TED2006
Amy Smith: Simple designs to save a life
David Gonzales -- Simbioza: O poveste surprinzătoare de cooperare între specii
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Diferite specii depind adesea una de alta. David Gonzales descrie relaţia remarcabilă dintre alunarul lui Clark şi pinul alb, pentru a ilustra interdependenţa numită simbioză.
Amy Smith - inventor, engineer
Amy Smith designs cheap, practical fixes for tough problems in developing countries. Among her many accomplishments, the MIT engineer received a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2004 and was the first woman to win the Lemelson-MIT Prize for turning her ideas into inventions. Full bio
Amy Smith designs cheap, practical fixes for tough problems in developing countries. Among her many accomplishments, the MIT engineer received a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2004 and was the first woman to win the Lemelson-MIT Prize for turning her ideas into inventions. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
În materie de invenţie,
00:25
In terms of invention,
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00:26
I'd like to tell you the tale
of one of my favorite projects.
of one of my favorite projects.
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aş vrea să vă spun povestea unuia dintre proiectele mele favorite.
00:29
I think it's one of the most exciting
that I'm working on,
that I'm working on,
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Cred că este unul dintre cele mai incitante proiecte la care lucrez,
dar cred că este şi cel mai simplu.
00:32
but I think it's also the simplest.
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Este un proiect care are un imens potenţial de impact în întreaga lume.
00:34
It's a project that has the potential
to make a huge impact around the world.
to make a huge impact around the world.
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Abordează una dintre cele mai mari probleme de sănătate ale planetei,
00:39
It addresses one of the biggest
health issues on the planet,
health issues on the planet,
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primul motiv de mortalitate printre copiii sub cinci ani,
00:42
the number one cause of death
in children under five.
in children under five.
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care este... ? Bolile transmise prin apă. Diareea. Malnutriţia.
00:46
Which is ...?
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00:48
Water-borne diseases?
Diarrhea? Malnutrition?
Diarrhea? Malnutrition?
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Nu, este inhalarea fumului de la focul pentru gătit în clădiri --
00:52
No.
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00:53
It's breathing the smoke
from indoor cooking fires --
from indoor cooking fires --
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infecţii acute respiratorii cauzate de acesta. Vă vine să credeţi?
00:57
acute respiratory infections
caused by this.
caused by this.
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01:00
Can you believe that?
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Mi se pare şocant şi oarecum îngrozitor.
01:02
I find this shocking
and somewhat appalling.
and somewhat appalling.
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Nu putem face combustibili de gătit cu ardere mai curată?
01:05
Can't we make
cleaner burning cooking fuels?
cleaner burning cooking fuels?
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Nu putem face maşini de gătit mai bune?
01:08
Can't we make better stoves?
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Cum e posibil ca asta să ducă la peste două milioane de morţi anual?
01:10
How is it that this can lead
to over two million deaths every year?
to over two million deaths every year?
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Şiu că Bill Joy vă vorbea
01:14
I know Bill Joy was talking to you
about the wonders of carbon nanotubes,
about the wonders of carbon nanotubes,
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despre minunile nanotuburilor de carbon.
Aşa că eu vă voi vorbi despre
01:18
so I'm going to talk to you
about the wonders of carbon macro-tubes,
about the wonders of carbon macro-tubes,
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minunile macro-tuburilor de carbon, adică ale mangalului.
01:22
which is charcoal.
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01:24
(Laughter)
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Aceasta este o fotografie din Haiti-ul rural. Haiti este acum despădurit în proporţie de 98%.
01:26
So this is a picture of rural Haiti.
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01:28
Haiti is now 98 percent deforested.
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Veţi vedea scene ca aceasta în toată insula.
01:31
You'll see scenes like this
all over the island.
all over the island.
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Aceasta duce la tot felul de probleme de mediu
01:34
It leads to all sorts
of environmental problems
of environmental problems
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şi probleme care afectează oameni din toată ţara.
01:37
and problems that affect people
throughout the nation.
throughout the nation.
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01:41
A couple years ago
there was severe flooding
there was severe flooding
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Cu câţiva ani în urmă au fost inundaţii severe
care au provocat mii de morţi,
01:43
that led to thousands of deaths --
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lucru direct atribuibil faptului
01:45
that's directly attributable to the fact
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că nu există copaci pe dealuri pentru a stabiliza solul.
01:47
that there are no trees on the hills
to stabilize the soil.
to stabilize the soil.
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Aşa că ploile vin, se scurg în râuri şi apar inundaţiile.
01:50
So the rains come --
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01:51
they go down the rivers
and the flooding happens.
and the flooding happens.
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Unul dintre motivele pentru care există atât de puţini copaci este acesta:
01:55
Now one of the reasons
why there are so few trees is this:
why there are so few trees is this:
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oamenii au nevoie să gătească, taie lemne pentru asta
01:58
people need to cook,
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02:00
and they harvest wood
and they make charcoal in order to do it.
and they make charcoal in order to do it.
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şi fac din ele mangal.
Problema nu este că oamenii n-ar fi conştienţi de pagubele aduse mediului.
02:04
It's not that people are ignorant
to the environmental damage.
to the environmental damage.
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Sunt perfect conştienţi, dar nu au de ales.
02:07
They know perfectly well,
but they have no other choice.
but they have no other choice.
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Combustibilii fosili nu sunt disponibili,
02:09
Fossil fuels are not available,
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iar energia solară nu găteşte în felul în care le place lor să-şi prepare mâncarea.
02:11
and solar energy doesn't cook the way
that they like their food prepared.
that they like their food prepared.
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02:16
And so this is what they do.
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Aşa că asta fac.
Veţi găsi familii ca aceasta care pleacă în pădure să găsească un copac,
02:18
You'll find families like this who go out
into the forest to find a tree,
into the forest to find a tree,
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să-l taie şi să facă din el mangal.
02:23
cut it down and make charcoal out of it.
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Aşa că nu e de mirare că s-a depus o grămadă de efort
02:27
So not surprisingly,
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02:28
there's a lot of effort that's been done
to look at alternative cooking fuels.
to look at alternative cooking fuels.
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pentru a căuta combustibili alternativi pentru gătit.
Cam acum patru ani, am dus o echipă de studenţi în Haiti
02:34
About four years ago, I took
a team of students down to Haiti
a team of students down to Haiti
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şi am lucrat cu voluntarii Peace Corps de acolo.
02:37
and we worked with
Peace Corps volunteers there.
Peace Corps volunteers there.
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02:39
This is one such volunteer
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Acesta este unul dintre ei,
02:41
and this is a device that he had built
in the village where he worked.
in the village where he worked.
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iar acesta este un dispozitiv pe care el îl construise în satul în care lucra.
02:44
And the idea was
that you could take waste paper;
that you could take waste paper;
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Iar ideea era că puteai să iei deşeuri de hârtie,
puteai să le comprimi şi făceai brichete ce puteau servi drept combustibil.
02:47
you could compress it
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02:48
and make briquettes
that could be used for fuel.
that could be used for fuel.
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Dar acest dispozitiv era foarte lent.
02:51
But this device was very slow.
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Aşa că studenţii noştri de inginerie s-au apucat să lucreze la el
02:53
So our engineering students
went to work on it
went to work on it
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şi cu câteva modificări foarte simple
02:56
and with some very simple changes,
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02:58
they were able to triple
the throughput of this device.
the throughput of this device.
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au putut să tripleze producţia dispozitivului.
03:01
So you could imagine
they were very excited about it.
they were very excited about it.
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Vă puteţi imagina că erau foarte încântaţi de acest lucru.
Şi au luat brichetele cu ei la MIT ca să le testeze.
03:04
And they took the briquettes back to MIT
so that they could test them.
so that they could test them.
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Iar unul dintre lucrurile pe care le-au aflat a fost că ele nu ardeau.
03:08
And one of the things
that they found was they didn't burn.
that they found was they didn't burn.
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Asta i-a descurajat puţin pe studenţi.
03:13
So it was a little
discouraging to the students.
discouraging to the students.
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03:15
(Laughter)
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Şi, într-adevăr, dacă priviţi atent, exact aici,
03:17
And in fact, if you look closely,
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03:19
right here you can see
it says, "US Peace Corps."
it says, "US Peace Corps."
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vedeţi că scrie "U.S. Peace Corps."
După cum s-a dovedit, în satul respectiv nu existau de fapt deloc deşeuri de hârtie.
03:23
As it turns out, there actually wasn't
any waste paper in this village.
any waste paper in this village.
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Şi chiar dacă era o întrebuinţare bună pentru hârtiile guvernului,
03:27
And while it was a good use
of government paperwork
of government paperwork
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03:30
for this volunteer to bring it
back with him to his village,
back with him to his village,
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pentru ca voluntarul acesta să le aducă înapoi în satul lui
ar fi trebuit să parcurgă 800 de kilometri.
03:33
it was 800 kilometers away.
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Aşa că ne-am gândit că s-ar putea să existe o cale mai bună
03:35
And so we thought perhaps
there might be a better way
there might be a better way
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03:38
to come up with
an alternative cooking fuel.
an alternative cooking fuel.
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de a găsi un combustibil alternativ de gătit.
Am vrut să facem un combustibil
03:41
What we wanted to do
is we wanted to make a fuel
is we wanted to make a fuel
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03:43
that used something that was
readily available on the local level.
readily available on the local level.
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care folosea ceva uşor de găsit la nivel local.
Pe acestea le vedeţi peste tot în Haiti, de asemenea. Sunt mici fabrici de zahăr.
03:47
You see these all over Haiti as well.
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03:48
They're small-scale sugar mills.
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03:50
And the waste product from them
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Iar deşeul lor,
după ce se extrage sucul din trestia de zahăr, se cheamă bagasă.
03:52
after you extract the juice
from the sugarcane
from the sugarcane
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03:54
is called "bagasse."
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Nu are nicio altă întrebuinţare. Nu are valoare nutritivă,
03:56
It has no other use.
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03:57
It has no nutritional value,
so they don't feed it to the animals.
so they don't feed it to the animals.
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aşa că nu se dă la animale.
04:00
It just sits in a pile near the sugar mill
until eventually they burn it.
until eventually they burn it.
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Doar zace grămadă lângă fabrica de zahăr până este, în cele din urmă, arsă.
Ce am vrut noi să facem a fost să găsim o cale
04:05
What we wanted to do was
we wanted to find a way
we wanted to find a way
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de a utiliza acest deşeu şi de a-l transforma într-un combustibil
04:08
to harness this waste resource
and turn it into a fuel
and turn it into a fuel
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cu care oamenii să gătească cu uşurinţă,
04:11
that would be something
that people could easily cook with,
that people could easily cook with,
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ceva asemănător cu mangalul.
04:14
something like charcoal.
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Aşa că în următorii câţiva ani, eu şi cu studenţii am lucrat la dezvoltarea unui proces.
04:16
So over the next couple of years,
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04:18
students and I worked
to develop a process.
to develop a process.
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Astfel, se începe cu bagasa, apoi se ia un furnal foarte simplu
04:21
So you start with the bagasse,
and then you take a very simple kiln
and then you take a very simple kiln
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ce poate fi făcut dintr-un butoi vechi de 190 de litri.
04:25
that you can make out of
a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum.
a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum.
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După ceva vreme, după ce a fost pus pe foc, se sigilează
04:28
After some time, after setting it on fire,
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04:31
you seal it to restrict the oxygen
that goes into the kiln,
that goes into the kiln,
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pentru a restricţiona accesul oxigenului în furnal
şi se obţine în final acest material carbonizat de aici.
04:35
and then you end up
with this carbonized material here.
with this carbonized material here.
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Totuşi acesta nu se poate arde. Este prea fin
04:38
However, you can't burn this.
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04:40
It's too fine and it burns too quickly
to be useful for cooking.
to be useful for cooking.
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şi arde prea repede pentru a fi util la gătit.
Astfel că a trebuit să găsim o cale de a-l transforma în brichete utile.
04:45
So we had to try to find a way
to form it into useful briquettes.
to form it into useful briquettes.
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Şi, foarte convenabil, unul dintre studenţii mei era din Ghana,
04:49
And conveniently,
one of my students was from Ghana,
one of my students was from Ghana,
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iar el şi-a adus aminte de un fel de mâncare pe care i-l făcea mama lui, numit kokonte,
04:52
and he remembered a dish his mom
used to make for him called "kokonte,"
used to make for him called "kokonte,"
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04:56
which is a very sticky porridge
made out of the cassava root.
made out of the cassava root.
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care e o fiertură foarte lipicioasă din rădăcină de cassava.
04:59
And so what we did was we looked,
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Aşa că ceea ce am făcut a fost să căutăm şi am aflat că
05:01
and we found that cassava
is indeed grown in Haiti,
is indeed grown in Haiti,
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acea cassava se cultivă şi în Haiti, sub numele de manioc.
05:04
under the name of "manioc."
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Şi, practic, se cultuvă în toată lumea --
05:06
In fact, it's grown all over the world --
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yucca, tapioca, manioc, cassava, e acelaşi lucru --
05:08
yucca, tapioca, manioc, cassava,
it's all the same thing --
it's all the same thing --
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05:11
a very starchy root vegetable.
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o legumă rădăcinoasă foarte bogată în amidon.
Poţi face din ea o fiertură foarte groasă şi lipicioasă,
05:13
And you can make a very thick,
sticky porridge out of it,
sticky porridge out of it,
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pe care o poţi folosi pentru a lipi brichetele de mangal.
05:17
which you can use to bind together
the charcoal briquettes.
the charcoal briquettes.
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Aşa că asta am făcut. Am mers în Haiti.
05:21
So we did this. We went down to Haiti.
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Aceştia sunt absolvenţii primei Ecole de Charbon,
05:24
These are the graduates
of the first Ecole de Charbon,
of the first Ecole de Charbon,
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sau Institutul de Mangal. Iar aceştia --
05:27
or Charcoal Institute.
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(Râsete)
05:28
And these --
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05:30
(Laughter)
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-- aşa e. De fapt sunt profesor şi la MIT şi la CIT (Charcoal Institute).
05:31
That's right. So I'm actually
an instructor at MIT as well as CIT.
an instructor at MIT as well as CIT.
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Iar acestea sunt brichetele pe care le-am făcut.
05:37
And these are the briquettes that we made.
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Acum vă voi duce pe un alt continent. Aceasta este India,
05:40
Now I'm going to take you
to a different continent.
to a different continent.
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05:44
This is India
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iar acesta este cel mai folosit combustibil de gătit din India: bălegarul de vacă.
05:45
and this is the most commonly used
cooking fuel in India.
cooking fuel in India.
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05:48
It's cow dung.
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Şi mai mult decât în Haiti, el produce un foc cu foarte mult fum,
05:50
And more than in Haiti,
this produces really smoky fires,
this produces really smoky fires,
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iar aici vedeţi impactul asupra sănătăţii
05:54
and this is where you see
the health impacts
the health impacts
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05:56
of cooking with cow dung
and biomass as a fuel.
and biomass as a fuel.
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al gătitului cu bălegar de vacă şi biomasă drept combustibil.
Sunt afectaţi în special copiii şi femeile,
06:01
Kids and women
are especially affected by it,
are especially affected by it,
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06:03
because they're the ones
who are around the cooking fires.
who are around the cooking fires.
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fiindcă ei sunt cei care stau în jurul focului de gătit.
Aşa că am vrut să vedem dacă putem introduce
06:06
So we wanted to see
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if we could introduce
this charcoal-making technology there.
this charcoal-making technology there.
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această tehnologie pentru fabricarea mangalului acolo.
Din nefericire, nu exista trestie de zahăr
06:11
Well, unfortunately,
they didn't have sugarcane
they didn't have sugarcane
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şi nici cassava, dar asta nu ne-a oprit.
06:14
and they didn't have cassava,
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06:15
but that didn't stop us.
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Am aflat însă care erau sursele de biomasă disponibile local.
06:17
What we did was we found what were
the locally available sources of biomass.
the locally available sources of biomass.
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Erau paiele de grâu şi de orez.
06:21
And there was wheat straw
and there was rice straw in this area.
and there was rice straw in this area.
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Şi ce am putut folosi ca liant
06:24
And what we could use as a binder
was actually small amounts of cow manure,
was actually small amounts of cow manure,
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au fost de fapt mici cantităţi de bălegar de vacă,
utilizat în mod obişnuit drept combustibil.
06:28
which they used ordinarily for their fuel.
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Şi am făcut teste comparative, iar aici puteţi vedea
06:31
And we did side-by-side tests,
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06:33
and here you can see
the charcoal briquettes
the charcoal briquettes
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brichetele de mangal, iar aici bălegarul de vacă.
06:36
and here the cow dung.
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06:37
And you can see that it's a lot cleaner
burning of a cooking fuel.
burning of a cooking fuel.
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Şi puteţi vedea că este un combustibil de gătit cu ardere mult mai curată.
Şi, practic, încălzeşte apa mult mai repede.
06:41
And in fact, it heats the water
a lot more quickly.
a lot more quickly.
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06:43
And so we were very happy, thus far.
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Aşa că am fost fericiţi, până în acel punct.
Dar unul dintre lucrurile pe care le-am aflat
06:46
But one of the things that we found
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06:47
was when we did side-by-side
comparisons with wood charcoal,
comparisons with wood charcoal,
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a fost acela că, atunci când făceam comparaţii cu mangalul de lemn,
06:50
it didn't burn as long.
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al nostru nu ardea la fel de mult. Iar brichetele se sfărâmau puţin
06:52
And the briquettes crumbled a little bit
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şi pierdeam energie pe măsură ce se dezintegrau în cursul gătitului.
06:54
and we lost energy as they fell apart
as they were cooking.
as they were cooking.
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Aşa că am încercat să găsim o cale de a face o brichetă mai rezistentă,
06:57
So we wanted to try to find a way
to make a stronger briquette
to make a stronger briquette
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07:00
so that we could compete with
wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.
wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.
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ca să putem concura cu mangalul de lemn de pe pieţele din Haiti.
Aşa că ne-am întors la MIT, ne-am luat maşina Instron
07:05
So we went back to MIT,
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07:07
we took out the Instron machine
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şi ne-am lămurit de ce fel de forţe aveam nevoie
07:09
and we figured out
what sort of forces you needed
what sort of forces you needed
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pentru a comprima o brichetă până la nivelul
07:12
in order to compress
a briquette to the level
a briquette to the level
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la care obţii într-adevăr un nivel superior de performanţă.
07:14
that you actually are getting
improved performance out of it?
improved performance out of it?
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Şi în acelaşi timp în care studenţii cercetau acest lucru în laborator,
07:17
And at the same time that we had
students in the lab looking at this,
students in the lab looking at this,
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am avut şi parteneri din comunitatea din Haiti care lucrau la dezvoltarea procesului,
07:21
we also had community partners in Haiti
working to develop the process,
working to develop the process,
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la îmbunătăţirea lui şi la a-l face mai accesibil pentru oamenii din satele de acolo.
07:28
to improve it and make it more accessible
to people in the villages there.
to people in the villages there.
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Şi după ceva vreme
07:33
And after some time,
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am dezvoltat o presă ieftină care permite producţia de mangal
07:35
we developed a low-cost press
that allows you to produce charcoal,
that allows you to produce charcoal,
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care arde acum realmente mai mult şi mai curat decât mangalul de lemn.
07:40
which actually now burns not only --
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07:43
actually, it burns longer,
cleaner than wood charcoal.
cleaner than wood charcoal.
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Aşa că acum suntem în situaţia în care avem un produs care e mai bun
07:47
So now we're in a situation
where we have a product,
where we have a product,
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07:49
which is actually better than what
you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace,
you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace,
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decât ceea ce poţi cumpăra din piaţă în Haiti,
care e un loc minunat.
07:54
which is a very wonderful place to be.
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Anual, numai în Haiti se taie cam 30 de milioane de copaci.
07:58
In Haiti alone, about 30 million trees
are cut down every year.
are cut down every year.
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08:03
There's a possibility
of this being implemented
of this being implemented
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Există posibilitatea ca acest proiect să fie implementat
şi să se cruţe o bună parte din aceşti copaci.
08:06
and saving a good portion of those.
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În plus, venitul generat din acest mangal este de 260 de milioane de dolari.
08:08
In addition, the revenue generated
from that charcoal is 260 million dollars.
from that charcoal is 260 million dollars.
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Asta e enorm de mult pentru o ţară ca Haiti --
08:14
That's an awful lot
for a country like Haiti --
for a country like Haiti --
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cu o populaţie de opt milioane
08:17
with a population of eight million
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şi un venit mediu de mai puţin de 400 de dolari.
08:19
and an average income
of less than 400 dollars.
of less than 400 dollars.
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Astfel că aici progresăm cu proiectul nostru despre mangal.
08:23
So this is where we're also moving ahead
with our charcoal project.
with our charcoal project.
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08:27
And one of the things
that I think is also interesting,
that I think is also interesting,
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Iar unul dintre lucrurile despre care cred că este de asemenea interesant
este acela că am un prieten la UC (Universitatea California) Berkeley care se ocupă cu analiza riscului.
08:30
is I have a friend up at UC Berkeley
who's been doing risk analysis.
who's been doing risk analysis.
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08:34
And he's looked at the problem
of the health impacts
of the health impacts
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Şi el a cercetat problema impactului asupra sănătăţii
08:37
of burning wood versus charcoal.
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pe care îl are arderea lemnului versus cea a mangalului.
08:39
And he's found that worldwide,
you could prevent a million deaths
you could prevent a million deaths
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Şi a aflat că, la nivel mondial,
s-ar putea preveni un milion de morţi prin trecerea de la lemn la mangal
08:43
switching from wood
to charcoal as a cooking fuel.
to charcoal as a cooking fuel.
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drept combustibil de gătit. Asta e remarcabil.
08:46
That's remarkable,
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Dar până acum nu au existat căi de a o face fără a se tăia copaci.
08:47
but up until now, there weren't ways
to do it without cutting down trees.
to do it without cutting down trees.
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Acum însă avem o cale
08:51
But now we have a way
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08:52
that's using an agricultural
waste material to create a cooking fuel.
waste material to create a cooking fuel.
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ce foloseşte un deşeu agricol pentru a crea combustibil de gătit.
08:56
One of the really exciting things, though,
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Unul dintre lucrurile cu adevărat incitante, totuşi,
08:58
is something that came out of the trip
that I took to Ghana just last month.
that I took to Ghana just last month.
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este ceva ce a rezultat din călătoria pe care am făcut-o în Ghana chiar luna trecută.
Iar acesta este, cred, cel mai frumos lucru,
09:02
And I think it's the coolest thing,
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şi este încă şi mai simplu tehnologic decât ce aţi văzut mai devreme,
09:05
and it's even lower tech
than what you just saw,
than what you just saw,
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dacă vă puteţi imagina aşa ceva. Iată-l.
09:08
if you can imagine such a thing.
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09:10
Here it is.
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Deci ce e asta? Aceştia sunt ştiuleţi de porumb transformaţi în mangal.
09:11
So what is this?
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09:13
This is corncobs turned into charcoal.
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Iar frumuseţea este că nu ai nevoie să faci brichete.
09:15
And the beauty of this is
that you don't need to form briquettes --
that you don't need to form briquettes --
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Vin gata făcute. Acesta este laptopul meu de 100 de dolari, chiar aici.
09:19
it comes ready made.
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09:20
This is my $100 laptop, right here.
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Şi, de fapt, ca şi Nick, am adus mostre.
09:23
And actually, like Nick,
I brought samples.
I brought samples.
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(Râsete)
09:26
(Laughter)
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09:28
So we can pass these around.
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Aşa că le putem da de la unii la alţii.
Sunt complet funcţionale, testate "pe teren", gata de lansare.
09:32
They're fully functional,
field-tested, ready to roll out.
field-tested, ready to roll out.
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09:36
(Laughter)
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Şi cred că unul dintre lucrurile de asemenea remarcabile despre această tehnologie
09:40
And I think one of the things
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09:41
which is also remarkable
about this technology,
about this technology,
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este acela că transferul ei este atât de uşor.
09:46
is that the technology
transfer is so easy.
transfer is so easy.
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În comparaţie cu mangalul de trestie de zahăr,
09:48
Compared to the sugarcane charcoal,
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pentru care a trebuit practic să-i învăţăm pe oameni cum să-l transforme în brichete
09:51
where we have to teach people
how to form it into briquettes
how to form it into briquettes
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şi la care exista pasul suplimentar de fierbere a liantului,
09:53
and you have the extra step
of cooking the binder,
of cooking the binder,
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acesta vine pre-brichetat.
09:56
this comes pre-briquetted.
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Aceasta este cel mai incitant lucru din viaţa mea în prezent,
09:57
And this is about the most exciting
thing in my life right now,
thing in my life right now,
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ceea ce probabil că este un comentariu trist despre ea.
10:00
which is perhaps
a sad commentary on my life.
a sad commentary on my life.
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(Râsete)
10:04
(Laughter)
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Dar odată ce-l vezi, aşa ca voi, persoanele din rândul din faţă, bine,
10:06
But once you see it,
like you guys in the front row --
like you guys in the front row --
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da, OK. Oricum --
10:08
All right, yeah, OK.
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10:10
So anyway --
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(Râsete)
10:11
(Laughter)
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-- iată-l. Şi acesta este, cred, un exemplu perfect
10:13
Here it is.
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10:14
And this is, I think, a perfect example
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pentru ceea ce Robert Wright spunea despre acele lucruri cu sumă non-zero.
10:17
of what Robert Wright was talking about
in those non-zero-sum things.
in those non-zero-sum things.
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Nu doar că există beneficii de sănătate,
10:22
So not only do you have health benefits,
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ci apar şi beneficii de mediu.
10:24
you have environmental benefits.
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Dar aceasta este una dintre incredibil de rarele situaţii
10:27
But this is one
of the incredibly rare situations
of the incredibly rare situations
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unde există de asemenea şi beneficii economice.
10:30
where you also have economic benefits.
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Oamenii îşi pot face propriul combustibil de gătit din deşeuri.
10:33
People can make their own cooking fuel
from waste products.
from waste products.
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10:36
They can generate income from this.
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2016
Pot obţine venituri din asta.
10:38
They can save the money
that they were going to spend on charcoal
that they were going to spend on charcoal
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Pot economisi banii pe care i-ar fi cheltuit pe mangal
10:41
and they can produce excess
and sell it in the market
and sell it in the market
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şi pot produce în plus pentru a vinde pe piaţă
celor care nu-şi fac propriul combustibil.
10:44
to people who aren't making their own.
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1955
E cu adevărat rar să nu existe compromisuri
10:46
It's really rare
that you don't have trade-offs
that you don't have trade-offs
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între sănătate şi economie, sau între mediu şi economie.
10:48
between health and economics,
or environment and economics.
or environment and economics.
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10:51
So this is a project
that I just find extremely exciting
that I just find extremely exciting
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Aşa că acesta este un proiect care mi se pare extrem de incitant
şi abia aştept să văd unde ne duce.
10:55
and I'm really looking forward
to see where it takes us.
to see where it takes us.
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Aşa că atunci când vorbim, acum, de viitorul pe care îl vom crea,
11:02
So when we talk about, now,
the future we will create,
the future we will create,
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unul dintre lucrurile despre care cred că e necesar
11:06
one of the things
that I think is necessary
that I think is necessary
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11:08
is to have a very clear vision
of the world that we live in.
of the world that we live in.
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este să avem o viziune foarte clară a lumii în care trăim.
Şi acum nu mă refer la lumea în care trăim noi.
11:12
And now, I don't actually mean
the world that we live in.
the world that we live in.
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11:16
I mean the world where women
spend two to three hours everyday
spend two to three hours everyday
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Ci la lumea în care femeile petrec două sau trei ore în fiecare zi
măcinând grăunţe pentru a-şi hrăni familiile.
11:20
grinding grain for their families to eat.
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Mă refer la lumea în care materiale avansate de construcţie
11:24
I mean the world
where advanced building materials
where advanced building materials
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înseamnă ţigle de ciment fabricate manual
11:27
means cement roofing tiles
that are made by hand,
that are made by hand,
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şi în care, atunci când munceşti zece ore pe zi
11:30
and where, when you work 10 hours a day,
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11:32
you're still only earning
60 dollars in a month.
60 dollars in a month.
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câştigi doar 60 de dolari pe lună.
Mă refer la lumea în care femeile şi copiii petrec 40 de miliarde de ore pe an aducând apă.
11:37
I mean the world
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11:38
where women and children spend
40 billion hours a year fetching water.
40 billion hours a year fetching water.
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Asta e ca şi cum întreaga forţă de muncă a statului California
11:45
That's as if the entire workforce
of the state of California
of the state of California
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ar munci un an cu normă întreagă nefăcând altceva decât să aducă apă.
11:49
worked full time for a year
doing nothing but fetching water.
doing nothing but fetching water.
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E un loc în care, de exemplu, dacă am fi în India,
11:53
It's a place where,
for example, if this were India,
for example, if this were India,
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în această sală, numai trei dintre noi ar avea o maşină.
11:57
in this room, only three of us
would have a car.
would have a car.
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Dacă am fi în Afganistan,
12:01
If this were Afghanistan,
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numai o persoană din sală ar şti să utilizeze internetul.
12:02
only one person in this room
would know how the use the Internet.
would know how the use the Internet.
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Dacă am fi în Zambia, 300 dintre voi ar fi fermieri,
12:06
If this were Zambia --
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12:08
300 of you would be farmers,
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iar 100 ar avea SIDA sau ar fi HIV-pozitivi.
12:11
100 of you would have AIDS or HIV.
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Şi peste jumătate dintre voi ar trăi cu mai puţin de un dolar pe zi.
12:14
And more than half of you would be living
on less than a dollar a day.
on less than a dollar a day.
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Acestea sunt problemele pentru care trebuie să venim cu soluţii.
12:19
These are the issues that we
need to come up with solutions for.
need to come up with solutions for.
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Acestea sunt problemele pentru care trebuie să ne instruim inginerii,
12:23
These are the issues that
we need to be training our engineers,
we need to be training our engineers,
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12:27
our designers, our business people,
our entrepreneurs to be facing.
our entrepreneurs to be facing.
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designerii, oamenii de afaceri, antreprenorii să le înfrunte.
Acestea sunt soluţiile pe care trebuie să le găsim.
12:32
These are the solutions
that we need to find.
that we need to find.
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12:34
I have a few areas that I believe
are especially important that we address.
are especially important that we address.
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Am câteva arii pe care cred că e deosebit de important să le abordăm.
Una dintre ele este crearea de tehnologii pentru promovarea micro-finanţelor şi micro-întreprinderilor
12:41
One of them is creating technologies
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12:43
to promote micro-finance
and micro-enterprise,
and micro-enterprise,
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în aşa fel încât oamenii care trăiesc sub limita sărăciei să găsească o cale de a ieşi de acolo --
12:46
so that people who are living
below the poverty line
below the poverty line
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12:49
can find a way to move out --
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şi în aşa fel încât să n-o facă
12:50
and that they're not doing it
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recurgând la activităţi tradiţionale precum împletirea de coşuri, creşterea păsărilor etc.
12:51
using the same traditional
basket making, poultry rearing, etc.
basket making, poultry rearing, etc.
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12:55
But there are new technologies
and new products
and new products
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Există tehnologii şi produse noi
12:57
that they can make on a small scale.
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pe care ei le pot fabrica la scară mică.
13:00
The next thing I believe
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Următorul lucru pe care îl cred este că trebuie să creăm tehnologii pentru fermierii săraci
13:01
is that we need to create
technologies for poor farmers
technologies for poor farmers
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pentru ca ei să adauge valoare propriilor recolte.
13:06
to add value to their own crops.
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Şi trebuie să ne regândim strategiile de dezvoltare
13:09
And we need to rethink
our development strategies,
our development strategies,
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în aşa fel încât să nu promovăm campanii de educare
13:12
so that we're not promoting
educational campaigns
educational campaigns
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13:15
to get them to stop being farmers,
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care să-i determine să nu mai fie fermieri,
13:17
but rather to stop being poor farmers.
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ci mai degrabă să nu mai fie fermieri săraci.
13:20
And we need to think
about how we can do that effectively.
about how we can do that effectively.
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Şi trebuie să ne gândim la cum putem face eficient asta.
Trebuie să lucrăm cu oamenii din aceste comunităţi
13:24
We need to work with the people
in these communities
in these communities
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şi să le dăm resursele şi uneltele de care au nevoie
13:27
and give them the resources
and the tools that they need
and the tools that they need
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pentru a-şi rezolva propriile probleme. Asta este cea mai bună cale de-a o face.
13:29
to solve their own problems.
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13:31
That's the best way to do it.
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N-ar trebui să o facem din afară.
13:33
We shouldn't be doing it from outside.
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Deci trebuie să creăm acest viitor şi trebuie să începem acum.
13:35
So we need to create this future,
and we need to start doing it now.
and we need to start doing it now.
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Mulţumesc.
13:40
Thank you.
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13:41
(Applause)
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(Aplauze)
13:46
Chris Anderson: Thank you, incredible.
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13:49
Stay here.
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Chris Anderson: Povesteşte-ne -- până vedem dacă are cineva vreo întrebare --
13:51
Tell us -- just while we see
if someone has a question --
if someone has a question --
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povesteşte-ne despre unul dintre celelalte lucruri la care ai muncit.
13:54
just tell us about one of the other things
that you've worked on.
that you've worked on.
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Amy Smith: Câteva dintre celelalte lucruri la care muncim
13:57
Amy Smith: Some of the other
things we're working on
things we're working on
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sunt găsirea de metode ieftine de testare a calităţii apei,
14:00
are ways to do low-cost
water quality testing,
water quality testing,
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astfel încât comunităţile să-şi poată întreţine propriile sisteme de apă,
14:02
so that communities can maintain
their own water systems,
their own water systems,
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să ştie când funcţionează, să ştie când să le repare etc.
14:05
know when they're working,
know when they treat them, etc.
know when they treat them, etc.
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14:07
We're also looking at low-cost
water-treatment systems.
water-treatment systems.
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De asemenea, cercetăm sisteme ieftine de tratare a apei.
Unul dintre lucrurile realmente incitante este investigarea dezinfecţiei solare a apei
14:10
One of the really exciting things
is looking at solar water disinfection
is looking at solar water disinfection
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şi sporirea capacităţii de a face acest lucru.
14:13
and improving the ability
to be able to do that.
to be able to do that.
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CA: Ce opreşte aceste lucruri să prindă amploare?
14:17
CA: What's the bottleneck
preventing this stuff getting from scale?
preventing this stuff getting from scale?
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Trebuie să găsiţi antreprenori, sau furnizori de capital,
14:21
Do you need to find entrepreneurs,
or venture capitalists,
or venture capitalists,
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sau de ce aveţi nevoie pentru a extinde ce aţi făcut la o scară mare?
14:24
or what do you need to take
what you've got and get it to scale?
what you've got and get it to scale?
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AS: Da, cred că e vorba de mulţi oameni care să facă lucrurile să avanseze.
14:29
AS: I think it's large numbers
of people moving it forward.
of people moving it forward.
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E o chestiune dificilă: e o piaţă foarte fragmentată
14:32
It's a difficult thing --
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14:33
it's a marketplace
which is very fragmented
which is very fragmented
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2007
şi o populaţie de consumatori fără venituri.
14:35
and a consumer population with no income.
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2208
Aşa că nu se pot folosi aceleaşi modele care se utilizează în Statele Unite
14:37
So you can't use the same models
that you use in the United States
that you use in the United States
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14:40
for making things move forward.
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pentru a face lucrurile să avanseze.
14:42
And we're a pretty small staff,
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Şi avem un personal destul de redus, adică eu.
14:44
which is me.
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14:45
(Laughter)
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(Râsete)
Aşa că fac ce pot împreună cu studenţii.
14:47
So, you know,
I do what I can with the students.
I do what I can with the students.
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Avem 30 de studenţi în fiecare an care merg pe teren
14:49
We have 30 students a year
go out into the field
go out into the field
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şi încearcă să implementeze lucrurile acestea şi să le facă să avanseze.
14:52
and try to implement this
and move it forward.
and move it forward.
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O altă chestiune este că lucrurile trebuie făcute pe perioade mari de timp
14:54
The other thing is you have to do things
with a long time frame,
with a long time frame,
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pentru că , după cum ştiţi, nu vă puteţi aştepta să se facă ceva într-un an sau doi.
14:58
as, you know, you can't expect to get
something done in a year or two years;
something done in a year or two years;
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Trebuie să priveşti cinci sau 10 ani înainte.
15:02
you have to be looking
five or 10 years ahead.
five or 10 years ahead.
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Dar consider că având viziunea să facem asta, putem avansa.
15:04
But I think with the vision to do that,
we can move forward.
we can move forward.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Amy Smith - inventor, engineerAmy Smith designs cheap, practical fixes for tough problems in developing countries. Among her many accomplishments, the MIT engineer received a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2004 and was the first woman to win the Lemelson-MIT Prize for turning her ideas into inventions.
Why you should listen
Mechanical engineer Amy Smith's approach to problem-solving in developing nations is refreshingly common-sense: Invent cheap, low-tech devices that use local resources, so communities can reproduce her efforts and ultimately help themselves. Smith, working with her students at MIT's D-Lab, has come up with several useful tools, including an incubator that stays warm without electricity, a simple grain mill, and a tool that converts farm waste into cleaner-burning charcoal.
The inventions have earned Smith three prestigious prizes: the B.F. Goodrich Collegiate Inventors Award, the MIT-Lemelson Prize, and a MacArthur "genius" grant. Her course, "Design for Developing Countries," is a pioneer in bringing humanitarian design into the curriculum of major institutions. Going forward, the former Peace Corps volunteer strives to do much more, bringing her inventiveness and boundless energy to bear on some of the world's most persistent problems.
Amy Smith | Speaker | TED.com