Jennifer Doudna: How CRISPR lets us edit our DNA
Jennifer Doudna: Możemy poprawić ludzkie DNA. Zróbmy to mądrze.
Jennifer Doudna was part of inventing a potentially world-changing genetic technology: the gene editing technology CRISPR-Cas9. Full bio
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for editing genomes.
scientists to make changes
to cure genetic disease.
through a basic research project
podczas projektu
how bacteria fight viral infections.
infekcji fagowych przez bakterie.
in their environment,
like a ticking time bomb --
to defuse the bomb
an adaptive immune system called CRISPR,
nabyty system immunologiczny,
fagowego DNA i jego zniszczenie.
viral DNA and destroy it.
is a protein called Cas9,
jest białko o nazwie Cas9,
and eventually degrade viral DNA
a potem zniszczyć fagowe DNA
of this protein, Cas9,
harness its function
można wykorzystać
specific bits of DNA into cells
specyficzne części DNA do komórek
been possible in the past.
has already been used
of mice and monkeys,
myszy, małp
the CRISPR technology
they could use CRISPR
że przy użyciu CRISPR potrafią
of an integrated HIV virus
of genome editing
that we have to consider,
które należy rozważyć,
not only in adult cells,
nie tylko w dojrzałych komórkach,
about the technology that I co-invented,
o technologii, której jestem współautorką,
and societal implications
natury etycznej i społecznej,
what the CRISPR technology is,
czym jest technologia CRISPR,
a prudent path forward
they inject their DNA.
wstrzykują do niej swoje DNA.
to be plucked out of the virus,
wyciągnięcie fagowego DNA,
into the chromosome --
do chromosomu,
get inserted at a site called CRISPR.
zostają włączone w obrębie CRISPR.
powtórzenia palindromiczne.
interspaced short palindromic repeats.
we use the acronym CRISPR.
to record, over time,
rejestrowanie, przez długi czas,
are passed on to the cells' progeny,
są przekazywane komórkom potomnym,
not only in one generation,
jedynie w obrębie jednego pokolenia,
to keep a record of infection,
"zapamiętują" infekcję.
Blake Wiedenheft, likes to say,
że locus CRISPR
a genetic vaccination card in cells.
into the bacterial chromosome,
do chromosomu bakterii,
of a molecule called RNA,
cząsteczkę zwaną RNA,
of the viral DNA.
with DNA molecules
z cząsteczkami DNA,
from the CRISPR locus
to protein called Cas9,
like a sentinel in the cell.
of the DNA in the cell,
the sequences in the bound RNAs.
które pasują do RNA.
the blue molecule is DNA --
to cut up the viral DNA.
wycięcie fagowego DNA.
sentinel complex
that can cut DNA --
in the DNA helix.
w podwójnej nici DNA.
this complex is programmable,
można zaprogramować,
particular DNA sequences,
sekwencje DNA
could be harnessed for genome engineering,
w inżynierii genomu,
a very precise change to the DNA
dokładne zmiany w DNA
this break was introduced.
a word-processing program
the CRISPR system for genome engineering
do inżynierii genomu,
to detect broken DNA
wykryć uszkodzone DNA
a double-stranded break in its DNA,
wykryje przerwę w podwójnej nici DNA,
the ends of the broken DNA
końcówek uszkodzonego DNA,
in the sequence of that position,
a new piece of DNA at the site of the cut.
w miejscu uszkodzenia.
double-stranded breaks into DNA
w podwójnej nici DNA,
to repair those breaks,
of new genetic information.
nowej informacji genetycznej.
the CRISPR technology
causing cystic fibrosis, for example,
powodującej na przykład mukowiscydozę,
to repair that mutation.
do naprawy tej mutacji.
it's been in development since the 1970s.
Rozwija się od lat 70.
do sekwencjonowania DNA,
were very promising,
that they were either inefficient,
for use in their own laboratories,
z nich w swoich laboratoriach,
clinical applications.
badań klinicznych.
like CRISPR and utilize it has appeal,
genome engineering technologies
to rewire your computer
a new piece of software,
uruchomić nowe oprogramowanie.
is like software for the genome,
to oprogramowanie dla genomu,
using these little bits of RNA.
używając niewielkich odcinków RNA.
break is made in DNA,
astounding things,
that cause sickle cell anemia
które powodują anemię sierpowatą
applications of the CRISPR technology
technologii CRISPR
to deliver this tool into cells,
that's going on
of human disease, such as mice.
na zwierzęta, jak myszy.
very precise changes
bardzo dokładnych zmian,
that these changes in the cell's DNA
w jaki zmiany w DNA komórki
in this case, an entire organism.
co ma miejcie w tym przypadku.
was used to disrupt a gene
for the black coat color of these mice.
czarne umaszczenie myszy.
differ from their pigmented litter-mates
in the entire genome,
w całym genomie,
from these animals,
where we induced it,
gdzie została zaprogramowana,
are going on in other animals
na innych zwierzętach,
for human disease,
modeli dla ludzkich chorób,
that we can use these systems
in particular tissues,
w określonych tkankach,
the CRISPR tool into cells.
CRISPR do komórek.
that DNA is repaired after it's cut,
po dokonaniu cięcia,
and limit any kind of off-target,
nieprzewidziany rezultat,
of using the technology.
użycia tej technologii.
clinical application of this technology,
that we will see clinical trials
badania kliniczne,
therapies within that time,
w ciągu tego okresu,
to think about.
around this technology,
in start-up companies
to commercialize the CRISPR technology,
technologię CRISPR,
in these companies.
for things like enhancement.
do takich celów jak doskonalenie.
to engineer humans
"projektowania" ludzi,
such as stronger bones,
takie jak mocniejsze kości
to cardiovascular disease
to be desirable,
or to be taller, things like that.
would give rise to these traits
które odpowiadają za te cechy,
to make such changes,
do wprowadzania takich edycji,
that we have to carefully consider,
które należy dokładnie rozważyć
have called for a global pause
poprosiłam o globalne wstrzymanie się
of the CRISPR technology in human embryos,
do edycji ludzkich zarodków,
implications of doing so.
takiego działania.
precedent for such a pause
on the use of molecular cloning,
could be tested carefully and validated.
nie zostanie przetestowane i sprawdzone.
are not with us yet,
zaprogramowanych genetycznie,
are happening right now.
i rośliny są faktem.
a huge responsibility,
both the unintended consequences
niezamierzone konsekwencje,
of a scientific breakthrough.
tej naukowego przełomu.
a technology with huge consequences,
o dużych konsekwencjach,
or a moratorium or a quarantine
moratorium, czy kwarantannę,
the therapeutic results of this,
gaining traction,
of The Economist -- "Editing humanity."
piszą w "The Economist".
it's not about therapeutics.
a nic o zastosowaniach klinicznych.
did you get back in March
for a moment and think about it?
i zastanowić przez chwilę?
were actually, I think, delighted
byli właściwie zadowoleni
to discuss this openly.
as well as others,
of viewpoints about this.
careful consideration and discussion.
ostrożnej rozwagi i dyskusji.
happening in December
of Sciences and others,
out of the meeting, practically?
and stakeholders
this technology responsibly.
w odpowiedzialny sposób.
a consensus point of view,
for example, at Harvard,
jedynie bezpieczeństwa.
are just a question of safety.
w laboratoriach.
in animals and in labs,
we move on to humans."
wtedy przejdziemy do ludzi".
school of thought,
this opportunity and really go for it.
in the science community about this?
w naukowej społeczności?
some people holding back
or don't regulate at all?
dobrych lub jakichkolwiek regulacji.
especially something like this,
zwłaszcza takiej jak ta,
a variety of viewpoints,
perfectly understandable.
for human genome engineering,
do poprawy ludzkiego genomu,
consideration and discussion
i potencjalnych komplikacjach,
and other fields of science
i innych gałęzi nauki
pretty much like yours.
autonomiczne roboty i tak dalej.
intelligence, autonomous robots and so on.
pomagające ludziom,
a similar discussion in those fields,
w podobnych dziedzinach nauki,
serve as a blueprint for other fields?
w innych dziedzinach?
to get out of the laboratory.
wyjść z laboratorium.
uncomfortable to do that.
in the genesis of this
in a position of responsibility.
odpowiedzialnością.
that other technologies
something that could have implications
co może wpłynąć
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jennifer Doudna - BiologistJennifer Doudna was part of inventing a potentially world-changing genetic technology: the gene editing technology CRISPR-Cas9.
Why you should listen
Together with her colleague Emmanuelle Charpentier of Umeå University in Sweden, Berkeley biologist Jennifer Doudna is at the center of one of today's most-discussed science discoveries: a technology called CRISPR-Cas9 that allows human genome editing by adding or removing genetic material at will. This enables fighting genetic diseases (cutting out HIV, altering cancer cells) as well as, potentially, opening the road to "engineered humans."
Because some applications of genetic manipulation can be inherited, Doudna and numerous colleagues have called for prudent use of the technology until the ethics and safety have been properly considered.
Doudna is the co-winner of the 2018 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience, along with Emmanuelle Charpentier and Virginijus Šikšnys.
Jennifer Doudna | Speaker | TED.com