ABOUT THE SPEAKER
George Dyson - Historian of science
In telling stories of technologies and the individuals who created them, George Dyson takes a clear-eyed view of our scientific past -- while illuminating what lies ahead.

Why you should listen

The development of the Aleutian kayak, its adaptation by Russians in the 18th and 19th centuries, and his own redevelopment of the craft in the 1970s was chronicled in George Dyson’s Baidarka: The Kayak of 1986. His 1997 Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence (“the last book about the Internet written without the Internet”) explored the history and prehistory of digital computing and telecommunications as a manifestation of the convergent destiny of organisms and machines.

Project Orion: The True Story of the Atomic Spaceship, published in 2002, assembled first-person interviews and recently declassified documents to tell the story of a path not taken into space: a nuclear-powered spaceship whose objective was to land a party of 100 people on Mars four years before we landed two people on the Moon. Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe, published in 2012, illuminated the transition from numbers that mean things to numbers that do things in the aftermath of World War II.

Dyson’s current project, Analogia, is a semi-autobiographical reflection on how analog computation is re-establishing control over the digital world.

More profile about the speaker
George Dyson | Speaker | TED.com
TED2002

George Dyson: The story of Project Orion

George Dyson fala sobre o Projeto Orion

Filmed:
848,649 views

O autor George Dyson repassa a história do Projeto Orion, uma enorme nave espacial nuclear que poderia ter-nos levado a Saturno em cinco anos. Sua perspectiva de dentro do projeto e um arquivo secreto de documentos dão vida a um sonho da era atômica.
- Historian of science
In telling stories of technologies and the individuals who created them, George Dyson takes a clear-eyed view of our scientific past -- while illuminating what lies ahead. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I'm a historian.
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Sou um historiador.
00:14
Steve told us about the future of little technology;
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Steve nos falou do futuro das pequenas tecnologias.
00:17
I'm going to show you some of the past of big technology.
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Vou mostrar algo do passado das grandes tecnologias.
00:21
This was a project to build a 4,000-ton nuclear bomb-propelled spaceship
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Este era o projeto de uma nave espacial impulsionada por uma bomba atômica de 4000 toneladas
00:27
and go to Saturn and Jupiter.
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para ir a Saturno e Júpiter.
00:30
This took place in my childhood -- 1957 to '65.
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Isto aconteceu durante minha infância - de 1957 a 65.
00:34
It was deeply classified.
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Era extremamente secreto.
00:36
I'm going to show you some stuff that not only has not been declassified,
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Vou mostrar algumas coisas que não apenas continuam secretas,
00:40
but has now been reclassified.
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como acabaram de ter o segredo renovado.
00:42
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
00:46
If all goes well, next year I'll be back and I'll have a lot more to show you,
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Se tudo der certo, no ano que vem voltarei com bem mais a mostrar,
00:50
and if all doesn't go well, I'll be in jail like Wen Ho Lee.
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senão, estarei preso como Wen Ho Lee.
00:53
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
00:58
So, this ship was basically the size of the Marriott Hotel,
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Esta nave era basicamente do tamanho do hotel Marriott,
01:02
a little taller and a little bigger.
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um pouco mais alta e um pouco maior.
01:04
And one of the people who worked on it in the beginning
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E uma das pessoas que trabalhou nela, inicialmente,
01:07
was my father, Freeman, there in the middle.
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foi meu pai, Freeman -- ali no meio.
01:09
That's me and my sister, Esther, who's a frequent TEDster.
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Estes são eu e minha irmã, Esther, assídua frequentadora da TED ...
01:12
I didn't like nuclear bomb-propelled spaceships.
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Eu não gostava de naves movidas a bombas nucleares.
01:15
I mean, I thought it was a great idea, but I started building kayaks.
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Digo, achei que era uma grande idéia, então comecei a construir caiaques.
01:18
So we had a few kayaks.
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Então tínhamos alguns caiaques.
01:20
Just so you know, I am not Dr. Strangelove.
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Só pra que saibam, não sou o Dr. Fantástico.
01:24
But all the time I was out there doing these strange kayak voyages
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Mas todo este tempo em que estive fora, navegando nesses estranhos caiaques
01:27
in odd, beautiful parts of this planet,
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em belas e inusitadas partes do planeta,
01:30
I always thought in the back of my mind about Project Orion,
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eu sempre pensei intimamente no Projeto Orion,
01:33
and how my father and his friends were going to build these big ships.
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e em como meu pai e seus amigos construiriam essas enormes naves.
01:37
They were really going to go, they were actually going to go.
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Eles realmente iam fazê-lo. Eles viajariam nelas.
01:40
Ted Taylor, who led the project, was going to take his children.
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Ted Taylor, que liderou o projeto, iria levar seus filhos.
01:42
My father was not going to take his children;
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Meu pai não ia nos levar.
01:44
that was one of the reasons we sort of had a falling out for a few years.
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Uma das razões pelas quais ficamos sem nos falar durante alguns anos.
01:49
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
01:51
The project began in '57 at General Atomics there.
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O projeto começou em 57 ali, na General Atomic.
01:55
That's right on the coast at La Jolla.
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É bem na costa de La Jolla.
01:57
Look at that central building right in the middle of the picture:
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Olhem para o prédio central, bem no meio daquela foto.
01:59
that's the 130-foot diameter library,
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É a biblioteca, com 40m de diâmetro.
02:03
that is exactly the size of the base of the spaceship.
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É exatamente do tamanho da base da nave.
02:06
So put that library at the bottom of that ship --
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Então, coloque esta biblioteca no fundo da nave --
02:08
that's how big the thing was going to be.
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e é deste tamanho que a coisa seria.
02:10
It would take 2,000 or 3,000 bombs.
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Precisaria de duas ou três mil bombas.
02:13
The people who worked on it were a lot of the Los Alamos people
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Muitas das pessoas que trabalhavam nisso foram de Los Alamos,
02:15
who had done the hydrogen bomb work.
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onde fizeram a bomba-h.
02:17
It was the first project funded by ARPA.
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Foi o primeiro projeto patrocinado pela ARPA.
02:19
That's the contract where ARPA gave the first million dollars
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Aqui está o contrato, no qual a ARPA forneceu os primeiros milhões de dólares
02:22
to get this thing started.
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para começar esta coisa.
02:23
"Spaceship project officially begun. Job waiting for you. Dyson."
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"Projeto da nave espacial oficialmente iniciado. Vaga à sua espera. Dyson."
02:27
That's July '58.
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Isto dou em julho de 58.
02:29
Two days later, the space traveler's manifesto explaining why --
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Dois dias depois: o manifesto do viajante espacial, explicando o porquê --
02:32
just like we heard yesterday -- why we need to go into space:
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assim como ouvimos ontem -- o porquê de precisarmos ir ao espaço.
02:36
"trips to satellites of the outer planets. August 20, 1958."
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"Viagens aos satélites dos planetas exteriores" -- 20 de agosto de 1958.
02:40
These are the statistics of what would be the good places to go and stop. (Laughter)
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Estas são as estatísticas de quais seriam os bons locais de parada.
02:44
Some of the sizes of the ships,
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Algumas das dimensões das naves,
02:46
ranging all the way up to ship mass of 8 million tons,
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indo até uma com massa de 8 milhões de toneladas.
02:49
so that was the outer extreme.
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O cúmulo do extremo.
02:51
Here was version two: 2,000 bombs.
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Esta era a versão dois -- 2000 bombas.
02:56
These are five kiloton yield bombs about the size of small Volkswagens;
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Estas são bombas que rendem cinco kilotons, do tamanho de fuscas.
03:00
it would take 800 to get into orbit.
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seriam necessárias 800 para entrar em órbita.
03:03
Here we see a 10,000 ton ship
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Aqui vemos que uma nave de 10000 toneladas --
03:06
will deliver 1,300 tons to Saturn and back;
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levaria 1300 toneladas a Saturno e voltaria.
03:09
essentially a five year trip.
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Uma viagem de cinco anos.
03:11
Possible departure dates: October 1960 to February 1967. (Laughter)
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Datas possíveis para partida: de outubro de 1960 a fevereiro de 1967.
03:15
This is trajectories going to Mars;
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Estas são as trajetórias para Marte.
03:18
all this was done by hand with slide rules.
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Tudo isso foi feito à mão, com réguas de arquitetura.
03:20
The little Orion ship
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A pequena nave Orion --
03:21
and what it would take to do what Orion does with chemicals:
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e para alojar tudo o que a Orion faz com produtos químicos,
03:24
you have a ship the size of the Empire State Building.
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seria necessária uma nave do tamanho do Empire State.
03:26
NASA had no interest; they tried to kill the project.
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A NASA não teve interesse. Tentaram acabar com o projeto.
03:28
The people who supported it were the Air Force,
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As pessoas que apoiaram foram da Força Aérea,
03:30
which meant that it was all secret.
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o que significava que era tudo secreto.
03:32
And that's why when you get something declassified,
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É por isso que, quando se divulga alguma coisa,
03:34
that's what it looks like. (Laughter)
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ela está assim.
03:37
Military weapon versions that were versions that carried
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Versões armadas e militares eram as que carregavam
03:39
hydrogen bombs that could destroy half the planet.
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bombas de hidrogênio que poderiam destruir metade do planeta.
03:41
There's another version there that sends retaliatory strikes at the Soviet Union.
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Há outra versão, que envia ataques de retaliação à União Soviética --
03:45
This is the real secret stuff: how to get directed energy explosions
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isto era realmente secreto: como obter explosões de energia direcionadas,
03:49
so you're sending the energy of a nuclear explosion --
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como se estivéssemos mandando a energia de uma explosão nuclear --
03:51
not like just a stick of dynamite,
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não como um bastão de dinamite,
03:53
but you're directing it at the ship.
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mas direcionando para a nave.
03:55
And this is still a very active subject.
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E este ainda é um assunto muito discutido.
03:57
It's quite dangerous,
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É bem perigoso,
03:59
but I believe it's better to have dangerous things in the open
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mas acredito que é melhor sermos francos acerca de coisas perigosas
04:01
than think you're going to keep them secret.
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do que achar que elas permanecerão em segredo.
04:03
This is what's happened at 600 microseconds.
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Isto foi o que aconteceu aos 600 microssegundos.
04:05
The Air Force started to build smaller models and actually started doing this.
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A Força Aérea começou a construir modelos menores e começaram a fazer isto.
04:10
The guys in La Jolla said, "We've got to get started now."
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Os caras em La Jolla disseram, "Temos que começar agora."
04:13
They built a high-explosive propelled model.
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Contruíram um modelo impulsionado por grandes explosões.
04:15
These are stills from film footage that was saved by someone
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Estes são quadros de uma filmegem guardada por alguém
04:19
who was supposed to destroy it but didn't
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que deveria detruí-la, mas não o fez,
04:21
and kept it in their basement for the last 40 years.
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e guardou em seu porão pelos últimos 40 anos.
04:23
So, these are three-pound charges of C4;
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Então, estas são cargas de 1,34 kg de C4.
04:26
that's about 10 times what the guy had in his shoes. (Laughter)
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É cerca de 10 vezes o que o cara tem nos sapatos.
04:30
This is Ed Day putting ... So each of these coffee cans has three pounds of C4 in it.
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Este é Ed Day colocando -- então cada lata dessas tem 1,34 kg de C4.
04:35
They're building a system that ejects these at quarter-second intervals.
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Estão construindo um sistema que as ejeta a intervalos de 1/4 de segundo.
04:39
That's my dad in the sport coat there holding the briefcase.
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Este é o meu pai de casaco esporte, segurando a pasta.
04:42
So, they had a lot of fun doing this. But no children were allowed;
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Então se divertiam bastante fazendo isso, mas não permitiam crianças.
04:45
my dad could tell me he was building a spaceship
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Meu pai podia me dizer que estavam construindo uma nave espacial
04:48
and going to go to Saturn,
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e que ele iria a Saturno,
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but he could not say anything more about it.
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mas nada além disso.
04:52
So all my life I have wanted to find this stuff out,
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Então passei a vida tentando desvendar essas coisas,
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and spent the last four years tracking these old guys down.
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e os últimos 4 anos caçando esses senhores.
04:56
These are stills from the video.
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Estes são quadros do vídeo.
04:58
Jeff Bezos kindly, yesterday, said
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Jeff Bezos gentilmente disse ontem
05:01
he'll put this video up on the Amazon site -- some little clip of it. (Applause)
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que colocará o vídeo no site da Amazon, um pequeno trecho dele.
05:04
So, thanks to him.
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Então, agradeço-o.
05:06
They got quite serious about the engineering of this.
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Eles trabalharam bastante na engenharia disso.
05:08
The size of that mass, for us, is really large technology
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O tamanho daquela massa, é uma tecnologia bem pesada,
05:12
in a way we're never going to go back to.
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de uma maneira a que não voltaremos.
05:15
If you saw the 1959 ... This is what it would feel like in the passenger compartment;
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Se vocês vissem a de 1959 -- nos sentiríamos assim no compartimento de passageiros.
05:19
that's acceleration profile. (Laughter)
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Este é um perfil de aceleração.
05:22
And pulse system yield:
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E o rendimento do sistema de empulso.
05:24
we're looking at 20-kiloton yield for an effect for us of 10 million Newtons.
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Procuramos um rendimento de 20 kilotons, que nos dê um efeito de 10 milhões de Newtons.
05:28
Well, here we have a little problem,
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Bem, aqui temos um pequeno problema:
05:30
the radiation doses at the crew station: 700 rads per shot. (Laughter)
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as doses de radiação sobre a estação da tripulação -- 700 rads por disparo.
05:36
Fission yields during development:
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O rendimento de fissão durante o desenvolvimento:
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they were hoping to get clean bombs -- they didn't.
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eles esperavam conseguir explosivos limpos. Não conseguiram.
05:42
Eyeburn: this is what happens to the people in Miami who are looking up. (Laughter)
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Queimadura ocular -- isso é o que acontece a quem estiver olhando pra cima em Miami.
05:45
Personnel compartment noise: that's not too bad;
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Compartimento da tripulação. Vejam, não é tão ruim.
05:49
it's very low frequencies, it's basically like these subwoofers.
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É de frequencia bem baixa. Como estes subwoofers.
05:52
And now we have ground hazard assessments
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E agora temos as estimativas de dano ao solo
05:54
when you have a blow-up on the pad.
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quando acontece um disparo na base.
05:56
Finally, at the very end in 1964, NASA steps in and says,
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Finalmente, bem no final, em 1964, a NASA entra no projeto e declara
05:59
"OK, we'll support a feasibility study for a small version
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"OK, vamos apoiar um estudo de viabilidade para uma pequena versão
06:02
that could be launched with Saturn Vs in sections and pieced together."
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que pode ser lançada em foguetes Saturn V e montadas em órbita."
06:06
So this is what NASA did, getting an
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Então isto foi o que a NASA fez, conseguindo uma, sabe,
06:12
eight man version that would go to Mars.
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versão para oito pessoas, que iria a Marte.
06:14
They liked it because the guys who kind of live there would be like, "It's just like
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Eles gostaram porque os caras poderiam viver lá --
06:16
living in a submarine."
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como em um submarino.
06:18
This is crew compartment. It switches, so what's upside down
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Este é o compartimento da tripulação. Ele se inverte, então o que está de cabeça pra baixo
06:21
is right side up when you go to artificial gravity mode.
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fica certo no modo de gravidade artificial.
06:23
The scientists were still going to go along;
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Os cientistas ainda iriam acompanhar,
06:25
they would take seven astronauts and seven scientists.
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e iriam levar sete astronautas e sete cientistas.
06:27
This is a 20 man version for going to Jupiter:
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Esta é uma versão de 20 homens para ir a Júpiter:
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bunks, storm cellars, exercise room.
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camas, abrigos, sala de exercícios.
06:33
You know, it was going to be a nice long trip.
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Sabe, seria uma viagem bem longa.
06:36
The Air Force version: here we have a military version.
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A versão da Força Aérea. Temos uma versão militar.
06:39
This is the kind of stuff that's not been declassified,
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Este é o tipo de coisa que continua secreto,
06:42
just that people managed to sneak home and after,
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mas que os trabalhadores conseguiram levar pr casa,
06:45
you know, on their deathbed basically gave me.
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e depois, em seu leito de morte, entregram a mim.
06:48
The sort of artist conceptions:
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O tipo de concepção artística --
06:50
these are basically PowerPoint presentations
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estas são apresentações de PowerPoint da época
06:53
given to the Air Force 40 years ago.
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mandadas à Força Aérea 40 anos atrás.
06:55
Look at the little guys there outside the vehicle.
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Observe os pequenos caras aqui, fora do veículo.
07:01
And one part of NASA was interested in it
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E parte da NASA estava interessada,
07:03
but the headquarters in NASA, they killed the project.
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mas o quartel-generel matou o projeto.
07:06
So finally at the end, we can
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Então, finalmente, ao fim, podemos
07:09
see the thing followed its sort of design path
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ver que a coisa seguiu seu caminho de projeto
07:12
right up to 1965 and then all those paths came to a halt.
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até 1965. E então todos pararam.
07:16
Results: none.
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Resultados? Nenhum.
07:18
This project is hereby terminated.
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A agora, o projeto continua encerrado.
07:20
So that's the end. All I can say in closing is,
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Então é o fim. Tudo o que posso dizer ao terminar é,
07:23
we heard yesterday that one of the 10 bad things that could happen to us
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ouvimos ontem que uma das 10 coisas ruins que podem acontecer a nós é
07:27
is an asteroid with our name on it.
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um asteróide com nosso nome escrito nele.
07:29
And one of the bad things that could happen to NASA
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E uma das coisas ruins que podem acontecer à NASA
07:32
is if that asteroid shows up with our name on it nine months out
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é se este asteróide aparecer com nosso nome nele, e nove meses para chegar,
07:35
and everybody says, "Well, what are we going to do?"
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e todo mundo disser, "Bem, o que faremos?"
07:38
And Orion is really one of the only, if not the only,
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E o projeto Orion é uma das únicas, senão a única,
07:42
off-the-shelf technologies that could do something. (Laughter)
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tecnologia desenvolvida que pode fazer alguma coisa.
07:48
So I'm going to tell you the good news and the bad news.
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Então vou contar boas e más notícias.
07:50
The good news is that NASA has a small, secret
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As boas são que a NASA tem uma pequena, secreta
07:55
contingency plan division that is looking at this,
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divisão de planos de contingência que está de olho nisto,
07:58
trying to keep knowledge of Orion preserved in the event of such a misfortune.
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tentando manter preservada a pesquisa de Orion para o evento de tal infortúnio.
08:03
Maybe keep a few little bombs of plutonium on the side.
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Talvez guardando algumas bombas de plutônio na gaveta.
08:06
That's the good news. The bad news is,
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Estas são as boas notícias. As más notícias são que,
08:08
when I got in contact with these people
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quando entrei em contato com estas pessoas
08:10
to try and get some documents from them,
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e tentei adquirir alguns documentos deles,
08:12
they went crazy because I had all this stuff that they don't have,
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eles enlouqueceram, porque eu tinha mais do que eles.
08:15
and NASA purchased 1,759 pages of this stuff from me. (Laughter)
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E a NASA comprou de mim 1759 páginas desse negócio.
08:20
So that's the state we're at: it's not very good.
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Então esta é nossa situação. Não é muito boa.
08:24
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
George Dyson - Historian of science
In telling stories of technologies and the individuals who created them, George Dyson takes a clear-eyed view of our scientific past -- while illuminating what lies ahead.

Why you should listen

The development of the Aleutian kayak, its adaptation by Russians in the 18th and 19th centuries, and his own redevelopment of the craft in the 1970s was chronicled in George Dyson’s Baidarka: The Kayak of 1986. His 1997 Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence (“the last book about the Internet written without the Internet”) explored the history and prehistory of digital computing and telecommunications as a manifestation of the convergent destiny of organisms and machines.

Project Orion: The True Story of the Atomic Spaceship, published in 2002, assembled first-person interviews and recently declassified documents to tell the story of a path not taken into space: a nuclear-powered spaceship whose objective was to land a party of 100 people on Mars four years before we landed two people on the Moon. Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe, published in 2012, illuminated the transition from numbers that mean things to numbers that do things in the aftermath of World War II.

Dyson’s current project, Analogia, is a semi-autobiographical reflection on how analog computation is re-establishing control over the digital world.

More profile about the speaker
George Dyson | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

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