Will MacAskill: What are the most important moral problems of our time?
윌 맥어스킬 (Will MacAskill): 오늘날 우리에게 가장 중요한 도덕적 문제는 무엇일까요?
Will MacAskill is a cofounder of the effective altruism movement, a philosophy that tries to answer the question: How can we do as much good as possible? Full bio
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of human civilization.
over the last 200,000 years]
전 세계 1인당 국내총생산]
on the equivalent of one dollar per day,
하루 1달러 정도로 살아왔고
extraordinary happened:
in terms of power to change the world,
세상을 바꾸는 힘에 있어
in human history,
우리가 살고 있음을 보여 주지만
hasn't yet caught up with this fact.
한참 부족하다고 생각합니다.
our understanding of the world
도덕적 혁명입니다.
bounty of resources
a philosophy and research program
연구인 프로그램을 개발했는데
to these radical changes in our world,
증거와 신중한 추론 등을 바탕으로
to try to answer this question:
you've got to address
or your political engagement,
who to work with.
함께 할 것인지 등이겠죠.
fundamental problem.
문제에 관한 것입니다.
that the world faces,
on trying to solve first?
초점을 맞춰야 할까요?
for thinking about this question,
기본 틀을 보여드릴 텐데
and the more neglected it is.
더 쉽다는 겁니다.
if we do solve the problem.
with less time or money.
because of diminishing returns.
방치됐을수록 더 좋겠죠.
invested into solving a problem,
이미 많은 투자를 한 상태라면
to make additional progress.
더 어렵기 마련이니까요.
to leave with you is this framework,
바로 이 기본 틀입니다.
도움이 될 거예요.
in the effective altruism community
동참하는 사람들은
that we believe are unusually important,
이 기본 틀에도 잘 들어맞는
몰두해 왔습니다.
in global health.
대단히 좋았습니다.
malaria, diarrheal disease
설사병 등으로 인한 사망률이
over 60 million lives.
6천만 명 이상으로 추산됩니다.
than if we'd achieved world peace
더 많은 사람을 살리진 못 했겠죠.
long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets
살충효과를 가진 모기장을 보급해
is factory farming.
used every year for food,
5백억 마리의 가축 대부분은
are factory farmed,
of horrific suffering.
사육되고 있습니다.
the worst-off creatures on this planet,
가장 불쌍한 생명체 중 하나지만
significantly improve their lives
현저히 개선될 수 있습니다.
more animals in factory farms
공장식 농장에서 사육되는 가축들이
of the philanthropic funding.
밖에 안됩니다.
resources in this area
조금만 더 투자를 하면
가져올 수 있는 것이죠.
that I want to focus on the most,
관심이 많은 것으로
of existential risks:
or a global pandemic
of the human race.
있는 것들입니다.
this is such a big priority
a truly existential catastrophe?
도대체 얼마나 심각한 것일까요?
of all seven billion people on this planet
죽음으로 몰아넣을 텐데
and everyone you know and love.
모든 이들을 포함하죠.
of unimaginable size.
of humanity's future potential,
potential is vast.
for about 200,000 years,
존재해 왔고
as a typical mammalian species,
for about two million years.
더 있을 거라고 봅니다.
were a single individual,
isn't a typical mammalian species.
인류를 비교할 순 없겠죠.
after only two million years.
멸종할 이유는 없습니다.
for 500 million years to come.
생명체가 살기에 적합할 것이고
for billions more.
지속할 수 있겠죠.
is going to be really big,
무궁무진하다고 생각하지만
even really worth preserving?
정말 있는 걸까요?
how things have been getting worse,
늘 듣고 있지만
we take the long run,
is life expectancy over time.
not living in extreme poverty.
사람들의 비율입니다.
that have decriminalized homosexuality.
취급하지 않는 나라들의 숫자죠.
that have become democratic.
there could be so much more to gain again.
역시 얻는 것들이 훨씬 더 많겠죠.
that are intractable today.
많은 문제 또한 해결할 수 있겠죠.
of how humanity has progressed
전체적인 인간의 번영에 있어
flourishing over time,
이 그래프가 보여준다면
future progress to look like.
예상이 가능합니다.
to live in extreme poverty.
시달리지 않습니다.
everyone to be better off
오늘날 가장 부유한 사람보다
the fundamental natural laws
근본적인 자연의 법칙을 발견해
an entirely new form of art,
예술의 형태가 소개될 텐데
the ears to hear.
종류의 음악입니다.
the next few thousand years.
that human accomplishment might reach.
가늠하기란 쉽지 않습니다.
and it could be very good,
we could lose this value?
tremendous technological progress,
엄청난 과학기술의 발전은
the global risks of nuclear war
of extreme climate change.
the same pattern again.
생각해야겠죠.
powerful technologies on the horizon.
소개되고 있습니다.
the power to create viruses
전에 없는 전염성과 치사율을 가진
contagiousness and lethality.
능력을 줄 수도 있겠죠.
to dramatically alter the earth's climate.
바꿀 능력을 줄 수도 있습니다.
the power to create intelligent agents
지적 개체를 만들어 낼
of these risks are particularly likely,
어떤 게 실현될거 라는 건 아니지만
matter a great deal.
신중히 고려해야겠죠.
and you're kind of nervous,
chance of crashing. Don't worry."
걱정하지 마십시오."
the future of humanity
인류의 미래를 지키는 건
that we currently face.
문제들 중 하나입니다.
that affect future generations
don't participate in markets today.
representing the interests
누군가 로비를
the decisions we make today.
그들은 영향을 주지 못합니다.
a paltry amount on these issues:
여전히 관심이 적은 이유입니다:
only a few tens of millions of dollars
to the 390 billion dollars
연 3,900억 달러의 기금에
동참할 수 있습니다.
you can support organizations
이런 문제들의 해결을 위해 애쓰는
off hair-trigger alert,
캠페인을 벌이는 곳이나
develops policy to minimize the damage
자연 또는 인간으로부터 발생하는
정책을 개발하는 곳도 있고,
which does technical research
안전하고 신뢰할 수 있는
are safe and reliable.
기술 연구하는 곳도 있습니다.
that care about these risks,
정치인들에 투표하고
greater international cooperation.
지원할 수 있겠죠.
there is so much that you can do.
유용하게 쓰일 수 있습니다.
and policymakers and organization leaders,
각계각층의 지도자들이
and managers and assistants
that are tackling these problems.
단체들에겐 아주 중요한 거죠.
of effective altruism
that we don't know.
that are big, solvable and neglected,
문제들에 접근한다면
difference to the world
변화를 가져올 수 있습니다.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Will MacAskill - Moral philosopher, writerWill MacAskill is a cofounder of the effective altruism movement, a philosophy that tries to answer the question: How can we do as much good as possible?
Why you should listen
Will MacAskill is the author of Doing Good Better and the cofounder of the organization Giving What We Can and the social-impact-career advice project 80,000 Hours. He is a trustee of the Centre for Effective Altruism. As he writes: "I'm an associate professor of moral philosophy at Oxford University. I helped to create the philosophy of effective altruism: the use of evidence and reason to figure out how to do the most good we can.
"While growing up, I tried my best to do good things: I donated to high street charities, I worked at an old folks' home, I taught English in Ethiopia. But when I was a graduate student I realized that I'd never asked myself the question of whether these were the truly best ways of improving the world. So, being a nerd, I started doing some research to try to find out what activities would do the most to make the world a better place. Ten years later, I'm still asking that question.
"I'm still far from certain about what the best ways of doing good are, but I have learned that each and every one of us can do a tremendous amount to make the world a better place, whether that's by donating to buy bednets to protect children from malaria, campaigning to improve living conditions for animals in factory farms or working to ensure that the benefits of new technology are harnessed while avoiding the risks."
Will MacAskill | Speaker | TED.com