Will MacAskill: What are the most important moral problems of our time?
ウィル・マカスキル: この時代の最も重要な倫理的課題は何か?
Will MacAskill is a cofounder of the effective altruism movement, a philosophy that tries to answer the question: How can we do as much good as possible? Full bio
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of human civilization.
over the last 200,000 years]
世界の1人当たりのGDP推移]
on the equivalent of one dollar per day,
extraordinary happened:
驚くべきことが起こりました
基本的に平坦だったグラフが
in terms of power to change the world,
世界を変革する力という点では
in human history,
生きているということです
hasn't yet caught up with this fact.
まだ追い付けていないと思います
our understanding of the world
変化をもたらす力を
bounty of resources
莫大な資源を どう活用するか
a philosophy and research program
哲学と研究プログラムを
to these radical changes in our world,
to try to answer this question:
これに答えようとするものです
you've got to address
or your political engagement,
who to work with.
誰と協力すべきか などです
fundamental problem.
that the world faces,
on trying to solve first?
問題は何でしょうか?
for thinking about this question,
フレームワークを示しましょう
and the more neglected it is.
より見過ごされているものです
if we do solve the problem.
リターンがより大きいからです
with less time or money.
問題を解決できるからです
「収穫逓減」の観点から
because of diminishing returns.
問題の方が良いのです
invested into solving a problem,
リソースが大きいほど
to make additional progress.
難しくなります
to leave with you is this framework,
このフレームワークで
in the effective altruism community
私たちは
that we believe are unusually important,
他に抜きん出て重要と考える倫理課題を
in global health.
素晴らしい実績があります
malaria, diarrheal disease
下痢性疾患による死亡率は
over 60 million lives.
命を救ったと推定します
than if we'd achieved world peace
救えたはずの命の数を
long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets
長期間効く殺虫剤が塗布された蚊帳で
is factory farming.
used every year for food,
are factory farmed,
of horrific suffering.
the worst-off creatures on this planet,
最も虐げられた生き物に含まれ
significantly improve their lives
彼らの生活環境を
more animals in factory farms
of the philanthropic funding.
犬猫の50分の1に過ぎません
resources in this area
that I want to focus on the most,
of existential risks:
or a global pandemic
of the human race.
導きかねないリスクのことです
this is such a big priority
なぜこれが優先されるか
a truly existential catastrophe?
如何に凄まじい事になるのか?
of all seven billion people on this planet
死滅することになるでしょうし
and everyone you know and love.
あなたの知人や愛する人が皆含まれます
of unimaginable size.
of humanity's future potential,
狭まることを意味しますが
potential is vast.
可能性があると信じています
for about 200,000 years,
as a typical mammalian species,
for about two million years.
were a single individual,
isn't a typical mammalian species.
after only two million years.
絶滅する理由などありません
for 500 million years to come.
for billions more.
is going to be really big,
even really worth preserving?
how things have been getting worse,
物事が悪くなるのを耳にしますが
we take the long run,
is life expectancy over time.
not living in extreme poverty.
that have decriminalized homosexuality.
that have become democratic.
there could be so much more to gain again.
もっと向上するでしょう
that are intractable today.
多くの問題を解決できるでしょう
of how humanity has progressed
総合的な人類の繁栄という観点で
flourishing over time,
future progress to look like.
このようなものです
to live in extreme poverty.
everyone to be better off
良い生活ができるであろう
the fundamental natural laws
自然の法則を発見できる
an entirely new form of art,
the ears to hear.
発見できるかもしれません
the next few thousand years.
that human accomplishment might reach.
想像さえできません
and it could be very good,
とても素晴らしいものになり得るのです
we could lose this value?
あるのでしょうか?
tremendous technological progress,
科学技術の進歩をもたらしました
the global risks of nuclear war
of extreme climate change.
the same pattern again.
想定すべきです
powerful technologies on the horizon.
the power to create viruses
伝染性と致死性を持つ
contagiousness and lethality.
可能になるかもしれません
to dramatically alter the earth's climate.
変えられるようになるかもしれません
the power to create intelligent agents
知的エージェントを
of these risks are particularly likely,
問題なのではなく
matter a great deal.
and you're kind of nervous,
不安になった皆さんを
パイロットがこう言います
chance of crashing. Don't worry."
心配はいりません」
the future of humanity
人類の生存を保障することが
that we currently face.
最も重要な問題の一つだと考えます
使い続けましょう
that affect future generations
しばしば容易に
don't participate in markets today.
存在しないからです
representing the interests
利益を代弁する
the decisions we make today.
干渉することができません
a paltry amount on these issues:
まだわずかなものです
バイオリスク
only a few tens of millions of dollars
毎年慈善団体の基金からの
to the 390 billion dollars
3,900億ドルですから
最後の側面 それは
貢献することができます
政治的活動を通して貢献できます
you can support organizations
off hair-trigger alert,
引き離す活動をしていますし
develops policy to minimize the damage
人為的な原因のパンデミック被害を
which does technical research
人工知能を安全で信頼できるシステムに
are safe and reliable.
that care about these risks,
関心を持つ候補者に投票でき
greater international cooperation.
there is so much that you can do.
たくさんあります
and policymakers and organization leaders,
組織のリーダーは必要ですが
and managers and assistants
that are tackling these problems.
アシスタントも必要なのです
of effective altruism
that we don't know.
that are big, solvable and neglected,
difference to the world
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Will MacAskill - Moral philosopher, writerWill MacAskill is a cofounder of the effective altruism movement, a philosophy that tries to answer the question: How can we do as much good as possible?
Why you should listen
Will MacAskill is the author of Doing Good Better and the cofounder of the organization Giving What We Can and the social-impact-career advice project 80,000 Hours. He is a trustee of the Centre for Effective Altruism. As he writes: "I'm an associate professor of moral philosophy at Oxford University. I helped to create the philosophy of effective altruism: the use of evidence and reason to figure out how to do the most good we can.
"While growing up, I tried my best to do good things: I donated to high street charities, I worked at an old folks' home, I taught English in Ethiopia. But when I was a graduate student I realized that I'd never asked myself the question of whether these were the truly best ways of improving the world. So, being a nerd, I started doing some research to try to find out what activities would do the most to make the world a better place. Ten years later, I'm still asking that question.
"I'm still far from certain about what the best ways of doing good are, but I have learned that each and every one of us can do a tremendous amount to make the world a better place, whether that's by donating to buy bednets to protect children from malaria, campaigning to improve living conditions for animals in factory farms or working to ensure that the benefits of new technology are harnessed while avoiding the risks."
Will MacAskill | Speaker | TED.com