TED2011
Damon Horowitz: Philosophy in prison
Deimons Horovics: Filozofija cietumā
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Deimons Horovics Cietuma universitātes projekta ietvaros, pasniedz koledžas līmeņa filozofijas stundas Sankventinas Valsts cietuma ieslodzītajiem. Šajā iespaidīgajā un īsā sarunā viņš stāsta par sastapšanos ar pareizo un nepareizo, kas ātri vien kļūst par kaut ko personisku.
Damon Horowitz - Philosopher, entrepreneur
Damon Horowitz explores what is possible at the boundaries of technology and the humanities. Full bio
Damon Horowitz explores what is possible at the boundaries of technology and the humanities. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Meet Tony. He's my student.
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Iepazīstieties ar Toniju, manu skolnieku.
00:17
He's about my age,
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Viņš ir apmēram mana vecuma,
00:19
and he's in San Quentin State Prison.
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un viņš atrodas Sankventinas Valsts cietumā.
00:22
When Tony was 16 years old,
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Kad Tonijam bija 16 gadu,
00:25
one day, one moment,
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kādu dienu, kādā brīdī:
00:28
"It was mom's gun.
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„Tas bija mammas ierocis.
00:30
Just flash it, scare the guy. He's a punk.
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Tikai pavicināsim un pabiedēsim to tipiņu.
00:32
He took some money; we'll take his money. That'll teach him.
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Viņš paņēma naudu; mēs paņemsim viņa naudu.
Būs viņam mācība.
Būs viņam mācība.
00:34
Then last minute, I'm thinking, 'Can't do this. This is wrong.'
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Tad pēdējā brīdī es domāju: 'Es nespēju. Tas nav pareizi.'
00:37
My buddy says, 'C'mon, let's do this.'
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Mans čoms saka: 'Nu, ātrāk, aiziet.'
00:39
I say, 'Let's do this.'"
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Es saku: 'Labi, aiziet.'”
00:44
And those three words, Tony's going to remember,
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Šos divus vārdus Tonijs atcerēsies,
00:46
because the next thing he knows, he hears the pop.
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jo nākamais, ko viņš atceras, viņš dzird šāvienu.
00:48
There's the punk on the ground, puddle of blood.
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Tipiņš guļ zemē, asins peļķē.
00:50
And that's felony murder --
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Un tas ir kriminālnoziegums —
00:52
25 to life, parole at 50 if you're lucky,
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25 līdz mūža ieslodzījumam,
atbrīvošana labi ja 50 gadu vecumā,
atbrīvošana labi ja 50 gadu vecumā,
00:54
and Tony's not feeling very lucky.
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un Tonijs nejūtas īpaši veiksmīgs.
00:57
So when we meet in my philosophy class in his prison
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Kad mēs tiekamies manā filozofijas nodarbībā cietumā
01:00
and I say, "In this class, we will discuss the foundations of ethics,"
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un es saku: „Šajā nodarbībā mēs runāsim par ētikas pamatiem,”
01:04
Tony interrupts me.
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Tonijs mani pārtrauc.
01:06
"What are you going to teach me about right and wrong?
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„Jūs man mācīsiet, kas ir pareizs un kas nepareizs?
01:08
I know what is wrong. I have done wrong.
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Es zinu, kas ir nepareizi. Esmu darījis nepareizas lietas.
01:11
I am told every day,
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Man to atgādina
01:13
by every face I see, every wall I face, that I am wrong.
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ikviena redzētā seja, ikviena siena, pret kuru nostājos.
01:16
If I ever get out of here, there will always be a mark by my name.
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Ja es kādreiz tikšu ārā no šejienes,
blakus manam vārdam vienmēr būs atzīme.
blakus manam vārdam vienmēr būs atzīme.
01:19
I'm a convict; I am branded 'wrong.'
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Esmu notiesātais; esmu apzīmēts kā 'sliktais'.
01:21
What are you going to tell me about right and wrong?"
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Ko jūs man te stāstīsiet par pareizo un nepareizo?”
01:24
So I say to Tony,
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Es atbildu Tonijam:
01:27
"Sorry, but it's worse than you think.
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„Piedod, taču ir sliktāk kā tev šķiet.
01:30
You think you know right and wrong?
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Tu domā, ka zini, kas ir pareizs un kas nepareizs?
01:32
Then can you tell me what wrong is?
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Tad jau tu man vari pateikt, kas ir nepareizi?
01:34
No, don't just give me an example.
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Nē, nesaki man tikai piemēru.
01:36
I want to know about wrongness itself, the idea of wrong.
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Es vēlos zināt par pašu nepareizību, par sliktā pamatdomu.
01:39
What is that idea?
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Kāda ir tā pamatdoma?
01:41
What makes something wrong?
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Kādēļ kaut kas ir slikts?
01:43
How do we know that it's wrong? Maybe you and I disagree.
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Kā mēs zinām, ka tas ir slikti?
Varbūt mēs neesam vienisprātis.
Varbūt mēs neesam vienisprātis.
01:46
Maybe one of us is wrong about the wrong.
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Varbūt viens no mums domā nepareizi par nepareizo.
01:48
Maybe it's you, maybe it's me -- but we're not here to trade opinions;
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Varbūt tas esi tu, varbūt es,
bet mēs neesam šeit, lai apmainītos ar domām;
bet mēs neesam šeit, lai apmainītos ar domām;
01:50
everyone's got an opinion.
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ikvienam ir savi uzskati.
01:52
We are here for knowledge.
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Mēs šeit esam zināšanu dēļ.
01:54
Our enemy is thoughtlessness. This is philosophy."
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Mūsu ienaidnieks ir neapdomība. Šī ir filozofija.”
01:58
And something changes for Tony.
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Tonijā kaut kas mainās.
02:03
"Could be I'm wrong. I'm tired of being wrong.
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„Var jau būt, ka kļūdos,
bet man ir apnicis kļūdīties.
bet man ir apnicis kļūdīties.
02:06
I want to know what is wrong.
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Es gribu zināt, kas ir slikti.
02:08
I want to know what I know."
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Es gribu zināt, ko es zinu.”
02:10
What Tony sees in that moment is the project of philosophy,
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Tonijs tobrīd ierauga filozofijas projektu,
02:13
the project that begins in wonder --
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projektu, kas sākas ar izbrīnu,
02:15
what Kant called "admiration and awe
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ko Kants nosauca par „apbrīnu un godbijību
02:17
at the starry sky above and the moral law within."
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pret zvaigžņotajiem padebešiem un morālo likumu sevī.”
02:20
What can creatures like us know of such things?
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Ko gan tādi radījumi kā mēs zina par tādām lietām?
02:22
It is the project that always takes us back to the condition of existence --
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Tas ir projekts, kas mūs vienmēr noved atpakaļ pie esības stāvokļa,
02:25
what Heidegger called "the always already there."
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ko Heidegers iesauca par „vienmēr jau pastāvošo.”
02:28
It is the project of questioning what we believe and why we believe it --
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Šis ir projekts par jautāšanu,
kam mēs ticam un kādēļ mēs tam ticam, tam,
kam mēs ticam un kādēļ mēs tam ticam, tam,
02:31
what Socrates called "the examined life."
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ko Sokrāts nosauca par „izzināšanas dzīvi.”
02:33
Socrates, a man wise enough to know that he knows nothing.
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Sokrāts, pietiekami gudrs vīrs,
kurš apzinājās, ka patiesībā nezina neko.
kurš apzinājās, ka patiesībā nezina neko.
02:36
Socrates died in prison,
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Sokrāts nomira cietumā,
02:39
his philosophy intact.
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bet viņa filozofija saglabājās neskarta.
02:42
So Tony starts doing his homework.
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Tonijs sāk pildīt mājasdarbu.
02:44
He learns his whys and wherefores, his causes and correlations,
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Viņš iemācās savus cēloņus, savus iemeslus un saistības,
02:46
his logic, his fallacies.
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savu loģiku, savas kļūdas.
02:48
Turns out, Tony's got the philosophy muscle.
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Izrādās, Tonijam ir filozofijas muskulis.
02:50
His body is in prison, but his mind is free.
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Viņa ķermenis ir cietumā, bet viņa prāts ir brīvs.
02:52
Tony learns about the ontologically promiscuous,
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Tonijs iemācās par ontoloģiski juceklīgo,
02:54
the epistemologically anxious,
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par epistemioloģiski nemierpilno,
02:56
the ethically dubious, the metaphysically ridiculous.
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ētiski šaubīgo, metafiziski absurdo.
02:59
That's Plato, Descartes, Nietzsche
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Tas ir Platons, Dekarts, Nīče
03:01
and Bill Clinton.
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un Bils Klintons.
03:03
So when he gives me his final paper,
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Kad viņš man atdod savu gala kontroldarbu,
03:06
in which he argues that the categorical imperative
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kurā viņš iebilst, ka kategoriskais imperatīvs,
03:08
is perhaps too uncompromising
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iespējams, ir pārāk nelokāms,
03:10
to deal with the conflict that affects our everyday
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lai tiktu galā ar konfliktu,
kas ietekmē mūsu ikdienu
kas ietekmē mūsu ikdienu
03:12
and challenges me to tell him
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un izaicina mani viņam pateikt,
03:14
whether therefore we are condemned to moral failure,
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vai tāpēc mēs esam nolemti morālai neveiksmei,
03:16
I say, "I don't know.
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es saku: „Es nezinu.
03:18
Let us think about that."
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Padomāsim par to.”
03:20
Because in that moment, there's no mark by Tony's name;
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Jo tajā brīdī blakus Tonija vārdam nav nekādas atzīmes;
03:22
it's just the two of us standing there.
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esam tikai mēs divi, kas tur stāv.
03:24
It is not professor and convict,
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Tas nav pasniedzējs un notiesātais,
03:26
it is just two minds ready to do philosophy.
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tie ir tikai divi prāti, kas gatavi filozofēt.
03:28
And I say to Tony,
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Es saku Tonijam:
03:30
"Let's do this."
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„Labi, aiziet!”
03:33
Thank you.
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Paldies.
03:35
(Applause)
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(Aplausi)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Damon Horowitz - Philosopher, entrepreneurDamon Horowitz explores what is possible at the boundaries of technology and the humanities.
Why you should listen
Damon Horowitz is a philosophy professor and serial entrepreneur. He recently joined Google as In-House Philosopher / Director of Engineering, heading development of several initiatives involving social and search. He came to Google from Aardvark, the social search engine, where he was co-founder and CTO, overseeing product development and research strategy. Prior to Aardvark, Horowitz built several companies around applications of intelligent language processing. He co-founded Perspecta (acquired by Excite), was lead architect for Novation Biosciences (acquired by Agilent), and co-founded NewsDB (now Daylife).
Horowitz teaches courses in philosophy, cognitive science, and computer science at several institutions, including Stanford, NYU, University of Pennsylvania and San Quentin State Prison.
Get more information on the Prison University Project >>
Damon Horowitz | Speaker | TED.com