Will MacAskill: What are the most important moral problems of our time?
威尔·麦克斯基尔: 我们这个时代最重要的道德问题是什么?
Will MacAskill is a cofounder of the effective altruism movement, a philosophy that tries to answer the question: How can we do as much good as possible? Full bio
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of human civilization.
over the last 200,000 years]
on the equivalent of one dollar per day,
extraordinary happened:
in terms of power to change the world,
就改变世界的能力而言,
in human history,
hasn't yet caught up with this fact.
还没有赶上这一事实。
our understanding of the world
是一场伦理道德层面上的革命
bounty of resources
a philosophy and research program
to these radical changes in our world,
当今世界所发生的巨变,
to try to answer this question:
来回答这一问题:
最大效益得做好事呢?
you've got to address
or your political engagement,
或是通过政治活动,
who to work with.
或你工作的对象来为世界得益。
fundamental problem.
最根本的问题
that the world faces,
on trying to solve first?
for thinking about this question,
一个框架来思考这个问题,
and the more neglected it is.
也最容易被忽略。
if we do solve the problem.
我们会获利极多。
with less time or money.
时间来解决这个问题。
because of diminishing returns.
问题越容易被忽视越好。
invested into solving a problem,
来解决这个问题
to make additional progress.
to leave with you is this framework,
就是这个框架,
in the effective altruism community
我和其他的人
that we believe are unusually important,
in global health.
有一个惊人的跟踪记录。
malaria, diarrheal disease
我们根治了天花。
over 60 million lives.
超过6000万条的生命。
than if we'd achieved world peace
若在同时期取得世界和平
long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets
具有杀虫功效的蚊帐来拯救生命,
is factory farming.
used every year for food,
被作为食物。
are factory farmed,
of horrific suffering.
the worst-off creatures on this planet,
significantly improve their lives
我们可以大幅度改善它们的生活,
就可以做到。
more animals in factory farms
of the philanthropic funding.
只获得了1/5的慈善基金。
resources in this area
that I want to focus on the most,
of existential risks:
or a global pandemic
of the human race.
this is such a big priority
a truly existential catastrophe?
情况将会变得多糟糕?
of all seven billion people on this planet
70亿人类的生死,
and everyone you know and love.
你认识或者深爱的任何人。
of unimaginable size.
of humanity's future potential,
potential is vast.
for about 200,000 years,
as a typical mammalian species,
活得一样长的话,
for about two million years.
were a single individual,
isn't a typical mammalian species.
一个典型的哺乳动物,
after only two million years.
for 500 million years to come.
仍将保持可居住状态。
for billions more.
is going to be really big,
even really worth preserving?
how things have been getting worse,
听到事情如何变得更糟的消息。
we take the long run,
is life expectancy over time.
not living in extreme poverty.
that have decriminalized homosexuality.
that have become democratic.
there could be so much more to gain again.
我们可以获得更多东西。
that are intractable today.
如今看来很棘手的问题。
of how humanity has progressed
人类进步曲线图的话,
flourishing over time,
如何繁荣昌盛,
future progress to look like.
to live in extreme poverty.
极度的贫困中。
everyone to be better off
the fundamental natural laws
an entirely new form of art,
一个全新的艺术形式,
the ears to hear.
去倾听的音乐。
the next few thousand years.
that human accomplishment might reach.
人类曾经取得的高度。
and it could be very good,
也可能会很好,
we could lose this value?
会使得我们丧失这些价值?
tremendous technological progress,
巨大的技术进步,
the global risks of nuclear war
核战争的全球危机
of extreme climate change.
the same pattern again.
powerful technologies on the horizon.
一些激进强大的技术。
the power to create viruses
contagiousness and lethality.
杀伤力。
to dramatically alter the earth's climate.
极大改变气候的力量。
the power to create intelligent agents
创造智能终端的力量,
具备更强的能力。
of these risks are particularly likely,
都特别的有可能实现,
matter a great deal.
也会造成大的惨剧。
and you're kind of nervous,
chance of crashing. Don't worry."
别担心。”
the future of humanity
我认为保留人类的未来这件事情
that we currently face.
that affect future generations
don't participate in markets today.
representing the interests
这些人的利益。
the decisions we make today.
a paltry amount on these issues:
微乎其微:
only a few tens of millions of dollars
每年只能接受大约千万美金
to the 390 billion dollars
简直就是九牛一毛。
或者你的政治参与来贡献。
you can support organizations
off hair-trigger alert,
从一触即发的警告中消除,
develops policy to minimize the damage
这个组织旨在开发政策来最小化
which does technical research
这个组织做一些研究
are safe and reliable.
并且可靠的。
that care about these risks,
那些关心这些风险的候选人,
greater international cooperation.
there is so much that you can do.
有很多事情你可以做。
and policymakers and organization leaders,
需要政策制定者和组织领导者,
and managers and assistants
that are tackling these problems.
of effective altruism
that we don't know.
而言,
that are big, solvable and neglected,
可解决并且被忽略的问题上,
difference to the world
真正意义上巨大的改变,
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Will MacAskill - Moral philosopher, writerWill MacAskill is a cofounder of the effective altruism movement, a philosophy that tries to answer the question: How can we do as much good as possible?
Why you should listen
Will MacAskill is the author of Doing Good Better and the cofounder of the organization Giving What We Can and the social-impact-career advice project 80,000 Hours. He is a trustee of the Centre for Effective Altruism. As he writes: "I'm an associate professor of moral philosophy at Oxford University. I helped to create the philosophy of effective altruism: the use of evidence and reason to figure out how to do the most good we can.
"While growing up, I tried my best to do good things: I donated to high street charities, I worked at an old folks' home, I taught English in Ethiopia. But when I was a graduate student I realized that I'd never asked myself the question of whether these were the truly best ways of improving the world. So, being a nerd, I started doing some research to try to find out what activities would do the most to make the world a better place. Ten years later, I'm still asking that question.
"I'm still far from certain about what the best ways of doing good are, but I have learned that each and every one of us can do a tremendous amount to make the world a better place, whether that's by donating to buy bednets to protect children from malaria, campaigning to improve living conditions for animals in factory farms or working to ensure that the benefits of new technology are harnessed while avoiding the risks."
Will MacAskill | Speaker | TED.com