Will MacAskill: What are the most important moral problems of our time?
威爾麥卡斯基爾: 在我們的時代中,最重要的道德問題是什麼?
Will MacAskill is a cofounder of the effective altruism movement, a philosophy that tries to answer the question: How can we do as much good as possible? Full bio
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of human civilization.
over the last 200,000 years]
世界人均國內生產總額】
on the equivalent of one dollar per day,
用一塊美金在過日子,
extraordinary happened:
in terms of power to change the world,
就改變世界的力量來說,
in human history,
前所未見的時代,
hasn't yet caught up with this fact.
還沒有趕上這些發展。
our understanding of the world
bounty of resources
a philosophy and research program
一個哲學和研究的計畫,
to these radical changes in our world,
這些極端改變做出應變,
to try to answer this question:
來試著回答這個問題:
you've got to address
or your political engagement,
who to work with.
fundamental problem.
that the world faces,
on trying to solve first?
for thinking about this question,
用來思考這個問題,
and the more neglected it is.
if we do solve the problem.
我們就能得到比較多。
with less time or money.
和金錢來解決這個問題。
because of diminishing returns.
invested into solving a problem,
這個問題的資源越多,
to make additional progress.
to leave with you is this framework,
就是這個架構,
in the effective altruism community
that we believe are unusually important,
有三項道德議題是特別重要的,
in global health.
很驚人的過去記錄資料。
malaria, diarrheal disease
over 60 million lives.
超過六千萬條性命。
than if we'd achieved world peace
long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets
持久性蚊帳就能拯救一條性命,
is factory farming.
used every year for food,
are factory farmed,
of horrific suffering.
the worst-off creatures on this planet,
significantly improve their lives
大幅改善牠們的生活,
more animals in factory farms
of the philanthropic funding.
卻只有五十分之一。
resources in this area
若有額外的資源,
that I want to focus on the most,
of existential risks:
or a global pandemic
of the human race.
this is such a big priority
來解釋為什麼我認為
a truly existential catastrophe?
攸關生死存亡的大災難會多糟?
of all seven billion people on this planet
全部七十億人的存亡,
and everyone you know and love.
of unimaginable size.
of humanity's future potential,
潛能會被限制,
potential is vast.
for about 200,000 years,
as a typical mammalian species,
哺乳動物物種一樣久,
for about two million years.
were a single individual,
isn't a typical mammalian species.
典型的哺乳動物物種。
兩百萬年就絕種。
after only two million years.
for 500 million years to come.
地球都仍然會是適合居住的。
for billions more.
is going to be really big,
even really worth preserving?
how things have been getting worse,
事物變得更糟糕,
we take the long run,
is life expectancy over time.
not living in extreme poverty.
生活條件的人口比例。
that have decriminalized homosexuality.
合法化的國家數目。
that have become democratic.
there could be so much more to gain again.
還有好多可以獲得的。
that are intractable today.
of how humanity has progressed
而過得更好的層面上來看,
flourishing over time,
future progress to look like.
會是像這樣子的。
to live in extreme poverty.
會過著極度貧窮的生活。
everyone to be better off
the fundamental natural laws
發現管理我們世界的
an entirely new form of art,
發現全新的藝術形式,
the ears to hear.
the next few thousand years.
that human accomplishment might reach.
人類的成就能夠有多高。
and it could be very good,
也可能是非常好的,
we could lose this value?
以某些方式失去這價值?
tremendous technological progress,
發生了很巨大的技術進步,
the global risks of nuclear war
of extreme climate change.
the same pattern again.
再次看到同樣的模式。
powerful technologies on the horizon.
極強大的技術即將問世。
the power to create viruses
contagiousness and lethality.
和致命度的病毒。
to dramatically alter the earth's climate.
能大大改變地球的氣候。
the power to create intelligent agents
of these risks are particularly likely,
特別有可能發生,
matter a great deal.
and you're kind of nervous,
上飛機,且你蠻緊張的,
這樣的話來向你保證:
chance of crashing. Don't worry."
一千分之一。別擔心。」
the future of humanity
我認為保護人類的未來
that we currently face.
最重要的問題之一。
that affect future generations
don't participate in markets today.
參與現今的市場。
representing the interests
the decisions we make today.
a paltry amount on these issues:
這些議題上投入非常少:
only a few tens of millions of dollars
to the 390 billion dollars
因為美國的總慈善金額
you can support organizations
off hair-trigger alert,
處在一觸即發的警戒狀態,
develops policy to minimize the damage
它在做的是開發政策,
所造成的影響給最小化,
which does technical research
它是在做技術研究,
are safe and reliable.
that care about these risks,
這些風險的候選人,
greater international cooperation.
there is so much that you can do.
你能做的非常多。
and policymakers and organization leaders,
政策制訂者,和組織領導人,
and managers and assistants
that are tackling these problems.
這些問題的組織中工作。
of effective altruism
that we don't know.
that are big, solvable and neglected,
被忽視的大問題上,
difference to the world
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Will MacAskill - Moral philosopher, writerWill MacAskill is a cofounder of the effective altruism movement, a philosophy that tries to answer the question: How can we do as much good as possible?
Why you should listen
Will MacAskill is the author of Doing Good Better and the cofounder of the organization Giving What We Can and the social-impact-career advice project 80,000 Hours. He is a trustee of the Centre for Effective Altruism. As he writes: "I'm an associate professor of moral philosophy at Oxford University. I helped to create the philosophy of effective altruism: the use of evidence and reason to figure out how to do the most good we can.
"While growing up, I tried my best to do good things: I donated to high street charities, I worked at an old folks' home, I taught English in Ethiopia. But when I was a graduate student I realized that I'd never asked myself the question of whether these were the truly best ways of improving the world. So, being a nerd, I started doing some research to try to find out what activities would do the most to make the world a better place. Ten years later, I'm still asking that question.
"I'm still far from certain about what the best ways of doing good are, but I have learned that each and every one of us can do a tremendous amount to make the world a better place, whether that's by donating to buy bednets to protect children from malaria, campaigning to improve living conditions for animals in factory farms or working to ensure that the benefits of new technology are harnessed while avoiding the risks."
Will MacAskill | Speaker | TED.com