Peter Calthorpe: 7 principles for building better cities
ピーター・カルソープ: より良い都市を造るための7原則
Through his writing and his realized projects, Peter Calthorpe has spread the vision of New Urbanism, a framework for creating sustainable, human-scaled places. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
for climate change,
for three billion people.
都市を建設することになります
of the urban environment.
in the world will save mankind,
人類を救えるかどうか危ういでしょう
on how we shape our cities:
都市をどう形作っていくかに左右されるからです
連帯感などです
is a manifestation
can help us solve climate change,
温暖化問題の解決にも寄与するでしょう
to be driving the problem.
問題を悪化させているようだからです
and oil companies.
石油会社だけの問題でもありません
[低密度市街地のスプロール]
and I'll be upfront about that.
(無計画な市街地の拡大)についてです
you think of, or many people think of,
皆さんが想像するような
of the metropolitan area.
anywhere, at any density.
どんな建物密度下でも起こると考えています
is that it isolates people.
into economic enclaves
what we all need to be thinking about,
起こさない方法を考える必要があります
this massive construction project.
構想するような時です
for the state of California
with reducing carbon emissions.
for how the state could grow,
あらゆるシナリオを検討してみました
overly simplified one.
過剰に単純化された1例です
through the year 2050,
in our state of California.
人口に加わると仮定しました
shopping malls, subdivisions,
分譲地
not everybody moving to the city,
都市へ移り住む訳ではなく
as streetcar suburbs,
mixed-used environments.
そして複合開発という環境でした
for the scale of the difference
in our city-making habit
a special interest group,
象徴したものだったからです
that used to advocate for their concerns
これまで てんでばらばらに
"co-benefits" of urban form
私が都市の「共通の利点」と呼ぶ
見えていませんでした
concerned about this,
これを大変懸念しています
開けた空間が欲しいという
that want open space nearby.
様々な人々が懸念を訴えます
[デラウエア+ロードアイランド以上の面積の差]
[デラウエア+ロードアイランド以上の面積の差]
physical footprint.
大変な削減が見られました
carbon emission comes from cars,
[温室効果ガス削減:州内の森半分が吸収する量]
[温室効果ガス削減:州内の森半分が吸収する量]
on cars as much
that's what I was just talking about.
[VMT:1戸当たり1万6千km減少]
per household per year,
およそ4万2千kmから
in the mid-26,000 per household,
走行距離を削減するだけで
not just on air quality and carbon
費用がかかります
how do you fix it once we broke it --
悪くしてからどう治すかという話の代わりに
[呼吸器疾患医療費:毎年16億ドルの削減]
[呼吸器疾患医療費:毎年16億ドルの削減]
of cities that we shape.
都市に必要な要素です
[2050年に1戸当たり年間1万ドルの削減]
[2050年に1戸当たり年間1万ドルの削減]
industry running amok.
[2050年に1戸当たり年間1万ドルの削減]
too many of the wrong kind of housing:
あまりにも多く売ろうとしていました
middle-class family to afford
to their lifestyle anymore.
もう彼らのライフスタイルには合いません
and get it sold.
the median is 50,000 --
5万ドルだということを思い出してください
電気 水道 ガスの費用だけです
who often sit off in their silos
手頃な住宅価格の擁護者達は
separate from the politicians,
手を組まず
is what really brings about the change.
変化をもたらすことになると思います
of bonds for transit
決議してきました
歩行者や交通機関の街へと
desirable land, the strip,
[高人口密度下のスプロール]
what you think of as an oxymoron,
まさに自己矛盾ですが
everything isolated in superblocks,
同じ問題です
that was just spoken to.
先ほど話したばかりですね
in China now is spent
of Chinese cities is robust.
小さな地元商店や
interacting with your neighbors.
隣人たちとの交流などでした
5,000 units in them,
because nobody knows anybody else.
柵で囲われており
a sidewalk, no ground floor shops --
通りに面した店も無い —
here in one of the superblocks
見つけたこの例は
shops in their garages
店舗をつくり
of local service economy.
実現しようとしていました
to get it right is there.
人々の想いです
on board and the politicians.
政治家の力が加われば良いのです
the alternative to sprawl
スプロールとは違った都市デザインを
million people.
is a walking radius
表していて
called for green space
ecological features.
重要だと感じました
are auto-free streets.
自動車が乗り入れない道です
leveling the site
川の縁まで建物を配置する代わりに
that really wasn't normative in China
このような緑地は中国では
I dearly love.
of our streets to cars?
車道にしてしまうのでしょう?
could move well for them,
so they could bike?
しやすいようになればどうでしょう?
cities would function better.
都市はもっと上手く機能するでしょう
they build in Beijing,
complete gridlock.
mixed use along the edge.
autonomous vehicles,
to talk about that later.
that have now been adopted
in the Chinese government,
I think, universal principles.
the natural environment, the history
[自然と農地景観、文化遺産の保全]
[自然と農地景観、文化遺産の保全]
[複合開発、様々な所得階層の混合を促す]
[複合開発、様々な所得階層の混合を促す]
but when I say mixed,
[複合開発、様々な所得階層の混合を促す]
[歩行を促す道路、人間サイズの街並み]
that you don't enjoy walking in.
[歩行を促す道路、人間サイズの街並み]
are places you can walk.
散歩が楽しめるような場所です
means of transportation we know.
[自転車道路網と歩行者天国]
[自転車道路網と歩行者天国]
that put six meters of bike lane
to their biking history.
戻ろうと考えています
that allows many routes
色々な経路が選べる道路網
[密な道路網、区画規模の制限]
instead of just one.
[密な道路網、区画規模の制限]
[高品質な交通機関、安価な高速バス網]
[高品質な交通機関、安価な高速バス網]
going to solve this for us.
to generate more traffic, more VMT,
交通量と車両走行距離を
[交通許容量に比例した都市密度とミックス]
based on transit
[交通許容量に比例した都市密度とミックス]
have to get reconnected
都市の構造を形作るように
the structure of the city.
[世界中でスプロールを克服する]
these changes are well accepted.
こうした変化は広く受け入れられています
we can bring to bear now
political coalitions
the kinds of communities we all need.
人々が生み出せるようになるでしょう
autonomous driving, self-driving cars.
自律走行、自動運転車
are very excited about them.
とても興味があるものです
or issues about them?
there's almost too much hype here.
we're going to get rid of a lot of cars.
大幅に車の台数が減ると言っています
to get a lot more vehicle miles.
何も言われていません
cars moving on streets.
とても魅力的ですからね
車が走るんですから
people will travel greater distances.
人々はより長距離を走るということです
促すことになるでしょう
再活性化することになります
that people won't share them.
半数の人はタクシーをシェアしたくない
increase in vehicle miles traveled.
a 30 percent increase in VMT.
having multiple people riding at once
複数の人々がライドシェアをする
のようなものですね?
without a steering wheel.
シェアするような
of vehicles -- you can do it
it doesn't matter.
that are going to be efficient electric,
効率的な車だと主張していますが
is that walking, biking and transit
徒歩、自転車、交通機関が
繁栄に繋がるということです
in their private bubbles,
to McDonald's to pick up a pack
マクドナルドにテイクアウトを
kind of random errands
図を想像すると
and I have to say, the images you showed
ご紹介いただいた
were really inspiring, really beautiful.
大変美しく感激しました
CA: Thank you for your work.
(クリス)お仕事に敬意を表します
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter Calthorpe - Urban designerThrough his writing and his realized projects, Peter Calthorpe has spread the vision of New Urbanism, a framework for creating sustainable, human-scaled places.
Why you should listen
Peter Calthorpe’s 30-year design practice is informed by the idea that successful places -- whether neighborhoods, towns, urban districts or metropolitan regions -- must be diverse in uses and users, must be scaled to the pedestrian and human interaction, and must be environmentally sustainable.
In the early 1990s, Calthorpe developed the concept of Transit Oriented Development (described in his book The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community and the American Dream) -- an idea that is now the foundation of many regional policies and city plans around the world. His 2010 book is Urbanism in the Age of Climate Change. Calthorpe Associates' work in Europe, Asia and the Middle East has demonstrated that community design with a focus on sustainability and scale can be adapted throughout the globe. His current work throughout China is focused on developing standards and examples of Low Carbon Cities in Beijing, Chongqing, Kunming, Zhuhai, Jinan and other major cities.
Peter Calthorpe | Speaker | TED.com