TED2017
Peter Calthorpe: 7 principles for building better cities
Peter Calthorpe: 7 principios para construír cidades mellores
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Máis da metade da poboación mundial vive xa en cidades, e calcúlase que para 2050 outros 2.500 millóns teranse mudado a áreas urbanas. O xeito en que construímos as novas cidades será a clave de moito do que nos importa, desde o cambio climático e a vitalidade económica ata o noso propio benestar e o noso sentido de conexión. Peter Calthorpe leva tempo traballando na planificación urbana do futuro e defendendo un deseño de comunidade que priorice a interacción humana. Nesta charla, preséntanos sete principios universais para resolver o problema da dispersión urbana e para construír cidades máis intelixentes e sostibles.
Peter Calthorpe - Urban designer
Through his writing and his realized projects, Peter Calthorpe has spread the vision of New Urbanism, a framework for creating sustainable, human-scaled places. Full bio
Through his writing and his realized projects, Peter Calthorpe has spread the vision of New Urbanism, a framework for creating sustainable, human-scaled places. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So, let me add to the complexity
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Vou incrementar a complexidade
00:14
of the situation we find ourselves in.
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da situación en que nos atopamos.
00:17
At the same time that we're solving
for climate change,
for climate change,
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Ao tempo que procuramos solucións
ao cambio climático,
ao cambio climático,
00:21
we're going to be building cities
for three billion people.
for three billion people.
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imos construír cidades
para tres mil millóns de persoas.
para tres mil millóns de persoas.
00:26
That's a doubling
of the urban environment.
of the urban environment.
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É dicir, imos duplicar o contorno urbano.
00:29
If we don't get that right,
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Se non o facemos ben,
00:31
I'm not sure all the climate solutions
in the world will save mankind,
in the world will save mankind,
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non sei se tódalas solucións climáticas
do mundo salvarán a humanidade,
do mundo salvarán a humanidade,
00:36
because so much depends
on how we shape our cities:
on how we shape our cities:
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porque moito depende de como
configuremos as nosas cidades:
configuremos as nosas cidades:
00:40
not just environmental impacts,
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non só os impactos ambientais,
senón tamén o noso benestar social,
00:42
but our social well-being,
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00:44
our economic vitality,
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a nosa vitalidade económica,
00:46
our sense of community and connectedness.
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o noso sentido
de comunidade e vinculación.
de comunidade e vinculación.
En esencia, o modo en que configuramos
as cidades é unha manifestación
as cidades é unha manifestación
00:50
Fundamentally, the way we shape cities
is a manifestation
is a manifestation
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00:53
of the kind of humanity we bring to bear.
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do tipo de humanidade que profesamos.
00:56
And so getting it right is, I think,
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Así que penso que facelo ben
00:59
the order of the day.
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está na orde do día.
01:00
And to a certain degree, getting it right
can help us solve climate change,
can help us solve climate change,
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E ata certo punto, facelo ben pode
axudarnos a resolver o cambio climático,
axudarnos a resolver o cambio climático,
01:04
because in the end,
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porque en última instancia
01:05
it's our behavior that seems
to be driving the problem.
to be driving the problem.
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é a nosa conduta a que parece
estar aumentando o problema.
estar aumentando o problema.
01:09
The problem isn't free-floating,
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Non se trata dun problema sen causas
01:11
and it isn't just ExxonMobil
and oil companies.
and oil companies.
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e non son só ExxonMobil e
as compañías petrolíferas.
as compañías petrolíferas.
01:14
It's us; how we live.
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Somos nós, é o xeito en que vivimos.
01:18
How we live.
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O xeito en que vivimos.
01:20
There's a villain in this story.
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Hai un vilán nesta historia.
01:21
It's called sprawl,
and I'll be upfront about that.
and I'll be upfront about that.
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Chámase dispersión urbana
e vou falar dela sen rodeos.
e vou falar dela sen rodeos.
01:25
But it's not just the kind of sprawl
you think of, or many people think of,
you think of, or many people think of,
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Pero non é o tipo de dispersión
que pensades ou que moitos pensan,
que pensades ou que moitos pensan,
01:28
as low-density development
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ese desenvolvemento de baixa densidade
01:30
out at the periphery
of the metropolitan area.
of the metropolitan area.
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que se produce na periferia
da área metropolitana.
da área metropolitana.
01:34
Actually, I think sprawl can happen
anywhere, at any density.
anywhere, at any density.
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De feito, a dispersión pode ocorrer
en calquera lugar e grao de densidade.
en calquera lugar e grao de densidade.
01:39
The key attribute
is that it isolates people.
is that it isolates people.
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O atributo clave é que illa a xente.
01:43
It segregates people
into economic enclaves
into economic enclaves
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Segrega as persoas en enclaves económicos
e enclaves de explotación do solo.
01:46
and land-use enclaves.
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01:48
It separates them from nature.
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Sepáraas da natureza.
01:50
It doesn't allow the cross-fertilization,
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Impide o intercambio fecundo,
01:53
the interaction,
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a interacción,
01:55
that make cities great places
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que fai das cidades grandes lugares
01:57
and that make society thrive.
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e fai que a sociedade prospere.
02:00
So the antidote to sprawl is really
what we all need to be thinking about,
what we all need to be thinking about,
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Así que no que temos que pensar
é no antídoto contra a dispersión,
é no antídoto contra a dispersión,
02:05
especially when we're taking on
this massive construction project.
this massive construction project.
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sobre todo cando estamos poñendo en marcha
este inmenso proxecto de construción.
este inmenso proxecto de construción.
02:10
So let me take you through one exercise.
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Vouvos explicar un exercicio que fixemos.
02:12
We developed the model
for the state of California
for the state of California
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Desenvolvemos este modelo
para o estado de California
para o estado de California
para que puidesen seguir reducindo
as emisións de carbono.
as emisións de carbono.
02:16
so they could get on
with reducing carbon emissions.
with reducing carbon emissions.
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02:20
We did a whole series of scenarios
for how the state could grow,
for how the state could grow,
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Formulamos distintas hipóteses sobre
como podería crecer o estado
como podería crecer o estado
02:25
and this is just one
overly simplified one.
overly simplified one.
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e esta é só unha moi simplificada.
02:28
We mixed different development prototypes
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Combinamos distintos prototipos
de desenvolvemento
de desenvolvemento
02:31
and said they're going to carry us
through the year 2050,
through the year 2050,
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e dixemos que nos servirían
ata o ano 2050,
ata o ano 2050,
02:35
10 million new crew
in our state of California.
in our state of California.
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con 10 millóns máis de tripulantes
no noso estado de California
no noso estado de California
Un deles era a dispersión.
02:40
And one was sprawl.
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02:41
It's just more of the same:
shopping malls, subdivisions,
shopping malls, subdivisions,
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É simplemente máis do mesmo:
centros comerciais, parcelas,
centros comerciais, parcelas,
02:45
office parks.
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parques empresariais.
02:46
The other one was dominated by,
not everybody moving to the city,
not everybody moving to the city,
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No outro predominaba o feito de que
non todos marchaban para a cidade,
non todos marchaban para a cidade,
o desenvolvemento era máis compacto,
02:50
but just compact development,
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02:52
what we used to think of
as streetcar suburbs,
as streetcar suburbs,
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iso que chamabamos periferia de tranvía,
02:54
walkable neighborhoods,
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barrios que invitan a camiñar,
02:56
low-rise, but integrated,
mixed-used environments.
mixed-used environments.
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contornos con edificios de pouca altura,
integrados e de usos mixtos.
integrados e de usos mixtos.
03:00
And the results are astounding.
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E os resultados son impresionantes.
03:03
They're astounding not just
for the scale of the difference
for the scale of the difference
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Son impresionantes non só
pola escala da diferenza
pola escala da diferenza
03:06
of this one shift
in our city-making habit
in our city-making habit
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que supón este cambio
no noso hábito de construír cidades
no noso hábito de construír cidades
03:10
but also because each one represents
a special interest group,
a special interest group,
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senón tamén porque cada un representa
un grupo de interés especial,
un grupo de interés especial,
03:16
a special interest group
that used to advocate for their concerns
that used to advocate for their concerns
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un grupo que adoitaba defender
os seus intereses
os seus intereses
03:20
one at a time.
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cada un por separado.
03:21
They did not see the, what I call,
"co-benefits" of urban form
"co-benefits" of urban form
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Non eran quen de ver o que eu chamo
os "co-beneficios" da forma urbana
os "co-beneficios" da forma urbana
03:26
that allows them to join with others.
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que lles permiten xuntarse con outros.
03:29
So, land consumption:
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Por exemplo, o consumo de terras:
03:31
environmentalists are really
concerned about this,
concerned about this,
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os ecoloxistas están moi preocupados
por isto,
por isto,
03:33
so are farmers;
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tamén os agricultores;
03:35
there's a whole range of people,
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hai toda unha serie de persoas,
03:37
and, of course, neighborhood groups
that want open space nearby.
that want open space nearby.
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e, por suposto, grupos de veciños,
que queren espazos abertos preto.
que queren espazos abertos preto.
03:41
The sprawl version of California
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A versión dispersa de California
03:43
almost doubles the urban
physical footprint.
physical footprint.
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case duplica o alcance físico
da pegada urbana.
da pegada urbana.
03:48
Greenhouse gas: tremendous savings,
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Enorme aforro en gases
de efecto invernadoiro,
de efecto invernadoiro,
03:51
because in California, our biggest
carbon emission comes from cars,
carbon emission comes from cars,
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dado que en California a nosa maior
emisión de carbono provén dos coches,
emisión de carbono provén dos coches,
03:55
and cities that don't depend
on cars as much
on cars as much
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e as cidades, que non dependen tanto
do coche,
do coche,
03:59
obviously create huge savings.
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obviamente xeran un aforro enorme.
04:03
Vehicle miles traveled:
that's what I was just talking about.
that's what I was just talking about.
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Quilómetros percorridos, diso é
do que estou a falar.
do que estou a falar.
04:06
Just reducing the average 10,000 miles
per household per year,
per household per year,
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Simplemente reducindo unha media
de 16.000 kms por familia e ano,
de 16.000 kms por familia e ano,
04:11
from somewhere
in the mid-26,000 per household,
in the mid-26,000 per household,
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desde ao redor dos 40.000 por familia,
04:17
has a huge impact
not just on air quality and carbon
not just on air quality and carbon
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ten un impacto enorme non só
na calidade do aire e no carbono
na calidade do aire e no carbono
04:21
but also on the household pocketbook.
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senón tamén na economía das familias.
04:24
It's very expensive to drive that much,
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Resulta moi caro conducir tanto,
04:27
and as we've seen,
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e, como vimos,
04:28
the middle class is struggling to hold on.
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a clase media está a pasar apuros.
04:32
Health care: we were talking about
how do you fix it once we broke it --
how do you fix it once we broke it --
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Sanidade: falabamos de amañar
o que estragamos,
o que estragamos,
04:36
clean the air.
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de limpar o aire.
04:37
Why not just stop polluting?
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Por que non deixar simplemente
de contaminar?
de contaminar?
04:39
Why not just use our feet and bikes more?
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Por que non usar máis os pés
e a biblicleta?
e a biblicleta?
04:42
And that's a function of the kinds
of cities that we shape.
of cities that we shape.
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E esa é unha das funcións das cidades
que construímos.
que construímos.
04:47
Household costs:
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Gasto doméstico:
04:49
2008 was a mark in time,
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O ano 2008 foi un punto de inflexión.
04:51
not of just the financial
industry running amok.
industry running amok.
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Non só porque a industria financeira
perdese o control.
perdese o control.
04:55
It was that we were trying to sell
too many of the wrong kind of housing:
too many of the wrong kind of housing:
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Foi que tratabamos de vender demasiadas
vivendas do tipo erróneo:
vivendas do tipo erróneo:
05:00
large lot, single family, distant,
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grandes parcelas, unifamiliares,
distantes,
distantes,
05:03
too expensive for the average
middle-class family to afford
middle-class family to afford
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demasiado caras
para a típica familia de clase media
para a típica familia de clase media
05:07
and, quite frankly, not a good fit
to their lifestyle anymore.
to their lifestyle anymore.
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e, con franqueza, agora pouco axeitadas
para o seu estilo de vida.
para o seu estilo de vida.
05:11
But in order to move inventory,
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Pero para darlle saída ás existencias,
05:13
you can discount the financing
and get it sold.
and get it sold.
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podes descontar no financiamento
para lograr vender.
para lograr vender.
Penso que iso foi en boa medida
o que pasou.
o que pasou.
05:16
I think that's a lot of what happened.
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05:18
Reducing cost by 10,000 dollars --
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Reducir os gastos nuns 10.000 dólares
05:21
remember, in California
the median is 50,000 --
the median is 50,000 --
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--lembrade que en California a mediana
está en 50.000 --
está en 50.000 --
05:24
this is a big element.
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este é un compoñente importante.
Iso é só os coches e as facturas
dos servizos.
dos servizos.
05:26
That's just cars and utility costs.
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05:28
So the affordable housing advocates,
who often sit off in their silos
who often sit off in their silos
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Os defensores da vivenda económica,
que a miúdo actúan pola súa conta,
que a miúdo actúan pola súa conta,
05:32
separate from the environmentalists,
separate from the politicians,
separate from the politicians,
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á marxe de ecoloxistas e de políticos,
05:37
everybody fighting with everyone,
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todos loitando uns contra os outros,
05:39
now begin to see common cause,
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comezan a ver agora unha causa común,
05:41
and I think the common cause
is what really brings about the change.
is what really brings about the change.
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e penso que esa causa común é
o que vai supoñer un verdadeiro cambio.
o que vai supoñer un verdadeiro cambio.
05:45
Los Angeles, as a result of these efforts,
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Como resultado destes esforzos,
05:48
has now decided to transform itself
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Los Angeles decidiu transformarse
05:51
into a more transit-oriented environment.
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nun medio máis orientado
cara ao transporte público.
cara ao transporte público.
05:55
As a matter of fact, since '08,
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De feito, desde 2008,
05:56
they've voted in 400 billion dollars
of bonds for transit
of bonds for transit
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aprobaron 400 mil millóns de dólares
en bonos para financiar o transporte
en bonos para financiar o transporte
06:00
and zero dollars for new highways.
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e cero dólares para novas autoestradas.
06:03
What a transformation:
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Que transformación:
LA convértese nunha cidade para camiñar
e usar o transporte público,
e usar o transporte público,
06:04
LA becomes a city of walkers and transit,
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e non para os coches.
06:08
not a city of cars.
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06:09
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
Como é isto posible?
06:10
How does it happen?
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Colles a zona menos útil,
06:11
You take the least
desirable land, the strip,
desirable land, the strip,
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onde hai espazo, engades
transporte público,
transporte público,
06:13
you add where there's space, transit
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06:16
and then you infill mixed-use development,
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e incorporas urbanización de usos mixtos,
06:20
you satisfy new housing demands
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satisfás as demandas de vivenda
06:22
and you make the existing neighborhoods
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e fas os barrios existentes no contorno
06:24
all around it more complex,
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máis complexos,
06:26
more interesting, more walkable.
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máis interesantes e máis aptos
para percorrer camiñando.
para percorrer camiñando.
06:28
Here's another kind of sprawl:
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Este é outro tipo de dispersión:
06:31
China, high-density sprawl,
what you think of as an oxymoron,
what you think of as an oxymoron,
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China, dispersión de alta densidade,
que é unha especie de oxímoro,
que é unha especie de oxímoro,
06:35
but the same problems,
everything isolated in superblocks,
everything isolated in superblocks,
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pero cos mesmos problemas,
todo illado en superbloques,
todo illado en superbloques,
06:38
and of course this amazing smog
that was just spoken to.
that was just spoken to.
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e por suposto ese incrible smog
do que vimos de falar.
do que vimos de falar.
06:42
Twelve percent of GDP
in China now is spent
in China now is spent
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O 12% do PIB de China
gástase hoxe
gástase hoxe
nos efectos diso sobre a saúde.
06:45
on the health impacts of that.
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As cidades chinesas, por suposto,
teñen unha historia consolidada.
teñen unha historia consolidada.
06:47
The history, of course,
of Chinese cities is robust.
of Chinese cities is robust.
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Como a de calquera outro sitio.
06:51
It's like any other place.
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06:52
Community was all about small, local shops
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A comunidade formábase a partir de
pequenas tendas locais
pequenas tendas locais
06:55
and local services and walking,
interacting with your neighbors.
interacting with your neighbors.
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e servizos locais, desprazamentos a pé
e interacción cos veciños.
e interacción cos veciños.
06:59
It may sound utopian, but it's not.
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Se cadra soa utópico, pero non o é.
07:01
It's actually what people really want.
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É o que a xente quere de verdade.
07:03
The new superblocks --
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Os novos superbloques
07:05
these are blocks that would have
5,000 units in them,
5,000 units in them,
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--bloques dunhas 5.000 unidades--
07:09
and they're gated as well,
because nobody knows anybody else.
because nobody knows anybody else.
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son pechados, porque
ninguén coñece a ninguén.
ninguén coñece a ninguén.
07:13
And of course, there isn't even
a sidewalk, no ground floor shops --
a sidewalk, no ground floor shops --
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E por suposto non hai sequera beirarrúa
nin tendas nos baixos --
nin tendas nos baixos --
07:16
a very sterile environment.
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un medio moi estéril.
07:19
I found this one case
here in one of the superblocks
here in one of the superblocks
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Atopeime cun caso nun destes superbloques
07:23
where people had illicitly set up
shops in their garages
shops in their garages
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en que os veciños puxeran tendas ilegais
nos garaxes
nos garaxes
07:26
so that they could have that kind
of local service economy.
of local service economy.
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para poder dispor desa economía
de servizos local.
de servizos local.
07:30
The desire of people
to get it right is there.
to get it right is there.
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O desexo da xente
de facer as cousas ben está aí.
de facer as cousas ben está aí.
07:35
We just have to get the planners
on board and the politicians.
on board and the politicians.
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Só temos que facer que os planificadores
e os políticos se sumen.
e os políticos se sumen.
07:39
All right. Some technical planning stuff.
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Ben, agora algunhas cuestións técnicas
de planificación.
de planificación.
07:42
Chongqing is a city of 30 million people.
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Chongqing é unha cidade
de 30 millóns de habitantes.
de 30 millóns de habitantes.
07:46
It's almost as big as California.
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É case tan grande coma California.
Esta é unha pequena zona de expansión.
07:48
This is a small growth area.
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07:50
They wanted us to test
the alternative to sprawl
the alternative to sprawl
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Querían que probásemos
a alternativa á dispersión
a alternativa á dispersión
07:53
in several cities across China.
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en varias cidades de China.
07:57
This is for four-and-a-half
million people.
million people.
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Isto é para catro millóns e medio
de persoas.
de persoas.
08:00
What the takeaway from this image is,
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Cada un deses círculos
que vemos nesta imaxe
que vemos nesta imaxe
08:02
every one of those circles
is a walking radius
is a walking radius
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é a zona abarcable andando nun radio
arredor dunha estación
de transporte público.
de transporte público.
08:05
around a transit station --
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08:07
massive investment in metro and BRT,
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Un enorme investimento en metro
e unha rede rápida de autobuses,
e unha rede rápida de autobuses,
e unha estrutura que permite
08:10
and a distribution that allows everybody
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que todos poidan ir á parada a pé
desde o seu traballo.
desde o seu traballo.
08:13
to work within walking distance of that.
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08:15
The red area, this is a blow-up.
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Esta é unha ampliación da zona vermella.
08:18
All of a sudden, our principles
called for green space
called for green space
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De repente, os nosos principios
esixían espazos verdes
esixían espazos verdes
08:21
preserving the important
ecological features.
ecological features.
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que conservasen os elementos
ecolóxicos importantes.
ecolóxicos importantes.
08:25
And then those other streets in there
are auto-free streets.
are auto-free streets.
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E por esoutras rúas que se ven aí
non poden circular coches.
non poden circular coches.
08:29
So instead of bulldozing,
leveling the site
leveling the site
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Así que no canto de meter a escavadora
e achaiar o espazo
e achaiar o espazo
08:33
and building right up to the river,
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e construír ata a beira do río,
08:35
this green edge was something
that really wasn't normative in China
that really wasn't normative in China
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esta banda verde non estaba
nas normas en China
nas normas en China
08:39
until these set of practices
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ata que esta serie de prácticas
08:42
began experimentation there.
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comezaron a probarse alí.
08:45
The urban fabric, small blocks,
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Unha trama urbana de bloques pequenos,
08:47
maybe 500 families per block.
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se cadra dunhas 500 familias cada un.
08:49
They know each other.
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Coñécense todos.
08:50
The street perimeter has shops
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No perímetro da rúa hai tendas
08:53
so there's local destinations.
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e, polo tanto, destinos locais.
08:55
And the streets themselves become smaller,
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E as propias rúas son máis pequenas,
08:57
because there are more of them.
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porque hai máis.
08:59
Very simple,
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Un deseño urbano
09:00
straightforward urban design.
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moi simple e claro.
09:03
Now, here you have something
I dearly love.
I dearly love.
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Isto que vedes aquí encántame.
09:06
Think of the logic.
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Pensade na lóxica disto.
09:08
If only a third of the people have cars,
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Se só un terzo das persoas teñen coche,
09:10
why do we give 100 percent
of our streets to cars?
of our streets to cars?
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por que lles cedemos o 100%
da rúa aos coches?
da rúa aos coches?
09:14
What if we gave 70 percent of the streets
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E se nos libramos do 70% dos coches,
09:18
to car-free, to everybody else,
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para todos os demais,
09:20
so that the transit
could move well for them,
could move well for them,
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facilitándolles o movemento
09:22
so that they could walk,
so they could bike?
so they could bike?
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aos que van a pé ou en bicicleta?
09:24
Why not have --
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Por que non incorporamos...
09:26
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
09:27
geographic equity
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a equidade xeográfica
09:30
in our circulation system?
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ao noso sistema de circulación?
09:32
And quite frankly,
cities would function better.
cities would function better.
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Con franqueza, as cidades
funcionarían mellor.
funcionarían mellor.
09:36
No matter what they do,
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Fagan o que fagan,
á marxe das circunvalacións
que constrúan ao redor de Pekín,
que constrúan ao redor de Pekín,
09:37
no matter how many ring roads
they build in Beijing,
they build in Beijing,
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09:40
they just can't overcome
complete gridlock.
complete gridlock.
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non poden evitar a paralización
total do tráfico.
total do tráfico.
09:43
So this is an auto-free street,
mixed use along the edge.
mixed use along the edge.
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Esta é unha rúa sen coches,
coas beiras para usos mixtos
coas beiras para usos mixtos
e a zona central para transporte público.
09:47
It has transit running down the middle.
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09:49
I'm happy to make that transit
autonomous vehicles,
autonomous vehicles,
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Ese transporte podería ser
con vehículos sen condutor,
con vehículos sen condutor,
09:52
but maybe I'll have a chance
to talk about that later.
to talk about that later.
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pero se cadra terei ocasión
de falar diso máis tarde.
de falar diso máis tarde.
09:55
So there are seven principles
that have now been adopted
that have now been adopted
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Hai sete principios que veñen de adoptar
09:59
by the highest levels
in the Chinese government,
in the Chinese government,
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as máis altas instancias
do goberno chinés,
do goberno chinés,
10:02
and they're moving to implement them.
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e van xa camiño de poñelos en práctica.
10:03
And they're simple,
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Trátase de principios sinxelos
10:05
and they are globally,
I think, universal principles.
I think, universal principles.
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e, na miña opinión, universais.
10:07
One is to preserve
the natural environment, the history
the natural environment, the history
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O primeiro é conservar
o medio natural, a historia
o medio natural, a historia
10:11
and the critical agriculture.
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1967
e a agricultura indispensable.
10:14
Second is mix.
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1323
O segundo é mesturar.
10:15
Mixed use is popular,
but when I say mixed,
but when I say mixed,
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O uso mixto é moi popular
pero ao dicir mixto eu refírome
pero ao dicir mixto eu refírome
10:18
I mean mixed incomes, mixed age groups
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a rendas mixtas, idades mixtas,
10:20
as well as mixed-land use.
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ademais do uso mixto do terreo.
10:24
Walk.
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Camiñar.
10:25
There's no great city
that you don't enjoy walking in.
that you don't enjoy walking in.
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Non é unha gran cidade
se non desfrutamos camiñando por ela.
se non desfrutamos camiñando por ela.
10:28
You don't go there.
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Se non é así, non imos.
10:29
The places you go on vacation
are places you can walk.
are places you can walk.
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Imos de vacacións a sitios
onde se pode camiñar.
onde se pode camiñar.
Por que non facelo en todas partes?
10:32
Why not make it everywhere?
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10:34
Bike is the most efficient
means of transportation we know.
means of transportation we know.
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A bicicleta é o medio de transporte
máis eficiente que coñecemos.
máis eficiente que coñecemos.
China vén de adoptar medidas
para que todas as rúas dispoñan
para que todas as rúas dispoñan
10:38
China has now adopted policies
that put six meters of bike lane
that put six meters of bike lane
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de seis metros de carril bici.
10:42
on every street.
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1329
10:43
They're serious about getting back
to their biking history.
to their biking history.
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Toman moi en serio o de recuperar
a súa historia de uso da bicicleta.
a súa historia de uso da bicicleta.
10:47
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
10:49
Complicated planner-ese here:
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2303
Un aspecto complicado da planificación:
10:51
connect.
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Conectar.
10:52
It's a street network
that allows many routes
that allows many routes
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Velaquí un plano urbano
que permite múltiples rutas
que permite múltiples rutas
10:56
instead of singular routes
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no canto de rutas únicas
10:58
and provides many kinds of streets
instead of just one.
instead of just one.
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e ofrece distintos tipos de rúas.
11:02
Ride.
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Transporte.
11:04
We have to invest more in transit.
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Temos que investir máis
en transporte público.
en transporte público.
11:06
There's no silver bullet.
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Nisto non hai bala de prata.
11:08
Autonomous vehicles are not
going to solve this for us.
going to solve this for us.
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Os vehículos sen condutor
non van resolver isto por nós.
non van resolver isto por nós.
11:11
As a matter of fact, they're going
to generate more traffic, more VMT,
to generate more traffic, more VMT,
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De feito, van xerar máis tráfico,
máis quilómetros percorridos,
máis quilómetros percorridos,
11:16
than the alternative.
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1362
cá alternativa.
11:17
And focus.
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E finalmente, priorizar.
11:19
We have a hierarchy of the city
based on transit
based on transit
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Temos a cidade xerarquizada
en función do transporte público
en función do transporte público
11:23
rather than the old armature of freeways.
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3163
no canto da antiga armazón de autovías.
11:26
It's a big paradigm shift,
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2150
Supón un gran cambio de paradigma,
11:29
but those two things
have to get reconnected
have to get reconnected
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pero é necesario reconectar
esas dúas cousas
esas dúas cousas
11:31
in ways that really shape
the structure of the city.
the structure of the city.
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de xeitos que dean forma
á estrutura da cidade.
á estrutura da cidade.
11:37
So I'm very hopeful.
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Son moi optimista.
11:39
In California, the United States, China --
these changes are well accepted.
these changes are well accepted.
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En California, Estados Unidos, China,
estes cambios teñen boa acollida.
estes cambios teñen boa acollida.
11:44
I'm hopeful for two reasons.
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2635
Son optimista por dous motivos.
11:47
One is, most people get it.
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Un é que a maioría enténdeo.
11:49
They understand intrinsically
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Comprenden de forma intrínseca
11:51
what a great city can and should be.
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como pode e debe ser unha gran cidade.
11:53
The second is that the kind of analysis
we can bring to bear now
we can bring to bear now
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O segundo é que a clase de análise
que podemos levar a cabo agora
que podemos levar a cabo agora
11:58
allows people to connect the dots,
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permítelle á xente unir os puntos,
12:01
allows people to shape
political coalitions
political coalitions
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permítelle configurar coalicións políticas
12:04
that didn't exist in the past.
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1429
que non existían antes.
12:06
That allows them to bring into being
the kinds of communities we all need.
the kinds of communities we all need.
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3740
E iso permítelle crear a clase
de comunidades que todos necesitamos.
de comunidades que todos necesitamos.
12:10
Thank you.
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Grazas.
12:11
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
12:20
Chris Anderson: So, OK:
autonomous driving, self-driving cars.
autonomous driving, self-driving cars.
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3437
Chris Anderson: De acordo entón,
coches autónomos, sen condutor.
coches autónomos, sen condutor.
12:23
A lot of people here
are very excited about them.
are very excited about them.
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A moitos dos que están aquí entusiásmanos.
12:27
What are your concerns
or issues about them?
or issues about them?
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Que te preocupa deles
ou que problemas lles ves?
ou que problemas lles ves?
12:30
Peter Calthorpe: Well, I think
there's almost too much hype here.
there's almost too much hype here.
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Peter Calthorpe: Penso que hai
excesivo alboroto con este tema
excesivo alboroto con este tema
12:33
First is, everybody says
we're going to get rid of a lot of cars.
we're going to get rid of a lot of cars.
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En primeiro lugar, moitos din
que nos imos librar de moitos coches.
que nos imos librar de moitos coches.
12:37
What they don't say is you're going
to get a lot more vehicle miles.
to get a lot more vehicle miles.
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3294
O que non din é que van aumentar moito
os quilómetros percorridos.
os quilómetros percorridos.
12:40
You're going to get a lot more
cars moving on streets.
cars moving on streets.
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2547
Imos ter moitos máis coches polas rúas.
12:43
There will be more congestion.
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Haberá máis atascos.
12:44
CA: Because they're so appealing --
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CA: É que son moi interesantes...
12:47
you can drive while reading or sleeping.
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podes conducir mentres les ou dormes.
PC: Ben, hai un par de razóns.
12:49
PC: Well, a couple of reasons.
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Unha é que se son privados,
percorreranse maiores distancias.
percorreranse maiores distancias.
12:50
One is, if they're privately owned,
people will travel greater distances.
people will travel greater distances.
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3971
12:54
It'll be a new lease on life to sprawl.
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1941
Darán nova forza á dispersión urbana.
12:56
If you can work on your way to work,
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2015
Se podes traballar de camiño ao traballo,
12:58
you can live in more remote locations.
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2067
podes vivir en lugares máis apartados.
13:00
It'll revitalize sprawl
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Revitalizará a dispersión
13:03
in a way that I'm deeply frightened.
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2333
dun xeito que me aterra.
13:05
Taxis:
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1854
Por exemplo, os taxis.
13:07
about 50 percent of the surveys say
that people won't share them.
that people won't share them.
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Máis da metade das enquisas din
que a xente non quere compartilos.
que a xente non quere compartilos.
13:11
If they don't share them,
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1374
Se non os comparten,
13:12
you can end up with a 90 percent
increase in vehicle miles traveled.
increase in vehicle miles traveled.
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podemos chegar a un incremento do 90%
en quilómetros percorridos.
en quilómetros percorridos.
13:18
If you share them,
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1321
Mesmo se os comparten,
13:19
you're still at around
a 30 percent increase in VMT.
a 30 percent increase in VMT.
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3530
aínda así andaremos polo 30%
de incremento.
de incremento.
13:23
CA: Sharing them, meaning
having multiple people riding at once
having multiple people riding at once
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CA: Con compartilos refíreste
a moitos usuarios á vez
a moitos usuarios á vez
en sistemas intelixentes
de viaxes compartidas?
de viaxes compartidas?
13:26
in some sort of intelligent ride-sharing?
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1976
PC: Si, polo estilo de Uber
pero sen volante.
pero sen volante.
13:28
PC: Yeah, so the Uber share
without a steering wheel.
without a steering wheel.
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A realidade é a eficiencia
enerxética dos vehículos,
enerxética dos vehículos,
13:31
The reality is, the efficiency
of vehicles -- you can do it
of vehicles -- you can do it
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3849
13:34
with or without a steering wheel,
it doesn't matter.
it doesn't matter.
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independentemente de se teñen
volante ou non.
volante ou non.
Afirman que van ser os únicos
cun consumo eléctrico eficiente,
cun consumo eléctrico eficiente,
13:37
They claim they're the only ones
that are going to be efficient electric,
that are going to be efficient electric,
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3493
pero non é certo.
13:41
but that's not true.
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O realmente importante é que
a pé, na bici ou no transporte público
a pé, na bici ou no transporte público
13:42
But the real bottom line
is that walking, biking and transit
is that walking, biking and transit
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3570
13:45
are the way cities and communities thrive.
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é como prosperan as cidades
e as comunidades.
e as comunidades.
13:48
And putting people
in their private bubbles,
in their private bubbles,
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Pechar a xente en burbullas privadas,
13:51
whether they have a steering wheel or not,
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2297
con ou sen volante,
13:54
is the wrong direction.
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1571
é a dirección equivocada.
13:55
And quite frankly,
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1151
E sinceramente,
13:56
the image of an AV on its way
to McDonald's to pick up a pack
to McDonald's to pick up a pack
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5679
a imaxe dun coche autónomo indo
recoller un pedido ao McDonald's
recoller un pedido ao McDonald's
14:02
without its owner,
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1684
sen o seu dono,
14:04
just being sent off on these
kind of random errands
kind of random errands
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3710
facendo esa clase de mandados arbitrarios,
14:08
is really frightening to me.
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1397
resulta aterradora.
14:09
CA: Well, thank you for that,
and I have to say, the images you showed
and I have to say, the images you showed
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CA: Ben, grazas.
Debo dicir que as imaxes que amosaches
Debo dicir que as imaxes que amosaches
desas rúas con zonas de usos mixtos
foron moi inspiradoras e fermosas.
foron moi inspiradoras e fermosas.
14:12
of those mixed-use streets
were really inspiring, really beautiful.
were really inspiring, really beautiful.
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14:16
PC: Thank you.
CA: Thank you for your work.
CA: Thank you for your work.
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PC: Grazas.
CA: Grazas polo teu traballo.
CA: Grazas polo teu traballo.
14:18
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter Calthorpe - Urban designerThrough his writing and his realized projects, Peter Calthorpe has spread the vision of New Urbanism, a framework for creating sustainable, human-scaled places.
Why you should listen
Peter Calthorpe’s 30-year design practice is informed by the idea that successful places -- whether neighborhoods, towns, urban districts or metropolitan regions -- must be diverse in uses and users, must be scaled to the pedestrian and human interaction, and must be environmentally sustainable.
In the early 1990s, Calthorpe developed the concept of Transit Oriented Development (described in his book The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community and the American Dream) -- an idea that is now the foundation of many regional policies and city plans around the world. His 2010 book is Urbanism in the Age of Climate Change. Calthorpe Associates' work in Europe, Asia and the Middle East has demonstrated that community design with a focus on sustainability and scale can be adapted throughout the globe. His current work throughout China is focused on developing standards and examples of Low Carbon Cities in Beijing, Chongqing, Kunming, Zhuhai, Jinan and other major cities.
Peter Calthorpe | Speaker | TED.com