
of people moving it forward.
of people moving it forward.
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Ini hal yang sulit: ini adalah pasar yang sangat terpecah-pecah
14:32
It's a difficult thing --
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14:33
it's a marketplace
which is very fragmented
which is very fragmented
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dan populasi konsumen yang tak memiliki penghasilan.
14:35
and a consumer population with no income.
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Jadi Anda tidak bisa menggunakan model yang sama yang Anda gunakan di Amerika Serikat
14:37
So you can't use the same models
that you use in the United States
that you use in the United States
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14:40
for making things move forward.
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untuk memajukan semua hal.
14:42
And we're a pretty small staff,
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Dan staf kami sedikit, yaitu saya sendiri.
14:44
which is me.
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14:45
(Laughter)
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(Gelak tawa)
Jadi, Anda tahu, saya melakukan apa yang bisa saya lakukan dengan para siswa.
14:47
So, you know,
I do what I can with the students.
I do what I can with the students.
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Kami memiliki 30 siswa setiap tahun yang pergi ke lapangan
14:49
We have 30 students a year
go out into the field
go out into the field
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dan mencoba menerapkan hal ini dan memajukannya.
14:52
and try to implement this
and move it forward.
and move it forward.
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Hal lainnya adalah Anda harus melakukannya dalam jangka panjang,
14:54
The other thing is you have to do things
with a long time frame,
with a long time frame,
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karena -- seperti yang Anda ketahui, Anda tidak bisa mengharapkan sesuatu selesai dalam satu atau dua tahun.
14:58
as, you know, you can't expect to get
something done in a year or two years;
something done in a year or two years;
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Anda harus melihat lima atau 10 tahun ke depan.
15:02
you have to be looking
five or 10 years ahead.
five or 10 years ahead.
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Tapi menurut saya dengan pandangan untuk melakukan ini, kita bisa bergerak maju.
15:04
But I think with the vision to do that,
we can move forward.
we can move forward.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Amy Smith - inventor, engineerAmy Smith designs cheap, practical fixes for tough problems in developing countries. Among her many accomplishments, the MIT engineer received a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2004 and was the first woman to win the Lemelson-MIT Prize for turning her ideas into inventions.
Why you should listen
Mechanical engineer Amy Smith's approach to problem-solving in developing nations is refreshingly common-sense: Invent cheap, low-tech devices that use local resources, so communities can reproduce her efforts and ultimately help themselves. Smith, working with her students at MIT's D-Lab, has come up with several useful tools, including an incubator that stays warm without electricity, a simple grain mill, and a tool that converts farm waste into cleaner-burning charcoal.
The inventions have earned Smith three prestigious prizes: the B.F. Goodrich Collegiate Inventors Award, the MIT-Lemelson Prize, and a MacArthur "genius" grant. Her course, "Design for Developing Countries," is a pioneer in bringing humanitarian design into the curriculum of major institutions. Going forward, the former Peace Corps volunteer strives to do much more, bringing her inventiveness and boundless energy to bear on some of the world's most persistent problems.
Amy Smith | Speaker | TED.com