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Jennifer Doudna: How CRISPR lets us edit our DNA
Dženifer Daudna (Jennifer Doudna): Kako nam CRISPR omogućava da menjamo DNK
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Genetičarka Dženifer Daudna, koautorka je revolucionarne nove tehnologije za menjanje gena, pod nazivom CRISPR-Cas9. Taj alat omogućava naučnicima da precizno preuređuju lance DNK, što može dovesti do lečenja genetskih oboljenja... ali bi moglo i da se iskoristi za stvaranje takozvanih „dizajniranih beba“. Daudna objašnjava kako CRISPR-Cas9 funkcioniše i traži od naučne zajednice da zastane i razgovara o etici ovog novog alata.
Jennifer Doudna - Biologist
Jennifer Doudna was part of inventing a potentially world-changing genetic technology: the gene editing technology CRISPR-Cas9. Full bio
Jennifer Doudna was part of inventing a potentially world-changing genetic technology: the gene editing technology CRISPR-Cas9. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
A few years ago,
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Pre nekoliko godina,
sa kolegom Emanuelom Šarpentjeom,
00:14
with my colleague, Emmanuelle Charpentier,
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otkrila sam novu tehnologiju
za preuređenje genoma.
za preuređenje genoma.
00:17
I invented a new technology
for editing genomes.
for editing genomes.
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00:21
It's called CRISPR-Cas9.
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Ona se zove CRISPR-Cas9.
00:23
The CRISPR technology allows
scientists to make changes
scientists to make changes
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Ova tehnologija omogućava naučnicima
da prave promene
da prave promene
00:27
to the DNA in cells
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u DNK u ćelijama,
00:29
that could allow us
to cure genetic disease.
to cure genetic disease.
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koje nam mogu omogućiti
da izlečimo genetske bolesti.
da izlečimo genetske bolesti.
00:33
You might be interested to know
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Možda će vas zanimati
00:34
that the CRISPR technology came about
through a basic research project
through a basic research project
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da je CRISPR tehnologija nastala
iz jednog jednostavnog istraživanja
iz jednog jednostavnog istraživanja
00:38
that was aimed at discovering
how bacteria fight viral infections.
how bacteria fight viral infections.
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koje je za cilj imalo da otkrije
kako se bakterije bore protiv virusa.
kako se bakterije bore protiv virusa.
00:43
Bacteria have to deal with viruses
in their environment,
in their environment,
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Bakterije u svojim okruženjima
moraju da se susreću sa virusima
moraju da se susreću sa virusima
00:46
and we can think about a viral infection
like a ticking time bomb --
like a ticking time bomb --
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i virusne infekcije možemo zamisliti
kao tempirane bombe -
kao tempirane bombe -
00:49
a bacterium has only a few minutes
to defuse the bomb
to defuse the bomb
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bakterija ima samo nekoliko minuta
da deaktivira bombu
da deaktivira bombu
00:53
before it gets destroyed.
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pre nego što je ona uništi.
00:55
So, many bacteria have in their cells
an adaptive immune system called CRISPR,
an adaptive immune system called CRISPR,
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I tako mnoge bakterije u svojim ćelijama
image adaptivni imuni sistem, CRISPR,
image adaptivni imuni sistem, CRISPR,
01:00
that allows them to detect
viral DNA and destroy it.
viral DNA and destroy it.
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koji im omogućava
da otkriju i unište virusnu DNK.
da otkriju i unište virusnu DNK.
01:05
Part of the CRISPR system
is a protein called Cas9,
is a protein called Cas9,
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Deo CRISPR sistema je protein
pod nazivom Cas9,
pod nazivom Cas9,
01:09
that's able to seek out, cut
and eventually degrade viral DNA
and eventually degrade viral DNA
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koji može da pronađe, razdvoji
i na kraju degradira virusnu DNK
i na kraju degradira virusnu DNK
01:15
in a specific way.
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na jedan poseban način.
01:17
And it was through our research
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Kroz naše istraživanje
01:18
to understand the activity
of this protein, Cas9,
of this protein, Cas9,
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kojim smo želeli da razumemo
aktivnost ovog proteina, Cas9,
aktivnost ovog proteina, Cas9,
01:22
that we realized that we could
harness its function
harness its function
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shvatili smo da možemo
da iskoristimo njegovu funkciju
da iskoristimo njegovu funkciju
01:25
as a genetic engineering technology --
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kao tehnologiju genetskog inženjeringa -
01:28
a way for scientists to delete or insert
specific bits of DNA into cells
specific bits of DNA into cells
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način na koji naučnici odstrane
ili ubace određene delove DNK u ćelije
ili ubace određene delove DNK u ćelije
01:35
with incredible precision --
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sa izuzetnom preciznošću -
01:37
that would offer opportunities
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kojom bismo dobili mogućnosti
01:39
to do things that really haven't
been possible in the past.
been possible in the past.
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da radimo stvari koje uopšte
nisu bile moguće u prošlosti.
nisu bile moguće u prošlosti.
01:43
The CRISPR technology
has already been used
has already been used
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CRISPR tehnologija je već korišćena
01:45
to change the DNA in the cells
of mice and monkeys,
of mice and monkeys,
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da promeni DNK
u ćelijama miševa i majmuna,
u ćelijama miševa i majmuna,
01:50
other organisms as well.
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kao i drugih organizama.
01:52
Chinese scientists showed recently
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Kineski naučnici su nedavno pokazali
01:54
that they could even use
the CRISPR technology
the CRISPR technology
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da CRISPR tehnologiju mogu da koriste
01:56
to change genes in human embryos.
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čak i da promene gene
u ljudskim embrionima.
u ljudskim embrionima.
01:59
And scientists in Philadelphia showed
they could use CRISPR
they could use CRISPR
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A naučnici u Filadelfiji su pokazali
da mogu da koriste CRISPR
da mogu da koriste CRISPR
02:02
to remove the DNA
of an integrated HIV virus
of an integrated HIV virus
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da odstrane DNK integrisanih HIV virusa
02:07
from infected human cells.
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iz zaraženih ljudskih ćelija.
02:10
The opportunity to do this kind
of genome editing
of genome editing
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Prilika da se na ovaj način
preuređuje genom
preuređuje genom
02:13
also raises various ethical issues
that we have to consider,
that we have to consider,
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povlači za sobom etička pitanja
koja moramo da razmotrimo,
koja moramo da razmotrimo,
02:16
because this technology can be employed
not only in adult cells,
not only in adult cells,
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jer ova tehnologija može da se primeni
ne samo na odraslim ćelijama,
ne samo na odraslim ćelijama,
02:20
but also in the embryos of organisms,
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nego i na embrionima organizama,
02:23
including our own species.
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uključujući i našu vrstu.
02:26
And so, together with my colleagues,
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I tako, zajedno sa kolegama,
02:28
I've called for a global conversation
about the technology that I co-invented,
about the technology that I co-invented,
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pozvala sam na globalni razgovor
o ovoj tehnologiji čiji sam su-osnivač,
o ovoj tehnologiji čiji sam su-osnivač,
02:33
so that we can consider all of the ethical
and societal implications
and societal implications
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kako bismo razmotrili
sve etičke i društvene implikacije
sve etičke i društvene implikacije
02:37
of a technology like this.
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jedne ovakve tehnologije.
02:40
What I want to do now is tell you
what the CRISPR technology is,
what the CRISPR technology is,
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Sada želim da vam ispričam
šta je CRISPR tehnologija,
šta je CRISPR tehnologija,
šta može da uradi,
02:45
what it can do,
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gde smo danas
02:46
where we are today
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02:47
and why I think we need to take
a prudent path forward
a prudent path forward
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i zašto mislim da moramo
mudro da postupamo
mudro da postupamo
02:50
in the way that we employ this technology.
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u načinu na koji
ovu tehnologiju primenjujemo.
ovu tehnologiju primenjujemo.
02:55
When viruses infect a cell,
they inject their DNA.
they inject their DNA.
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Kada virusi zaraze neku ćeliju,
oni ubace svoju DNK.
oni ubace svoju DNK.
02:59
And in a bacterium,
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A u bakteriji,
03:00
the CRISPR system allows that DNA
to be plucked out of the virus,
to be plucked out of the virus,
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CRISPR sistem dozvoljava
da se DNK iznese iz virusa
da se DNK iznese iz virusa
03:05
and inserted in little bits
into the chromosome --
into the chromosome --
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i u malim delovima ubaci u hromozom -
03:09
the DNA of the bacterium.
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u DNK bakterije.
03:11
And these integrated bits of viral DNA
get inserted at a site called CRISPR.
get inserted at a site called CRISPR.
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Ovi integrisani delovi virusne DNK
umeću se na mestu pod nazivom CRISPR.
umeću se na mestu pod nazivom CRISPR.
CRISPR znači grupisana,
03:18
CRISPR stands for clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeats.
interspaced short palindromic repeats.
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pravilno raspoređena
kratka palindromska ponavljanja.
kratka palindromska ponavljanja.
03:24
(Laughter)
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Složen pojam - shvatate
zašto koristimo akronim CRISPR.
zašto koristimo akronim CRISPR.
03:25
A big mouthful -- you can see why
we use the acronym CRISPR.
we use the acronym CRISPR.
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03:28
It's a mechanism that allows cells
to record, over time,
to record, over time,
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To je mehanizam koji dozvoljava ćelijama
da tokom vremena beleže
da tokom vremena beleže
03:32
the viruses they have been exposed to.
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viruse kojima su bile izložene.
03:35
And importantly, those bits of DNA
are passed on to the cells' progeny,
are passed on to the cells' progeny,
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I, što je važno, ti delovi DNK
se prenose na potomke tih ćelija,
se prenose na potomke tih ćelija,
03:40
so cells are protected from viruses
not only in one generation,
not only in one generation,
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tako da su ćelije od virusa zaštićene
ne samo u jednoj generaciji,
ne samo u jednoj generaciji,
nego tokom mnogo generacija.
03:44
but over many generations of cells.
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03:47
This allows the cells
to keep a record of infection,
to keep a record of infection,
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Ovo dozvoljava ćeliji da prati zaraze
03:51
and as my colleague,
Blake Wiedenheft, likes to say,
Blake Wiedenheft, likes to say,
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i kako moj kolega, Blejk Videnheft,
voli da kaže,
voli da kaže,
03:54
the CRISPR locus is effectively
a genetic vaccination card in cells.
a genetic vaccination card in cells.
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CRISPR je efikasna genetska
karta vakcine u ćeliji.
karta vakcine u ćeliji.
04:00
Once those bits of DNA have been inserted
into the bacterial chromosome,
into the bacterial chromosome,
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Jednom kada se ti delovi DNK ubace
u bakterijski hromozom,
u bakterijski hromozom,
04:05
the cell then makes a little copy
of a molecule called RNA,
of a molecule called RNA,
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ćelija tada pravi malu kopiju
molekula zvanog RNK,
molekula zvanog RNK,
04:09
which is orange in this picture,
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koji je na ovoj slici narandžast,
04:11
that is an exact replicate
of the viral DNA.
of the viral DNA.
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koji je doslovna replika virusne DNK.
04:16
RNA is a chemical cousin of DNA,
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RNK je hemijski rođak DNK
04:18
and it allows interaction
with DNA molecules
with DNA molecules
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i dozvoljava interakciju sa molekulima DNK
04:22
that have a matching sequence.
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koji imaju sličnu sekvencu.
04:25
So those little bits of RNA
from the CRISPR locus
from the CRISPR locus
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Dakle, ti delići RNK iz CRISPR-a
04:29
associate -- they bind --
to protein called Cas9,
to protein called Cas9,
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vezuju se za protein pod nazivom Cas9,
04:33
which is white in the picture,
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koji je na slici bele boje,
04:34
and form a complex that functions
like a sentinel in the cell.
like a sentinel in the cell.
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i formiraju sastav koji u ćeliji
funkcioniše kao stražar.
funkcioniše kao stražar.
04:39
It searches through all
of the DNA in the cell,
of the DNA in the cell,
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On pretražuje svu DNK u ćeliji
04:42
to find sites that match
the sequences in the bound RNAs.
the sequences in the bound RNAs.
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kako bi našao mesta koja se poklapaju
sa sekvencama vezane RNK.
sa sekvencama vezane RNK.
04:46
And when those sites are found --
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I kada ta mesta pronađe -
04:48
as you can see here,
the blue molecule is DNA --
the blue molecule is DNA --
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kao što ovde vidite,
plavi molekul je DNK -
plavi molekul je DNK -
ovaj sastav se udružuje sa tom DNK
04:52
this complex associates with that DNA
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04:54
and allows the Cas9 cleaver
to cut up the viral DNA.
to cut up the viral DNA.
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i dozvoljava da sečivo Cas9
ispreseca virusnu DNK.
ispreseca virusnu DNK.
05:00
It makes a very precise break.
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On pravi veoma precizan rez.
05:04
So we can think of the Cas9 RNA
sentinel complex
sentinel complex
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Ovaj sastav Cas9 RNK stražara
možemo da posmatramo
možemo da posmatramo
kao par makaza koje mogu da seku DNK;
05:08
like a pair of scissors
that can cut DNA --
that can cut DNA --
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05:11
it makes a double-stranded break
in the DNA helix.
in the DNA helix.
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on pravi dvostrani presek u DNK spirali.
05:14
And importantly,
this complex is programmable,
this complex is programmable,
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Ono što je važno je da je ovaj sastav
moguće programirati,
moguće programirati,
05:18
so it can be programmed to recognize
particular DNA sequences,
particular DNA sequences,
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da prepozna određene sekvence DNK
05:24
and make a break in the DNA at that site.
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i preseče DNK na tom mestu.
05:27
As I'm going to tell you now,
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I kao što ću vam sad reći,
05:29
we recognized that that activity
could be harnessed for genome engineering,
could be harnessed for genome engineering,
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prepoznali smo da ta aktivnost može
da se iskoristi za genetski inženjering,
da se iskoristi za genetski inženjering,
05:34
to allow cells to make
a very precise change to the DNA
a very precise change to the DNA
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da dozvoli ćelijama da prave
vrlo precizne promene u DNK
vrlo precizne promene u DNK
05:38
at the site where
this break was introduced.
this break was introduced.
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na mestu gde se napravi ovaj rez.
05:41
That's sort of analogous
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Ovo je donekle analogno
05:42
to the way that we use
a word-processing program
a word-processing program
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načinu na koji koristimo
programe za obradu teksta
programe za obradu teksta
05:45
to fix a typo in a document.
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kako bismo popravili grešku
u nekom dokumentu.
u nekom dokumentu.
05:49
The reason we envisioned using
the CRISPR system for genome engineering
the CRISPR system for genome engineering
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Razlog zašto smo zamislili korišćenje
CRISPR-a za genetski inženjering
CRISPR-a za genetski inženjering
05:54
is because cells have the ability
to detect broken DNA
to detect broken DNA
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je zato što ćelije imaju sposobnost
da otkriju i poprave
da otkriju i poprave
05:58
and repair it.
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oštećenu DNK.
05:59
So when a plant or an animal cell detects
a double-stranded break in its DNA,
a double-stranded break in its DNA,
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Kad ćelija biljke ili životinje otkrije
dvostrani prekid u svojoj DNK,
dvostrani prekid u svojoj DNK,
06:04
it can fix that break,
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ona može da ga popravi,
06:06
either by pasting together
the ends of the broken DNA
the ends of the broken DNA
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ili tako što sastavi krajeve oštećene DNK
06:09
with a little, tiny change
in the sequence of that position,
in the sequence of that position,
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malom, sitnom promenom
u sekvenci te pozicije,
u sekvenci te pozicije,
06:14
or it can repair the break by integrating
a new piece of DNA at the site of the cut.
a new piece of DNA at the site of the cut.
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ili integrisanjem novog komada DNK
na mestu oštećenja.
na mestu oštećenja.
06:21
So if we have a way to introduce
double-stranded breaks into DNA
double-stranded breaks into DNA
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Dakle, ako imamo način da unesemo
dvostrane prekide u DNK
dvostrane prekide u DNK
06:26
at precise places,
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na određenim mestima,
06:27
we can trigger cells
to repair those breaks,
to repair those breaks,
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možemo podstaći ćelije
da poprave ta oštećenja,
da poprave ta oštećenja,
06:30
by either the disruption or incorporation
of new genetic information.
of new genetic information.
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ili prekidom ili uklapanjem
nove genetske informacije.
nove genetske informacije.
06:35
So if we were able to program
the CRISPR technology
the CRISPR technology
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Dakle, da možemo da isprogramiramo
CRISPR tehnologiju
CRISPR tehnologiju
06:39
to make a break in DNA
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da preseče DNK
06:41
at the position at or near a mutation
causing cystic fibrosis, for example,
causing cystic fibrosis, for example,
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na mestu ili u blizini mutacije
koja uzrokuje cističnu fibrozu, recimo,
koja uzrokuje cističnu fibrozu, recimo,
06:47
we could trigger cells
to repair that mutation.
to repair that mutation.
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podstakli bismo ćelije
da poprave tu mutaciju.
da poprave tu mutaciju.
Genetski inženjering nije novost;
razvija se od 1970-ih.
razvija se od 1970-ih.
06:52
Genome engineering is actually not new,
it's been in development since the 1970s.
it's been in development since the 1970s.
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06:57
We've had technologies for sequencing DNA,
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Postoje tehnologije za sekvenciranje DNK,
za kopiranje DNK,
07:00
for copying DNA,
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i čak za manipulisanje DNK.
07:01
and even for manipulating DNA.
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07:04
And these technologies
were very promising,
were very promising,
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One su mnogo obećavale,
07:08
but the problem was
that they were either inefficient,
that they were either inefficient,
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ali je problem bio što nisu bile efikasne
07:12
or they were difficult enough to use
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ili su bile toliko složene za upotrebu
07:14
that most scientists had not adopted them
for use in their own laboratories,
for use in their own laboratories,
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da ih većina naučnika nije usvojila
u svom radu u laboratorijama,
u svom radu u laboratorijama,
07:19
or certainly for many
clinical applications.
clinical applications.
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a kamoli za kliničke primene.
07:24
So, the opportunity to take a technology
like CRISPR and utilize it has appeal,
like CRISPR and utilize it has appeal,
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Dakle, prilika da se koristi tehnologija
kao što je CRISPR je privlačna,
07:32
because of its relative simplicity.
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zbog svoje relativne jednostavnosti.
07:35
We can think of older
genome engineering technologies
genome engineering technologies
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Starije tehnologije genetskog inženjeringa
07:38
as similar to having
to rewire your computer
to rewire your computer
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možemo porediti
sa ponovnim instaliranjem računara
sa ponovnim instaliranjem računara
07:42
each time you want to run
a new piece of software,
a new piece of software,
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svaki put kada želite
da pokrenete novi program,
da pokrenete novi program,
07:46
whereas the CRISPR technology
is like software for the genome,
is like software for the genome,
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dok je CRISPR kao softver za genom;
07:50
we can program it easily,
using these little bits of RNA.
using these little bits of RNA.
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možemo ga lako programirati
koristeći ove male delove RNK.
koristeći ove male delove RNK.
07:54
So once a double-stranded
break is made in DNA,
break is made in DNA,
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Jednom kad se napravi
dvostrani presek u DNK,
dvostrani presek u DNK,
07:57
we can induce repair,
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možemo da pokrenemo popravku
07:59
and thereby potentially achieve
astounding things,
astounding things,
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i tako potencijalno postignemo
izuzetne stvari,
izuzetne stvari,
08:03
like being able to correct mutations
that cause sickle cell anemia
that cause sickle cell anemia
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npr. da ispravimo mutacije
koje uzrokuju anemiju ćelija
koje uzrokuju anemiju ćelija
08:07
or cause Huntington's Disease.
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ili Hantingtonovu bolest.
08:09
I actually think that the first
applications of the CRISPR technology
applications of the CRISPR technology
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Ja mislim da će se ova tehnologija
prvo upotrebljavati na krvi,
prvo upotrebljavati na krvi,
08:13
are going to happen in the blood,
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gde je relativno lakše dovesti je u ćelije
08:15
where it's relatively easier
to deliver this tool into cells,
to deliver this tool into cells,
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08:20
compared to solid tissues.
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u poređenju sa čvrstim tkivima.
08:23
Right now, a lot of the work
that's going on
that's going on
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Trenutno, mnogo se radi
08:26
applies to animal models
of human disease, such as mice.
of human disease, such as mice.
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na životinjskim modelima
ljudskih bolesti, npr. miševima.
ljudskih bolesti, npr. miševima.
08:30
The technology is being used to make
very precise changes
very precise changes
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Ova tehnologija se koristi
da se naprave vrlo precizne promene
da se naprave vrlo precizne promene
koje dozvoljavaju da proučavamo način
na koji one u ćelijskoj DNK
na koji one u ćelijskoj DNK
08:33
that allow us to study the way
that these changes in the cell's DNA
that these changes in the cell's DNA
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08:38
affect either a tissue or,
in this case, an entire organism.
in this case, an entire organism.
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utiču na tkivo ili, u ovom slučaju,
na ceo organizam.
na ceo organizam.
08:43
Now in this example,
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U ovom primeru,
CRISPR tehnologija
je korišćena da poremeti gen
je korišćena da poremeti gen
08:44
the CRISPR technology
was used to disrupt a gene
was used to disrupt a gene
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08:48
by making a tiny change in the DNA
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pravljenjem male promene u DNK
08:51
in a gene that is responsible
for the black coat color of these mice.
for the black coat color of these mice.
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u genu koji je odgovoran
za crnu boju ovih miševa.
za crnu boju ovih miševa.
08:56
Imagine that these white mice
differ from their pigmented litter-mates
differ from their pigmented litter-mates
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Zamislite da se ovi beli miševi
razlikuju od svojih obojenih rođaka
razlikuju od svojih obojenih rođaka
09:01
by just a tiny change at one gene
in the entire genome,
in the entire genome,
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samo u maloj promeni jednog gena
u celom genomu,
u celom genomu,
09:05
and they're otherwise completely normal.
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a inače su potpuno normalni.
09:07
And when we sequence the DNA
from these animals,
from these animals,
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I kad sekvenciramo DNK onih životinja,
09:10
we find that the change in the DNA
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otkrivamo da je ta promena u DNK
09:13
has occurred at exactly the place
where we induced it,
where we induced it,
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nastala tačno na onom mestu
gde smo je uveli
gde smo je uveli
koristeći CRISPR tehnologiju.
09:16
using the CRISPR technology.
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09:19
Additional experiments
are going on in other animals
are going on in other animals
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Dodatni eksperimenti se vrše
na drugim životinjama,
na drugim životinjama,
09:22
that are useful for creating models
for human disease,
for human disease,
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koji su korisni za pravljenje modela
ljudskih bolesti,
ljudskih bolesti,
09:26
such as monkeys.
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kao što su majmuni.
09:28
And here we find
that we can use these systems
that we can use these systems
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I ovde otkrivamo da možemo
da koristimo ove sisteme
da koristimo ove sisteme
09:31
to test the application of this technology
in particular tissues,
in particular tissues,
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da testiramo primenu ove tehnologije
na određenim tkivima,
na određenim tkivima,
na primer, da razumemo
kako da dostavimo CRISPR u ćelije.
kako da dostavimo CRISPR u ćelije.
09:35
for example, figuring out how to deliver
the CRISPR tool into cells.
the CRISPR tool into cells.
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09:40
We also want to understand better
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Takođe želimo bolje da razumemo
kako da kontrolišemo način
na koji se DNK popravlja posle oštećenja,
na koji se DNK popravlja posle oštećenja,
09:42
how to control the way
that DNA is repaired after it's cut,
that DNA is repaired after it's cut,
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09:46
and also to figure out how to control
and limit any kind of off-target,
and limit any kind of off-target,
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i da razumemo kako da kontrolišemo
i ograničimo bilo kakvo odstupanje
i ograničimo bilo kakvo odstupanje
ili neželjene efekte korišćenja
ove tehnologije.
ove tehnologije.
09:51
or unintended effects
of using the technology.
of using the technology.
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09:56
I think that we will see
clinical application of this technology,
clinical application of this technology,
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Mislim da ćemo kliničku primenu
ove tehnologije,
ove tehnologije,
10:02
certainly in adults,
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sigurno kod odraslih,
videti u narednih 10 godina.
10:04
within the next 10 years.
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Mislim da je verovatno
da ćemo u tom vremenskom okviru
da ćemo u tom vremenskom okviru
10:05
I think that it's likely
that we will see clinical trials
that we will see clinical trials
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10:08
and possibly even approved
therapies within that time,
therapies within that time,
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videti klinička testiranja
i možda odobrene terapije,
i možda odobrene terapije,
10:12
which is a very exciting thing
to think about.
to think about.
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što je veoma uzbudljivo za razmišljanje.
10:15
And because of the excitement
around this technology,
around this technology,
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I zbog uzbuđenja
u vezi sa ovom tehnologijom,
u vezi sa ovom tehnologijom,
mnoge startap kompanije
su veoma zainteresovane
su veoma zainteresovane
10:17
there's a lot of interest
in start-up companies
in start-up companies
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10:20
that have been founded
to commercialize the CRISPR technology,
to commercialize the CRISPR technology,
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i osnovane radi komercijalizacije
CRISPR tehnologije,
CRISPR tehnologije,
i mnogo investitora
10:25
and lots of venture capitalists
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ulaže u te kompanije.
10:27
that have been investing
in these companies.
in these companies.
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Međutim, moramo takođe da uzmemo u obzir
10:31
But we have to also consider
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10:32
that the CRISPR technology can be used
for things like enhancement.
for things like enhancement.
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da CRISPR tehnologija može
da se koristi za npr. poboljšanja.
da se koristi za npr. poboljšanja.
10:36
Imagine that we could try
to engineer humans
to engineer humans
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Zamislite da pokušamo da napravimo ljude
10:39
that have enhanced properties,
such as stronger bones,
such as stronger bones,
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koji imaju pojačane osobine,
kao što su jače kosti,
kao što su jače kosti,
manja podložnost kardiovaskularnoj bolesti
10:44
or less susceptibility
to cardiovascular disease
to cardiovascular disease
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10:48
or even to have properties
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ili čak koji imaju osobine
10:49
that we would consider maybe
to be desirable,
to be desirable,
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koje bismo smatrali poželjnim,
na primer drugačija boja očiju
ili visina, takve stvari.
ili visina, takve stvari.
10:52
like a different eye color
or to be taller, things like that.
or to be taller, things like that.
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10:57
"Designer humans," if you will.
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„Dizajnirani ljudi“, da tako kažem.
11:00
Right now, the genetic information
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Trenutno, genetske informacije
11:03
to understand what types of genes
would give rise to these traits
would give rise to these traits
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kojima bismo znali koje vrste gena
bi podstakle ove osobine
bi podstakle ove osobine
11:07
is mostly not known.
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uglavnom su nepoznate.
11:09
But it's important to know
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Međutim, važno je znati
11:10
that the CRISPR technology gives us a tool
to make such changes,
to make such changes,
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da nam CRISPR tehnologija daje alat
da takve promene pravimo,
da takve promene pravimo,
11:15
once that knowledge becomes available.
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jednom kada budemo imali znanje.
11:18
This raises a number of ethical questions
that we have to carefully consider,
that we have to carefully consider,
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Ovo pokreće mnoga etička pitanja
koja pažljivo moramo da razmotrimo
koja pažljivo moramo da razmotrimo
11:22
and this is why I and my colleagues
have called for a global pause
have called for a global pause
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i zato smo ja i moje kolege
pozvali na globalnu pauzu
pozvali na globalnu pauzu
11:27
in any clinical application
of the CRISPR technology in human embryos,
of the CRISPR technology in human embryos,
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u bilo kakvoj kliničkoj primeni
ove tehnologije na ljudskim embrionima,
ove tehnologije na ljudskim embrionima,
11:31
to give us time
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da bismo dobili vremena
11:32
to really consider all of the various
implications of doing so.
implications of doing so.
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da stvarno razmotrimo različite
implikacije toga.
implikacije toga.
11:37
And actually, there is an important
precedent for such a pause
precedent for such a pause
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U stvari, postoji važan presedan
za takvu pauzu iz 1970-ih
za takvu pauzu iz 1970-ih
11:41
from the 1970s,
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kada su se naučnici okupili
11:42
when scientists got together
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11:44
to call for a moratorium
on the use of molecular cloning,
on the use of molecular cloning,
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da pozovu na moratorijum
u korišćenju molekularnog kloniranja,
u korišćenju molekularnog kloniranja,
11:48
until the safety of that technology
could be tested carefully and validated.
could be tested carefully and validated.
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dok bezbednost te tehnologije
nije bila pažljivo testirana i potvrđena.
nije bila pažljivo testirana i potvrđena.
11:55
So, genome-engineered humans
are not with us yet,
are not with us yet,
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Dakle, genetski izmenjeni ljudi
još uvek nisu među nama,
još uvek nisu među nama,
12:00
but this is no longer science fiction.
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ali to više nije naučna fantastika.
12:04
Genome-engineered animals and plants
are happening right now.
are happening right now.
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Genetski modifikovane životinje i biljke
se upravo dešavaju.
se upravo dešavaju.
12:09
And this puts in front of all of us
a huge responsibility,
a huge responsibility,
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A to pred sve nas stavlja
ogromnu odgovornost,
ogromnu odgovornost,
da pažljivo razmotrimo
neželjene posledice,
neželjene posledice,
12:13
to consider carefully
both the unintended consequences
both the unintended consequences
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12:17
as well as the intended impacts
of a scientific breakthrough.
of a scientific breakthrough.
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ali i željene efekte
nekog naučnog otkrića.
nekog naučnog otkrića.
12:22
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
12:23
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
12:31
(Applause ends)
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(Kraj aplauza)
12:33
Bruno Giussani: Jennifer, this is
a technology with huge consequences,
a technology with huge consequences,
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Bruno Đuzani: Dženifer,
ovo je tehnoloija sa ogromnim posledicama,
ovo je tehnoloija sa ogromnim posledicama,
kao što ste istakli.
12:37
as you pointed out.
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Vaš stav u vezi sa traženjem pauze,
moratorijuma ili karantina
moratorijuma ili karantina
12:38
Your attitude about asking for a pause
or a moratorium or a quarantine
or a moratorium or a quarantine
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5172
12:43
is incredibly responsible.
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2020
je izuzetno odgovoran.
12:46
There are, of course,
the therapeutic results of this,
the therapeutic results of this,
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Naravno, postoje
terapijski rezultati ovoga,
terapijski rezultati ovoga,
12:49
but then there are the un-therapeutic ones
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ali i neterapijski,
12:51
and they seem to be the ones
gaining traction,
gaining traction,
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a oni izgleda dobijaju pažnju,
posebno u medijima.
12:53
particularly in the media.
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Ovo je jedno od poslednjih izdanja
„Ekonomista“ - „Menjanje čovečanstva“.
„Ekonomista“ - „Menjanje čovečanstva“.
12:54
This is one of the latest issues
of The Economist -- "Editing humanity."
of The Economist -- "Editing humanity."
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Priča se o genetskim poboljšanjima,
ne o lečenjima.
ne o lečenjima.
12:59
It's all about genetic enhancement,
it's not about therapeutics.
it's not about therapeutics.
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13:03
What kind of reactions
did you get back in March
did you get back in March
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Kakve reakcije ste dobili u martu,
od Vaših kolega iz naučnog sveta,
13:05
from your colleagues in the science world,
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2017
kada ste tražili ili preporučili
13:07
when you asked or suggested
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da bi trebalo da zastanemo
i razmislimo na trenutak?
i razmislimo na trenutak?
13:09
that we should actually pause this
for a moment and think about it?
for a moment and think about it?
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3316
13:13
Jennifer Doudna: My colleagues
were actually, I think, delighted
were actually, I think, delighted
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3001
Dženifer Daudna: Mislim da su kolege
u stvari bile oduševljene
u stvari bile oduševljene
što imaju priliku da o ovome
otvoreno razgovaraju.
otvoreno razgovaraju.
13:16
to have the opportunity
to discuss this openly.
to discuss this openly.
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13:18
It's interesting that as I talk to people,
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Zanimljivo je da,
dok razgovaram sa ljudima,
dok razgovaram sa ljudima,
13:20
my scientific colleagues
as well as others,
as well as others,
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mojim kolegama naučnicima i ostalima,
13:23
there's a wide variety
of viewpoints about this.
of viewpoints about this.
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2310
postoji širok spektar viđenja ovoga.
Jasno je da je to tema koju je potrebno
pažljivo razmotriti i o njoj pričati.
pažljivo razmotriti i o njoj pričati.
13:25
So clearly it's a topic that needs
careful consideration and discussion.
careful consideration and discussion.
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3674
BĐ: U decembru će se održati
veliki sastanak
veliki sastanak
13:29
BG: There's a big meeting
happening in December
happening in December
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2215
koji ste organizovali Vi i Vaše kolege,
13:31
that you and your colleagues are calling,
231
799481
1976
zajedno sa Nacionalnom naučnom
akademijom i drugima.
akademijom i drugima.
13:33
together with the National Academy
of Sciences and others,
of Sciences and others,
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Šta se nadate da će biti ishod
tog sastanka, u praktičnom smislu?
tog sastanka, u praktičnom smislu?
13:36
what do you hope will come
out of the meeting, practically?
out of the meeting, practically?
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DžD: Nadam se da ćemo izneti stavove
13:39
JD: Well, I hope that we can air the views
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13:41
of many different individuals
and stakeholders
and stakeholders
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mnogih pojedinaca i zainteresovanih strana
13:45
who want to think about how to use
this technology responsibly.
this technology responsibly.
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koje žele da razmišljaju
o odgovornom korišćenju ove tehnologije.
o odgovornom korišćenju ove tehnologije.
13:49
It may not be possible to come up with
a consensus point of view,
a consensus point of view,
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Možda neće biti moguće postići konsenzus,
ali mislim da bi trebalo makar da razumemo
13:53
but I think we should at least understand
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1993
koji su sve problemi u daljem radu.
13:55
what all the issues are as we go forward.
239
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BĐ: Vaše kolege,
13:57
BG: Now, colleagues of yours,
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kao što je Džordž Čerč,
na primer, sa Harvarda,
na primer, sa Harvarda,
13:58
like George Church,
for example, at Harvard,
for example, at Harvard,
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2079
kažu: „Da, etička pitanja su u osnovi
pitanja sigurnosti.
pitanja sigurnosti.
14:00
they say, "Yeah, ethical issues basically
are just a question of safety.
are just a question of safety.
242
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3436
Testiramo iznova i iznova,
na životinjama u laboratoriji,
na životinjama u laboratoriji,
14:04
We test and test and test again,
in animals and in labs,
in animals and in labs,
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14:06
and then once we feel it's safe enough,
we move on to humans."
we move on to humans."
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3916
i kad osetimo da je dovoljno bezbedno,
prelazimo na ljude.“
prelazimo na ljude.“
14:10
So that's kind of the other
school of thought,
school of thought,
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To je druga struja razmišljanja,
14:13
that we should actually use
this opportunity and really go for it.
this opportunity and really go for it.
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da možemo da iskoristimo ovu priliku
i prihvatimo je.
i prihvatimo je.
14:16
Is there a possible split happening
in the science community about this?
in the science community about this?
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Da li možda ovo podstiče
razdor u naučnoj zajednici?
razdor u naučnoj zajednici?
Mislim, da li ćemo videti
da se neki uzdržavaju
da se neki uzdržavaju
14:20
I mean, are we going to see
some people holding back
some people holding back
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zbog etičkih pitanja,
14:22
because they have ethical concerns,
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a neki samo idu napred
14:24
and some others just going forward
250
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1687
jer neke zemlje imaju slabu
ili nikakvu regulativu?
ili nikakvu regulativu?
14:26
because some countries under-regulate
or don't regulate at all?
or don't regulate at all?
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14:29
JD: Well, I think with any new technology,
especially something like this,
especially something like this,
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DžD: Mislim da će sa svakom
novom tehnologijom, posebno ovakvom,
novom tehnologijom, posebno ovakvom,
14:33
there are going to be
a variety of viewpoints,
a variety of viewpoints,
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biti različitih stavova
14:36
and I think that's
perfectly understandable.
perfectly understandable.
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i mislim da je to potpuno razumljivo.
14:39
I think that in the end,
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Mislim da će na kraju
14:41
this technology will be used
for human genome engineering,
for human genome engineering,
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4951
ova tehnologija biti korišćena
za inženjering ljudskog genoma,
za inženjering ljudskog genoma,
14:46
but I think to do that without careful
consideration and discussion
consideration and discussion
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ali mislim da ne bi bilo odgovorno
to uraditi bez pažljive diskusije
i razmatranja
i razmatranja
14:50
of the risks and potential complications
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rizika i potencijalnih komplikacija.
14:53
would not be responsible.
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14:54
BG: There are a lot of technologies
and other fields of science
and other fields of science
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BĐ: Postoje mnoge tehnologije
i druga naučna polja
i druga naučna polja
koja se razvijaju eksponencijalno,
skoro kao vaše polje.
skoro kao vaše polje.
14:58
that are developing exponentially,
pretty much like yours.
pretty much like yours.
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Mislim na veštačku inteligenciju,
autonomne robote itd.
autonomne robote itd.
15:00
I'm thinking about artificial
intelligence, autonomous robots and so on.
intelligence, autonomous robots and so on.
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15:05
No one seems --
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Niko izgleda -
osim autonomnih robota za ratovanje -
15:06
aside from autonomous warfare robots --
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15:08
nobody seems to have launched
a similar discussion in those fields,
a similar discussion in those fields,
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niko nije pokrenuo
sličnu diskusiju u tim poljima,
sličnu diskusiju u tim poljima,
15:13
in calling for a moratorium.
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pozvao na moratorijum.
15:15
Do you think that your discussion may
serve as a blueprint for other fields?
serve as a blueprint for other fields?
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Da li mislite da će vaša diskusija
poslužiti kao primer drugima?
poslužiti kao primer drugima?
DžD: Mislim da je naučnicima teško
da izađu iz laboratorije.
da izađu iz laboratorije.
15:19
JD: Well, I think it's hard for scientists
to get out of the laboratory.
to get out of the laboratory.
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Govoreći u svoje ime,
15:22
Speaking for myself,
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15:23
it's a little bit
uncomfortable to do that.
uncomfortable to do that.
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to je pomalo neprijatno.
15:26
But I do think that being involved
in the genesis of this
in the genesis of this
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Međutim, mislim da,
biti deo nastanka ovoga,
biti deo nastanka ovoga,
15:30
really puts me and my colleagues
in a position of responsibility.
in a position of responsibility.
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stavlja mene i moje kolege
u poziciju odgovornosti.
u poziciju odgovornosti.
15:34
And I would say that I certainly hope
that other technologies
that other technologies
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Rekla bih da se zaista nadam
da će ostale tehnologije
da će ostale tehnologije
biti razmatrane na isti način,
15:37
will be considered in the same way,
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15:40
just as we would want to consider
something that could have implications
something that could have implications
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kao što bismo želeli da razmotrimo nešto
što bi moglo imati posledice
što bi moglo imati posledice
15:43
in other fields besides biology.
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u drugim poljima osim biologije.
15:45
BG: Jennifer, thanks for coming to TED.
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BĐ: Dženifer, hvala što ste došli na TED.
15:47
JD: Thank you.
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DžD: Hvala vama.
15:49
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jennifer Doudna - BiologistJennifer Doudna was part of inventing a potentially world-changing genetic technology: the gene editing technology CRISPR-Cas9.
Why you should listen
Together with her colleague Emmanuelle Charpentier of Umeå University in Sweden, Berkeley biologist Jennifer Doudna is at the center of one of today's most-discussed science discoveries: a technology called CRISPR-Cas9 that allows human genome editing by adding or removing genetic material at will. This enables fighting genetic diseases (cutting out HIV, altering cancer cells) as well as, potentially, opening the road to "engineered humans."
Because some applications of genetic manipulation can be inherited, Doudna and numerous colleagues have called for prudent use of the technology until the ethics and safety have been properly considered.
Doudna is the co-winner of the 2018 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience, along with Emmanuelle Charpentier and Virginijus Šikšnys.
Jennifer Doudna | Speaker | TED.com