TED2011
Damon Horowitz: Philosophy in prison
Damon Horowitz: Filosofija kalėjime
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Damon Horowitz dėsto universiteto lygio filosofijos kursą San Kventino valstijos kalėjime programos "Universitetas kalėjime" metu. Šioje galingoje trumpoje kalboje jis pasakoja istoriją, kaip susidūrimas su teisingumu ir neteisingumu staiga tampa asmeniškas.
Damon Horowitz - Philosopher, entrepreneur
Damon Horowitz explores what is possible at the boundaries of technology and the humanities. Full bio
Damon Horowitz explores what is possible at the boundaries of technology and the humanities. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Meet Tony. He's my student.
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Susipažinkinte su Toniu, mano studentu.
00:17
He's about my age,
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Jis maždaug mano amžiaus,
00:19
and he's in San Quentin State Prison.
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ir yra San Quentin valstijos kalėjime.
00:22
When Tony was 16 years old,
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Kai Toniui buvo 16,
00:25
one day, one moment,
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vieną dieną, vieną momentą
00:28
"It was mom's gun.
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"Tai buvo mamos šautuvas.
00:30
Just flash it, scare the guy. He's a punk.
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Parodysim šautuvą, pagąsdinsim. Jis banditėlis.
00:32
He took some money; we'll take his money. That'll teach him.
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Jis pavogė pinigų, mes atimsim jo pinigus, pamokysim jį.
00:34
Then last minute, I'm thinking, 'Can't do this. This is wrong.'
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Paskutinę akimirką galvoju: 'Negaliu, tai neteisinga.'
00:37
My buddy says, 'C'mon, let's do this.'
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Mano draugelis sako 'Padarykim tai.'
00:39
I say, 'Let's do this.'"
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Aš sakau: 'Padarykim tai.'"
00:44
And those three words, Tony's going to remember,
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Ir tuos žodžius Tonis prisimins,
00:46
because the next thing he knows, he hears the pop.
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nes po to jis išgirsta šūvį.
00:48
There's the punk on the ground, puddle of blood.
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Banditėlis ant žemės, bala kraujo.
00:50
And that's felony murder --
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Ir žmogžudystės nuosprendis --
00:52
25 to life, parole at 50 if you're lucky,
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25 metai, sulaukus 50 paleidimas lygtinai, jei pasiseks,
00:54
and Tony's not feeling very lucky.
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ir Tonis nemano, kad jam pasiseks.
00:57
So when we meet in my philosophy class in his prison
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Kai mano filosofijos pamokose kalėjime
01:00
and I say, "In this class, we will discuss the foundations of ethics,"
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aš sakau, kad šiame kurse aptarsime etikos pagrindus,
01:04
Tony interrupts me.
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Tonis mane pertraukia.
01:06
"What are you going to teach me about right and wrong?
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"Ką tu mane išmokysi apie teisingumą ir neteisingumą?
01:08
I know what is wrong. I have done wrong.
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Aš žinau, kad yra neteisinga. Aš padaręs neteisingų dalykų.
01:11
I am told every day,
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Kasdien man kiekvienas žmogus,
01:13
by every face I see, every wall I face, that I am wrong.
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kiekviena siena sako, kad esu neteisus.
01:16
If I ever get out of here, there will always be a mark by my name.
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Jei kada iš čia išeisiu, visada turėsiu žymę ties savo vardu.
01:19
I'm a convict; I am branded 'wrong.'
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Aš esu nuteistasis; nešu etiketę 'neteisus'.
01:21
What are you going to tell me about right and wrong?"
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Ką tu man pasakysi apie teisingumą ir neteisingumą?"
01:24
So I say to Tony,
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Ir aš sakau Toniui,
01:27
"Sorry, but it's worse than you think.
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"Nepyk, bet yra blogiau, nei galvoji.
01:30
You think you know right and wrong?
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Galvoji žinai, kas teisinga ir kas ne?
01:32
Then can you tell me what wrong is?
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Gal gali man pasakyti, kas tai - neteisinga?
01:34
No, don't just give me an example.
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Ne, neduok pavyzdžio.
01:36
I want to know about wrongness itself, the idea of wrong.
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Noriu žinoti apie patį neteisingumą, neteisingumo idėją.
01:39
What is that idea?
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Kas yra toji idėja?
01:41
What makes something wrong?
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Dėl ko kas nors tampa neteisingu?
01:43
How do we know that it's wrong? Maybe you and I disagree.
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Kaip mes žinome, kad kažkas neteisinga? Gal mes nesutarsime.
01:46
Maybe one of us is wrong about the wrong.
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Gal vienas mūsų klysta apie neteisingumą.
01:48
Maybe it's you, maybe it's me -- but we're not here to trade opinions;
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Gal tai tu neteisus, gal aš -- bet čia mes ne nuomonių apsikeitimui;
01:50
everyone's got an opinion.
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juk kiekvienas turi nuomonę.
01:52
We are here for knowledge.
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Mes čia dėl žinių.
01:54
Our enemy is thoughtlessness. This is philosophy."
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Mūsų priešas kvailybė. Tai yra filosofija."
01:58
And something changes for Tony.
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Ir kažkas Tonyje pasikeičia.
02:03
"Could be I'm wrong. I'm tired of being wrong.
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"Ar galiu klysti? Pavargau būti neteisus.
02:06
I want to know what is wrong.
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Noriu žinoti, kas yra neteisingumas.
02:08
I want to know what I know."
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Noriu žinoti, ką žinau."
02:10
What Tony sees in that moment is the project of philosophy,
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Tą akimirką Tonis suvokia, kas yra filosofijos projektas,
02:13
the project that begins in wonder --
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projektas, prasidedantis susimąstymu--
02:15
what Kant called "admiration and awe
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tuo, ką Kantas vadino "pasigėrėjimu ir pagarba
02:17
at the starry sky above and the moral law within."
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žvaigždėtu dangumi virš galvos ir moraliniais dėsniais žmogaus viduje."
02:20
What can creatures like us know of such things?
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Ką tokios būtybės kaip mes gali žinoti apie tokius dalykus?
02:22
It is the project that always takes us back to the condition of existence --
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Tai projektas grąžinantis mus į egzistencinę būseną --
02:25
what Heidegger called "the always already there."
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į tai, ką Heidegger'is vadino "visada jau ten."
02:28
It is the project of questioning what we believe and why we believe it --
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Tai klausimų apie tai, kuo tikime ir kodėl, projektas --
02:31
what Socrates called "the examined life."
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ką Sokratas vadino "ištyrinėtu gyvenimu."
02:33
Socrates, a man wise enough to know that he knows nothing.
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Sokratas, žmogus su tiek išminties, kad žinojo nežinąs nieko.
02:36
Socrates died in prison,
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Sokratas mirė kalėjime,
02:39
his philosophy intact.
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o jo filosofija nepaliesta.
02:42
So Tony starts doing his homework.
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Ir Tonis ima daryti namų darbus.
02:44
He learns his whys and wherefores, his causes and correlations,
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Jis mokosi visus "kodėl", priežastis ir sąryšius,
02:46
his logic, his fallacies.
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logiką ir klaidingus įsitikinimus.
02:48
Turns out, Tony's got the philosophy muscle.
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Pasirodo, kad Tonis turi galvą filosofijai.
02:50
His body is in prison, but his mind is free.
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Jo kūnas įkalintas, bet protas laisvas.
02:52
Tony learns about the ontologically promiscuous,
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Tonis sužino apie ontologiškai pasimetusiuosius,
02:54
the epistemologically anxious,
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epistemologiškai nerimastinguosius,
02:56
the ethically dubious, the metaphysically ridiculous.
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etiškai abejotinus ir metafiziškai absurdiškus.
02:59
That's Plato, Descartes, Nietzsche
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Tai Platonas, Dekartas, Nyčė
03:01
and Bill Clinton.
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ir Bilas Klintonas.
03:03
So when he gives me his final paper,
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Ir kai jis paduoda man savo baigiamąjį darbą,
03:06
in which he argues that the categorical imperative
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kuriame svarsto, kad kategorinis imperatyvas
03:08
is perhaps too uncompromising
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galbūt yra pernelyg nenuolaidus,
03:10
to deal with the conflict that affects our everyday
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kad išspręstų mus kasdien veikiantį konfliktą
03:12
and challenges me to tell him
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ir kelia man iššūkį pasakyti,
03:14
whether therefore we are condemned to moral failure,
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ar todėl mes esame pasmerkti moralinei nesėkmei,
03:16
I say, "I don't know.
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aš sakau, "Nežinau.
03:18
Let us think about that."
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Pagalvokime apie tai."
03:20
Because in that moment, there's no mark by Tony's name;
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Nes tą akimirką ant Tonio vardo nebėra tos etiketės;
03:22
it's just the two of us standing there.
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tai tiesiog aš ir jis.
03:24
It is not professor and convict,
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Tai nebe mokytojas ir kalinys,
03:26
it is just two minds ready to do philosophy.
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tai du protai, pasiruošę filosofuoti.
03:28
And I say to Tony,
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Aš sakau Toniui:
03:30
"Let's do this."
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"Padarykim tai."
03:33
Thank you.
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Ačiū.
03:35
(Applause)
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(Plojimai)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Damon Horowitz - Philosopher, entrepreneurDamon Horowitz explores what is possible at the boundaries of technology and the humanities.
Why you should listen
Damon Horowitz is a philosophy professor and serial entrepreneur. He recently joined Google as In-House Philosopher / Director of Engineering, heading development of several initiatives involving social and search. He came to Google from Aardvark, the social search engine, where he was co-founder and CTO, overseeing product development and research strategy. Prior to Aardvark, Horowitz built several companies around applications of intelligent language processing. He co-founded Perspecta (acquired by Excite), was lead architect for Novation Biosciences (acquired by Agilent), and co-founded NewsDB (now Daylife).
Horowitz teaches courses in philosophy, cognitive science, and computer science at several institutions, including Stanford, NYU, University of Pennsylvania and San Quentin State Prison.
Get more information on the Prison University Project >>
Damon Horowitz | Speaker | TED.com