TEDGlobal 2014
Wendy Freedman: This telescope might show us the beginning of the universe
Wendy Freedmanová: Tento teleskop nám možno ukáže začiatok vesmíru
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Kedy a ako vznikol vesmír? Skupina astronómov z celého sveta sa chce novým obrím teleskopom zahľadieť späť v čase tak ďaleko, ako sa len bude dať, a nájsť odpoveď na túto otázku. Wendy Freedmanová riadila vznik Veľkého Magellanovho ďalekohľadu (Giant Magellan Telescope), ktorý sa stavia v Južnej Amerike. Na TEDGlobal v Riu de Janeiro sa podelila o živú víziu vesmírnych objavov, aké sa raz vďaka GMT môžu stať skutočnosťou.
Wendy Freedman - Astronomer
Wendy Freedman led the construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope, a massive earthbound observatory. Full bio
Wendy Freedman led the construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope, a massive earthbound observatory. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
When I was 14 years old,
I was interested in science --
I was interested in science --
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Keď som mala 14 rokov, zaujímala ma veda –
00:17
fascinated by it,
excited to learn about it.
excited to learn about it.
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fascinovala ma,
uchvacovalo ma poznávať ju.
uchvacovalo ma poznávať ju.
00:20
And I had a high school science teacher
who would say to the class,
who would say to the class,
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A na strednej škole sme mali učiteľa,
ktorý na hodine fyziky hovoril:
ktorý na hodine fyziky hovoril:
00:24
"The girls don't have to listen to this."
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„Dievčatá teraz počúvať nemusia.“
00:28
Encouraging, yes.
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Povzbudivé, veru.
00:30
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
00:31
I chose not to listen --
but to that statement alone.
but to that statement alone.
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A ja som nepočúvala –
ale iba tento jeho výrok.
ale iba tento jeho výrok.
00:36
So let me take you
to the Andes mountains in Chile,
to the Andes mountains in Chile,
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Rada by som vás vzala
do pohoria Andy v Čile,
do pohoria Andy v Čile,
00:40
500 kilometers, 300 miles
northeast of Santiago.
northeast of Santiago.
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500 kilometrov, 300 míľ
severovýchodne od Santiaga.
severovýchodne od Santiaga.
00:45
It's very remote, it's very dry
and it's very beautiful.
and it's very beautiful.
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Je to veľmi ďaleko,
je tam sucho a veľmi krásne.
je tam sucho a veľmi krásne.
00:50
And there's not much there.
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Veľa tam toho nie je.
00:51
There are condors, there are tarantulas,
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Sú tam kondory a tarantuly
00:54
and at night, when the light dims,
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a v noci, keď svetlo zoslabne,
00:56
it reveals one of the darkest
skies on Earth.
skies on Earth.
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odhalí sa vám obloha tmavá
ako málokde na Zemi.
ako málokde na Zemi.
01:00
It's kind of a magic place, the mountain.
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Tak trochu magické miesto.
Hora.
Hora.
01:03
It's a wonderful combination
of very remote mountaintop
of very remote mountaintop
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Úžasné spojenie odľahlého horského vrcholu
01:07
with exquisitely sophisticated technology.
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s vysoko premyslenou technológiou.
01:11
And our ancestors, for as long
as there's been recorded history,
as there's been recorded history,
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Naši predkovia v priebehu
celých známych dejín
celých známych dejín
01:15
have looked at the night sky
and pondered the nature of our existence.
and pondered the nature of our existence.
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pozerali na nočnú oblohu
a hĺbali o povahe nášho bytia.
a hĺbali o povahe nášho bytia.
01:20
And we're no exception, our generation.
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Naša generácia nie je výnimkou.
01:23
The only difficulty is
that the night sky now is blocked
that the night sky now is blocked
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Jediný problém je,
že už v noci nevidíme nebo
že už v noci nevidíme nebo
01:26
by the glare of city lights.
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kvôli svetlám veľkomiest.
01:29
And so astronomers go
to these very remote mountaintops
to these very remote mountaintops
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A tak astronómovia chodia
na vrcholy veľmi ďalekých hôr,
na vrcholy veľmi ďalekých hôr,
01:32
to view and to study the cosmos.
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aby videli a skúmali kozmos.
01:34
So telescopes
are our window to the cosmos.
are our window to the cosmos.
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Teleskopy sú teda naše okná do vesmíru.
01:40
It's no exaggeration to say that
the Southern Hemisphere is going to be
the Southern Hemisphere is going to be
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Nebudem preháňať, ak poviem,
že južná pologuľa predstavuje
že južná pologuľa predstavuje
01:44
the future of astronomy
for the 21st century.
for the 21st century.
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budúcnosť astronómie v 21. storočí.
01:48
We have an array
of existing telescopes already,
of existing telescopes already,
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Už teraz máme celé pásmo ďalekohľadov
01:51
in the Andes mountains in Chile,
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v čílskych Andách
01:53
and that's soon to be joined by a really
sensational array of new capability.
sensational array of new capability.
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a to sa čoskoro ešte rozšíri
o nevídaný rad nových možností.
o nevídaný rad nových možností.
01:58
There will be two international groups
that are going to be building
that are going to be building
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Dve medzinárodné skupiny budú stavať
02:01
giant telescopes, sensitive
to optical radiation, as our eyes are.
to optical radiation, as our eyes are.
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obrovské teleskopy citlivé
na viditeľné svetlo ako naše oči.
na viditeľné svetlo ako naše oči.
02:07
There will be a survey telescope
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Postavíme aj prieskumný ďalekohľad,
02:09
that will be scanning the sky
every few nights.
every few nights.
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ktorý raz za niekoľko nocí
prehliadne celú oblohu.
prehliadne celú oblohu.
02:13
There will be radio telescopes,
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Zostrojíme rádioteleskopy
02:14
sensitive to long-wavelength
radio radiation.
radio radiation.
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na dlhovlnné rádiové žiarenie.
02:18
And then there will be
telescopes in space.
telescopes in space.
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A ďalšie teleskopy budú vo vesmíre.
02:21
There'll be a successor
to the Hubble Space Telescope;
to the Hubble Space Telescope;
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Príde nástupca Hubblovho
vesmírneho ďalekohľadu,
vesmírneho ďalekohľadu,
02:24
it's called the James Webb Telescope,
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teleskop Jamesa Webba či Webbov teleskop,
02:26
and it will be launched in 2018.
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a vypustíme ho roku 2018.
02:29
There'll be a satellite called TESS
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Budeme mať družicu TESS,
02:30
that will discover planets
outside of our solar system.
outside of our solar system.
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ktorá bude objavovať planéty
mimo našej slnečnej sústavy.
mimo našej slnečnej sústavy.
02:36
For the last decade,
I've been leading a group --
I've been leading a group --
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Posledných desať rokov vediem tím ľudí –
02:38
a consortium -- international group,
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– konzorcium – medzinárodnú skupinu
02:41
to build what will be, when it's finished,
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s cieľom postaviť niečo,
čo po dokončení bude
čo po dokončení bude
02:44
the largest optical
telescope in existence.
telescope in existence.
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dosiaľ najväčším optickým
teleskopom na svete.
teleskopom na svete.
02:47
It's called the Giant
Magellan Telescope, or GMT.
Magellan Telescope, or GMT.
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Bude sa volať Veľký Magellanov ďalekohľad,
skrátene GMT.
skrátene GMT.
02:51
This telescope is going to have mirrors
that are 8.4 meters in diameter --
that are 8.4 meters in diameter --
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Tento ďalekohľad bude mať zrkadlá
s priemerom 8,4 metra,
s priemerom 8,4 metra,
02:56
each of the mirrors.
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každé zrkadlo zvlášť.
02:57
That's almost 27 feet.
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To je temer 27 stôp.
02:59
So it dwarfs this stage -- maybe
out to the fourth row in this audience.
out to the fourth row in this audience.
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Presiahli by toto pódium –
asi po štvrtý rad hľadiska.
asi po štvrtý rad hľadiska.
03:03
Each of the seven mirrors
in this telescope
in this telescope
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Každé zo siedmich zrkadiel v teleskope
03:06
will be almost 27 feet in diameter.
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bude mať priemer 8,4 metra.
03:10
Together, the seven mirrors
in this telescope will comprise
in this telescope will comprise
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Spolu týchto sedem zrkadiel
ďalekohľadu vytvorí plochu
ďalekohľadu vytvorí plochu
03:14
80 feet in diameter.
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s priemerom okolo 25 metrov.
03:16
So, essentially the size
of this entire auditorium.
of this entire auditorium.
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To sú vlastne rozmery celej tejto sály.
03:20
The whole telescope will stand
about 43 meters high,
about 43 meters high,
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Hotový teleskop dosiahne
výšku asi 43 metrov.
výšku asi 43 metrov.
03:24
and again, being in Rio,
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A opäť, tu v Riu de Janeiro
03:26
some of you have been to see
the statue of the giant Christ.
the statue of the giant Christ.
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niektorí z vás navštívili
obrovskú sochu Krista.
obrovskú sochu Krista.
03:30
The scale is comparable in height;
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Je porovnateľne vysoká.
03:32
in fact, it's smaller
than this telescope will be.
than this telescope will be.
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Vlastne je o niečo menšia,
ako bude teleskop.
ako bude teleskop.
03:36
It's comparable to the size
of the Statue of Liberty.
of the Statue of Liberty.
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Dá sa prirovnať k rozmerom Sochy slobody.
03:39
And it's going to be housed
in an enclosure that's 22 stories --
in an enclosure that's 22 stories --
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Zabudujeme ho do konštrukcie
s 22 podlažiami
s 22 podlažiami
03:43
60 meters high.
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a výškou 60 metrov.
03:45
But it's an unusual building
to protect this telescope.
to protect this telescope.
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Bude ho chrániť a bude to nevšedná budova.
03:48
It will have open windows to the sky,
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Nahor budú otvorené okná;
03:50
be able to point and look at the sky,
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dokáže zamerať a sledovať nebo,
03:52
and it will actually rotate on a base --
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a pritom sa otáčať na základoch –
03:55
2,000 tons of rotating building.
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2 000-tonová rotujúca stavba.
03:59
The Giant Magellan Telescope
will have 10 times the resolution
will have 10 times the resolution
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Veľký Magellanov ďalekohľad bude mať
desaťnásobne väčšie rozlíšenie
desaťnásobne väčšie rozlíšenie
04:04
of the Hubble Space Telescope.
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ako Hubblov vesmírny ďalekohľad.
04:06
It will be 20 million times
more sensitive than the human eye.
more sensitive than the human eye.
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Bude 20 miliónkrát citlivejší
než ľudské oko.
než ľudské oko.
04:11
And it may, for the first time ever,
be capable of finding life on planets
be capable of finding life on planets
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A po prvý raz možno dokážeme
objavovať život na planétach
objavovať život na planétach
04:17
outside of our solar system.
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mimo slnečnej sústavy.
04:20
It's going to allow us to look back
at the first light in the universe --
at the first light in the universe --
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Pozrieme sa vďaka nemu späť
na prvé svetlo vo vesmíre –
na prvé svetlo vo vesmíre –
04:24
literally, the dawn of the cosmos.
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doslova uvidíme úsvit kozmu.
04:27
The cosmic dawn.
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Vesmírne ráno.
04:29
It's a telescope that's
going to allow us to peer back,
going to allow us to peer back,
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Týmto ďalekohľadom nazrieme do minulosti,
04:33
witness galaxies as they were
when they were actually assembling,
when they were actually assembling,
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uvidíme galaxie v čase,
keď sa ešte len utvárali,
keď sa ešte len utvárali,
04:37
the first black holes in the universe,
the first galaxies.
the first galaxies.
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prvé čierne diery vo vesmíre,
prvé galaxie.
prvé galaxie.
04:41
Now, for thousands of years,
we have been studying the cosmos,
we have been studying the cosmos,
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Tisíce rokov skúmame kozmos,
04:46
we've been wondering
about our place in the universe.
about our place in the universe.
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zvedaví, aké je naše miesto vo vesmíre.
04:49
The ancient Greeks told us
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Starovekí Gréci nám hovorili,
04:50
that the Earth was the center
of the universe.
of the universe.
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že Zem je jeho stredom.
04:53
Five hundred years ago,
Copernicus displaced the Earth,
Copernicus displaced the Earth,
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Pred päťsto rokmi Kopernik odsunul Zem
04:56
and put the Sun
at the heart of the cosmos.
at the heart of the cosmos.
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a do srdca vesmíru dal Slnko.
05:00
And as we've learned over the centuries,
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A po storočiach učenia sa vieme,
05:02
since Galileo Galilei,
the Italian scientist,
the Italian scientist,
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že odkedy taliansky vedec Galileo Galilei
05:05
first turned, in that time, a two-inch,
very small telescope, to the sky,
very small telescope, to the sky,
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prvý raz namieril na oblohu malý,
päťcentimetrový teleskop,
päťcentimetrový teleskop,
05:10
every time we have built
larger telescopes,
larger telescopes,
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zakaždým, keď sme postavili
väčší ďalekohľad,
väčší ďalekohľad,
05:13
we have learned something
about the universe;
about the universe;
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dozvedeli sme sa niečo o vesmíre
05:16
we've made discoveries, without exception.
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a vždy, bez výnimky, urobili nový objav.
05:20
We've learned in the 20th century
that the universe is expanding
that the universe is expanding
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V 20. storočí sme zistili,
že vesmír sa rozpína
že vesmír sa rozpína
05:24
and that our own solar system
is not at the center of that expansion.
is not at the center of that expansion.
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a že naša slnečná sústava nie je
v strede tohto rozpínania.
v strede tohto rozpínania.
05:29
We know now that the universe
is made of about 100 billion galaxies
is made of about 100 billion galaxies
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Dnes vieme, že vesmír tvorí
okolo 100 miliárd galaxií,
okolo 100 miliárd galaxií,
05:35
that are visible to us,
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ktoré sú pre nás viditeľné,
05:36
and each one of those galaxies
has 100 billion stars within it.
has 100 billion stars within it.
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a že v každej z nich svieti
100 miliárd hviezd.
100 miliárd hviezd.
05:43
So we're looking now
at the deepest image of the cosmos
at the deepest image of the cosmos
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Teraz sa dívame na najhlbší
obraz kozmu, aký kedy vznikol.
obraz kozmu, aký kedy vznikol.
05:46
that's ever been taken.
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05:48
It was taken using
the Hubble Space Telescope,
the Hubble Space Telescope,
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Vytvorili ho pomocou Hubblovho
vesmírneho ďalekohľadu,
vesmírneho ďalekohľadu,
05:50
and by pointing the telescope at what
was previously a blank region of sky,
was previously a blank region of sky,
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keď ho namierili na časť oblohy,
tvoriacu biele miesto na mape,
tvoriacu biele miesto na mape,
05:55
before the launch of Hubble.
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do spustenia teleskopu.
05:57
And if you can imagine this tiny area,
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Predstavte si tento maličký kúsok.
05:59
it's only one-fiftieth
of the size of the full moon.
of the size of the full moon.
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Je to len päťdesiatina veľkosti
mesiaca v splne.
mesiaca v splne.
06:03
So, if you can imagine the full moon.
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Predstavte si mesiac v splne.
06:05
And there are now 10,000 galaxies
visible within that image.
visible within that image.
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A na tejto fotografii je vidieť
10 000 galaxií.
10 000 galaxií.
06:09
And the faintness of those images
and the tiny size is only a result
and the tiny size is only a result
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To, že sú nevýrazné a malé,
je len preto, že sú veľmi ďaleko.
je len preto, že sú veľmi ďaleko.
06:14
of the fact that those galaxies
are so far away, the vast distances.
are so far away, the vast distances.
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Sú to obrovské vzdialenosti.
06:18
And each of those galaxies
may contain within it
may contain within it
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Každá z tých galaxií pritom môže obsahovať
06:21
a few billion or even hundreds
of billions of individual stars.
of billions of individual stars.
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niekoľko miliárd, ba aj stoviek miliárd
jednotlivých hviezd.
jednotlivých hviezd.
06:27
Telescopes are like time machines.
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Teleskopy sú ako stroj času.
06:29
So the farther back we look in space,
the further back we see in time.
the further back we see in time.
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Čím hlbšie sa pozeráme do vesmíru,
tým ďalej do minulosti vidíme.
tým ďalej do minulosti vidíme.
06:34
And they're like light buckets --
literally, they collect light.
literally, they collect light.
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Sú ako nádoby na svetlo.
Doslova svetlo zbierajú.
Doslova svetlo zbierajú.
06:37
So larger the bucket,
the larger the mirror we have,
the larger the mirror we have,
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Čím väčšia je nádoba,
čím väčšie je zrkadlo,
čím väčšie je zrkadlo,
06:40
the more light we can see,
and the farther back we can view.
and the farther back we can view.
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tým viac svetla vidíme
a tým ďalej sa vraciame.
a tým ďalej sa vraciame.
06:45
So, we've learned in the last century
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V minulom storočí sme zistili,
06:47
that there are exotic objects
in the universe -- black holes.
in the universe -- black holes.
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že vo vesmíre sa nachádzajú
exotické objekty – čierne diery.
exotické objekty – čierne diery.
06:50
We've even learned
that there's dark matter and dark energy
that there's dark matter and dark energy
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Dokonca, že tam je tmavá hmota
a tmavá energia, ktoré nevidíme.
a tmavá energia, ktoré nevidíme.
06:53
that we can't see.
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06:55
So you're looking now
at an actual image of dark matter.
at an actual image of dark matter.
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Teraz sa vlastne dívate na skutočné
zobrazenie tmavej hmoty.
zobrazenie tmavej hmoty.
06:58
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
06:59
You got it. Not all audiences get that.
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Pochopili ste. Nie všetci diváci
to pochopia.
to pochopia.
07:02
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
07:04
So the way we infer
the presence of dark matter --
the presence of dark matter --
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Ako dokážeme odhaliť prítomnosť
tmavej hmoty –
tmavej hmoty –
07:07
we can't see it -- but there's
an unmistakable tug, due to gravity.
an unmistakable tug, due to gravity.
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nevidíme ju, ale je tu nezameniteľný
gravitačný ťah.
gravitačný ťah.
07:13
We now can look out,
we see this sea of galaxies
we see this sea of galaxies
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Zahľaďme sa teraz na toto more galaxií
07:16
in a universe that's expanding.
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vo vesmíre, ktorý sa rozpína.
07:18
What I do myself is to measure
the expansion of the universe,
the expansion of the universe,
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Mojou úlohou je práve meranie
rozpínania vesmíru
rozpínania vesmíru
07:22
and one of the projects
that I carried out in the 1990s
that I carried out in the 1990s
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a pri jednom z mojich projektov
v deväťdesiatych rokoch
v deväťdesiatych rokoch
07:25
used the Hubble Space Telescope to measure
how fast the universe is expanding.
how fast the universe is expanding.
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sme použili Hubblov teleskop na zmeranie
rýchlosti tohto rozpínania.
rýchlosti tohto rozpínania.
07:31
We can now trace back to 14 billion years.
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Teraz sa dokážeme vrátiť
o 14 miliárd rokov.
o 14 miliárd rokov.
07:35
We've learned over time
that stars have individual histories;
that stars have individual histories;
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Postupne sme zistili, že hviezdy
majú svoju individuálnu históriu,
majú svoju individuálnu históriu,
07:40
that is, they have birth,
they have middle ages
they have middle ages
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teda svoj zrod, stredný vek,
07:43
and some of them
even have dramatic deaths.
even have dramatic deaths.
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a niektoré dokonca aj dramatickú smrť.
07:45
So the embers from those stars actually
then form the new stars that we see,
then form the new stars that we see,
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Ich tlejúce pozostatky následne
tvoria nové hviezdy
tvoria nové hviezdy
07:51
most of which turn out to have
planets going around them.
planets going around them.
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a okolo tých zväčša obiehajú aj planéty.
07:56
And one of the really surprising results
in the last 20 years
in the last 20 years
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Jedno z najprekvapivejších zistení
za posledných 20 rokov
za posledných 20 rokov
08:00
has the been the discovery
of other planets going around other stars.
of other planets going around other stars.
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bolo práve objavenie ďalších
planét obiehajúcich iné hviezdy.
planét obiehajúcich iné hviezdy.
08:04
These are called exoplanets.
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Nazývajú sa exoplanétami.
08:06
And until 1995, we didn't even know
the existence of any other planets,
the existence of any other planets,
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Pritom sme do roku 1995
ani nepoznali iné planéty,
ani nepoznali iné planéty,
08:11
other than going around our own sun.
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než tie, ktoré obiehajú okolo Slnka.
08:14
But now, there are almost 2,000
other planets orbiting other stars
other planets orbiting other stars
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Ale teraz je skoro 2 000 ďalších planét,
08:20
that we can now detect,
measure masses for.
measure masses for.
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ktoré detekujeme, meriame ich hmotnosť.
08:23
There are 500 of those
that are multiple-planet systems.
that are multiple-planet systems.
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Poznáme 500 sústav s viacerými planétami.
08:27
And there are 4,000 --
and still counting -- other candidates
and still counting -- other candidates
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Jestvuje 4 000 ďalších
potenciálnych planét
potenciálnych planét
08:31
for planets orbiting other stars.
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a ich počet stúpa.
08:33
They come in a brooling variety
of different kinds.
of different kinds.
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Ich rôznorodosť je úžasne veľká.
08:37
There are Jupiter-like
planets that are hot,
planets that are hot,
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Horúce planéty podobné Jupiteru,
08:40
there are other planets that are icy,
there are water worlds
there are water worlds
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iné zasa celé z ľadu, ďalej vodné svety
08:44
and there are rocky planets
like the Earth, so-called "super-Earths,"
like the Earth, so-called "super-Earths,"
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a kamenné planéty ako Zem,
takzvané „superzeme“,
takzvané „superzeme“,
08:48
and there have even been planets
that have been speculated diamond worlds.
that have been speculated diamond worlds.
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a dokonca sa špekuluje o existencii
diamantových planét.
diamantových planét.
08:53
So we know there's at least one planet,
our own Earth, in which there is life.
our own Earth, in which there is life.
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Poznáme minimálne jednu planétu,
na ktorej je život – našu Zem.
na ktorej je život – našu Zem.
08:58
We've even found planets
that are orbiting two stars.
that are orbiting two stars.
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Ba našli sa planéty
obiehajúce okolo dvoch hviezd.
obiehajúce okolo dvoch hviezd.
09:02
That's no longer the province
of science fiction.
of science fiction.
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Toto viac nie je sci-fi.
09:07
So around our own planet,
we know there's life,
we know there's life,
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Takže, na celej našej planéte je život,
09:09
we've developed a complex life,
we now can question our own origins.
we now can question our own origins.
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vyvinutý do komplexnej formy,
a tak sa môžeme pýtať na náš pôvod.
a tak sa môžeme pýtať na náš pôvod.
09:15
And given all that we've discovered,
the overwhelming numbers now suggest
the overwhelming numbers now suggest
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To ohromujúce množstvo
našich objavov napovedá,
našich objavov napovedá,
09:19
that there may be millions, perhaps --
maybe even hundreds of millions --
maybe even hundreds of millions --
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že jestvujú snáď milióny
alebo stovky miliónov planét,
alebo stovky miliónov planét,
09:24
of other stars that are close enough --
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dostatočne blízko k hviezde,
09:26
just the right distance from their stars
that they're orbiting --
that they're orbiting --
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obiehajúcich presne vo vzdialenosti,
09:30
to have the existence of liquid water
and maybe could potentially support life.
and maybe could potentially support life.
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aká umožňuje výskyt tečúcej vody
a potenciálne aj vznik života.
a potenciálne aj vznik života.
09:36
So we marvel now at those odds,
the overwhelming odds,
the overwhelming odds,
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Len žasneme, aká veľká
je tá pravdepodobnosť.
je tá pravdepodobnosť.
09:40
and the amazing thing
is that within the next decade,
is that within the next decade,
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A najúžasnejšie je, že do desiatich rokov
09:43
the GMT may be able to take spectra
of the atmospheres of those planets,
of the atmospheres of those planets,
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náš teleskop možno zachytí
svetelné spektrum z atmosfér planét
svetelné spektrum z atmosfér planét
09:48
and determine whether or not
they have the potential for life.
they have the potential for life.
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a určí, či majú potenciál na vznik života.
09:53
So, what is the GMT project?
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Takže, čo je GMT?
09:55
It's an international project.
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Je to medzinárodný projekt.
09:57
It includes Australia, South Korea,
and I'm happy to say, being here in Rio,
and I'm happy to say, being here in Rio,
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Zapojila sa Austrália, Južná Kórea,
a teším sa, že tu v Riu môžem predstaviť,
a teším sa, že tu v Riu môžem predstaviť,
10:03
that the newest partner
in our telescope is Brazil.
in our telescope is Brazil.
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nášho nového partnera, Brazíliu.
10:06
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
10:11
It also includes a number of institutions
across the United States,
across the United States,
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Projekt zahŕňa aj mnoho inštitúcií
v Spojených štátoch,
v Spojených štátoch,
10:16
including Harvard University,
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vrátane Harvardovej univerzity,
10:19
the Smithsonian
and the Carnegie Institutions,
and the Carnegie Institutions,
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Smithsonovho aj Carnegieho inštitútu,
10:22
and the Universities of Arizona, Chicago,
Texas-Austin and Texas A&M University.
Texas-Austin and Texas A&M University.
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Arizonskej a Chicagskej univerzity,
Austinskej univerzity a TAMU v Texase.
Austinskej univerzity a TAMU v Texase.
10:29
It also involves Chile.
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Spolupracujeme aj s Čile.
10:32
So, the making of the mirrors
in this telescope is also fascinating
in this telescope is also fascinating
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Výroba zrkadiel pre tento ďalekohľad
je už sama o sebe fascinujúca vec.
je už sama o sebe fascinujúca vec.
10:35
in its own right.
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10:37
Take chunks of glass, melt them
in a furnace that is itself rotating.
in a furnace that is itself rotating.
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Vezmete veľké kusy skla a roztavíte
vo veľkej peci, ktorá sa točí.
vo veľkej peci, ktorá sa točí.
10:42
This happens underneath
the football stadium
the football stadium
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Toto sa deje pod futbalovým štadiónom
na Arizonskej univerzite.
na Arizonskej univerzite.
10:44
at the University of Arizona.
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10:46
It's tucked away under 52,000 seats.
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Schovali sme to pod 52 000 sedadiel.
10:49
Nobody know it's happening.
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Nikto o tom nevie.
10:51
And there's essentially
a rotating cauldron.
a rotating cauldron.
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V podstate ide o rotujúci kotol.
10:55
The mirrors are cast
and they're cooled very slowly,
and they're cooled very slowly,
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Zrkadlá sa veľmi pomaly odlejú a schladia
10:58
and then they're polished
to an exquisite precision.
to an exquisite precision.
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a potom sa veľmi precízne vyleštia.
11:01
And so, if you think
about the precision of these mirrors,
about the precision of these mirrors,
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Aby ste mali predstavu
o presnosti zrkadiel,
o presnosti zrkadiel,
11:04
the bumps on the mirror,
over the entire 27 feet,
over the entire 27 feet,
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hrbolce na celej 8-metrovej ploche
11:09
amount to less
than one-millionth of an inch.
than one-millionth of an inch.
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vyčnievajú menej než milióntinu palca.
11:13
So, can you visualize that?
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Dokážete si to predstaviť?
11:15
Ow!
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Au!
11:16
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
11:17
That's one five-thousandths
of the width of one of my hairs,
of the width of one of my hairs,
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To je jedna päťtisícina hrúbky môjho vlasu
11:23
over this entire 27 feet.
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na celých ôsmich metroch.
11:26
It's a spectacular achievement.
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Ohromný výsledok.
11:27
It's what allows us to have
the precision that we will have.
the precision that we will have.
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Práve vďaka tomu nám teleskop
poskytne takú presnosť.
poskytne takú presnosť.
11:32
So, what does that precision buy us?
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A čo tým vlastne získame?
11:35
So the GMT, if you can imagine --
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Predstavte si GMT.
11:38
if I were to hold up a coin,
which I just happen to have,
which I just happen to have,
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Vezmem mincu – náhodou tu jednu mám –
11:43
and I look at the face of that coin,
I can see from here
I can see from here
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a pozriem na jej prednú stranu.
11:48
the writing on the coin;
I can see the face on that coin.
I can see the face on that coin.
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Vidím na nej písmená a vyobrazenie tváre.
11:52
My guess that even in the front row,
you can't see that.
you can't see that.
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Myslím, že toto nevidno ani z prvého radu.
11:55
But if we were to turn
the Giant Magellan Telescope,
the Giant Magellan Telescope,
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No ak použijeme Veľký Magellanov teleskop
11:58
all 80-feet diameter
that we see in this auditorium,
that we see in this auditorium,
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s celým priemerom 25 metrov,
ako táto sieň,
ako táto sieň,
12:01
and point it 200 miles away,
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na vzdialenosť 320 kilometrov
12:05
if I were standing in São Paulo,
we could resolve the face of this coin.
we could resolve the face of this coin.
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akoby som stála v São Paule,
dokážeme rozlíšiť, čo je na minci.
dokážeme rozlíšiť, čo je na minci.
12:10
That's the extraordinary resolution
and power of this telescope.
and power of this telescope.
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Také výnimočné rozlíšenie a výkon
tento teleskop dosiahne.
tento teleskop dosiahne.
12:15
And if we were --
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A keby...
12:18
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
12:22
If an astronaut went up to the Moon,
a quarter of a million miles away,
a quarter of a million miles away,
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Keby na Mesiaci pristál astronaut,
400 000 kilometrov ďaleko,
400 000 kilometrov ďaleko,
12:27
and lit a candle -- a single candle --
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a zapálil tam jednu jedinú sviečku,
12:29
then we would be able
to detect it, using the GMT.
to detect it, using the GMT.
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s GMT by sme dokázali zachytiť jej svetlo.
12:33
Quite extraordinary.
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To je niečo mimoriadne.
12:37
This is a simulated image
of a cluster in a nearby galaxy.
of a cluster in a nearby galaxy.
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Toto je simulovaný obraz hviezdokopy
v neďalekej galaxii.
v neďalekej galaxii.
12:43
"Nearby" is astronomical,
it's all relative.
it's all relative.
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„Neďaleko“ v astronómii
je relatívny pojem.
je relatívny pojem.
12:45
It's tens of millions of light-years away.
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Je vzdialená desiatky miliónov
svetelných rokov.
svetelných rokov.
12:48
This is what this cluster would look like.
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Takto asi vyzerá.
12:50
So look at those four bright objects,
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Pozrime sa na tie štyri jasné objekty
12:52
and now lets compare it with a camera
on the Hubble Space Telescope.
on the Hubble Space Telescope.
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a porovnajme so záberom
z Hubblovho teleskopu.
z Hubblovho teleskopu.
12:56
You can see faint detail
that starts to come through.
that starts to come through.
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Dokážete už rozoznať nejasné detaily.
12:59
And now finally -- and look how dramatic
this is -- this is what the GMT will see.
this is -- this is what the GMT will see.
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A napokon – aká dramatická zmena
– toto uvidí GMT.
– toto uvidí GMT.
13:05
So, keep your eyes on those
bright images again.
bright images again.
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Pozrite ešte raz na tie jasné body.
13:08
This is what we see on one of the most
powerful existing telescopes on the Earth,
powerful existing telescopes on the Earth,
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Toto vidí jeden z najvýkonnejších
dnešných ďalekohľadov na Zemi,
dnešných ďalekohľadov na Zemi,
13:12
and this, again, what the GMT will see.
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a toto uvidí GMT.
13:16
Extraordinary precision.
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Neuveriteľné rozlíšenie.
13:18
So, where are we?
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Ako sme ďaleko?
13:20
We have now leveled the top
of the mountaintop in Chile.
of the mountaintop in Chile.
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Práve sme vyrovnali vrchol štítu v Čile.
13:23
We blasted that off.
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Urobili sme odstrel.
13:25
We've tested and polished
the first mirror.
the first mirror.
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Otestovali a vyleštili sme prvé zrkadlo.
13:28
We've cast the second
and the third mirrors.
and the third mirrors.
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Odlialo sa druhé a tretie.
13:30
And we're about to cast the fourth mirror.
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Budeme odlievať štvrté.
Tento rok sme absolvovali rad inšpekcií.
13:32
We had a series of reviews this year,
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13:34
international panels
that came in and reviewed us,
that came in and reviewed us,
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Medzinárodné komisie vykonali posudky
13:37
and said, "You're ready
to go to construction."
to go to construction."
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a hovoria: „Môžete stavať.“
13:39
And so we plan on building this telescope
with the first four mirrors.
with the first four mirrors.
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A tak chystáme stavbu
s prvými štyrmi zrkadlami.
s prvými štyrmi zrkadlami.
13:43
We want to get on the air quickly,
and be taking science data --
and be taking science data --
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Chceme fungovať čo najskôr
a zbierať vedecké údaje –
a zbierať vedecké údaje –
13:47
what we astronomers call
"first light," in 2121.
"first light," in 2121.
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– takzvané „prvé svetlo“ – v roku 2021.
13:53
And the full telescope will be finished
in the middle of the next decade,
in the middle of the next decade,
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Celý teleskop so všetkými
siedmimi zrkadlami tu bude
siedmimi zrkadlami tu bude
13:56
with all seven mirrors.
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v polovici desaťročia.
13:58
So we're now poised to look back
at the distant universe,
at the distant universe,
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Sme pripravení zahľadieť sa
na vzdialený vesmír, úsvit kozmu.
na vzdialený vesmír, úsvit kozmu.
14:02
the cosmic dawn.
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14:03
We'll be able to study other planets
in exquisite detail.
in exquisite detail.
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Budeme môcť skúmať iné planéty
veľmi detailne.
veľmi detailne.
14:08
But for me, one of the most
exciting things about building the GMT
exciting things about building the GMT
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Ale pre mňa je na stavbe GMT
najvzrušujúcejšie to,
najvzrušujúcejšie to,
14:12
is the opportunity
to actually discover something
to actually discover something
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že máme možnosť objaviť skutočne niečo,
14:15
that we don't know about --
that we can't even imagine at this point,
that we can't even imagine at this point,
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čo nepoznáme
a nevieme si dnes ani predstaviť.
a nevieme si dnes ani predstaviť.
14:18
something completely new.
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Niečo celkom nové.
14:20
And my hope is that with the construction
of this and other facilities,
of this and other facilities,
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Dúfam, že stavba tohto ďalekohľadu
a ďalších zariadení
a ďalších zariadení
14:24
that many young women and men
will be inspired to reach for the stars.
will be inspired to reach for the stars.
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inšpiruje veľa mladých žien a mužov,
aby sa chceli dotknúť hviezd.
aby sa chceli dotknúť hviezd.
14:30
Thank you very much.
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Ďakujem veľmi pekne.
14:31
Obrigado.
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Obrigado.
14:32
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
14:38
Bruno Giussani: Thank you, Wendy.
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Bruno Giussani: Ďakujeme, Wendy.
14:40
Stay with me, because
I have a question for you.
I have a question for you.
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Ostaňte ešte s nami.
Mám pre vás otázku.
Mám pre vás otázku.
14:42
You mentioned different facilities.
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Spomínate rôzne zariadenia.
14:45
So the Magellan Telescope is going up,
but also ALMA and others in Chile
but also ALMA and others in Chile
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Buduje sa Magellanov ďalekohľad,
ale tiež ALMA a ďalšie v Čile
ale tiež ALMA a ďalšie v Čile
14:49
and elsewhere, including in Hawaii.
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a inde, napríklad na Havaji.
14:52
Is it about cooperation
and complementarity, or about competition?
and complementarity, or about competition?
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Ide o spoluprácu a dopĺňanie sa
alebo o konkurenciu?
alebo o konkurenciu?
14:56
I know there's competition in terms
of funding, but what about the science?
of funding, but what about the science?
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Viem, je to súťaž v rámci financovania.
Ale čo veda?
Ale čo veda?
15:00
Wendy Freedman: In terms of the science,
they're very complementary.
they're very complementary.
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Wendy Freedman:
V rámci vedy ide o dopĺňanie sa.
V rámci vedy ide o dopĺňanie sa.
15:03
The telescopes that are in space,
the telescopes on the ground,
the telescopes on the ground,
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Ďalekohľady vo vesmíre, pozemné teleskopy,
15:06
telescopes with different
wavelength capability,
wavelength capability,
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teleskopy na vlnenie rôznych dĺžok,
15:09
telescopes even that are similar,
but different instruments --
but different instruments --
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teleskopy navzájom podobné,
ale na rozdielne účely –
ale na rozdielne účely –
15:12
they will all look at different parts
of the questions that we're asking.
of the questions that we're asking.
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každý z nich bude skúmať
inú časť našich otázok.
inú časť našich otázok.
15:16
So when we discover other planets,
we'll be able to test those observations,
we'll be able to test those observations,
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Pri objave inej planéty dokážeme
preveriť naše pozorovania,
preveriť naše pozorovania,
15:19
we'll be able to measure the atmospheres,
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zmerať vlastnosti atmosféry,
15:21
be able to look in space
with very high resolution.
with very high resolution.
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pozrieť sa do vesmíru
s vysokým rozlíšením.
s vysokým rozlíšením.
15:24
So, they're very complementary.
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Takže dopĺňajú sa.
15:26
You're right about
the funding, we compete;
the funding, we compete;
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Máte pravdu, je to súťaž,
pokiaľ ide o financie.
pokiaľ ide o financie.
15:28
but scientifically,
it's very complementary.
it's very complementary.
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Ale vo vede je spolupráca.
BG: Wendy, ďakujeme,
že ste prišli na TEDGlobal.
že ste prišli na TEDGlobal.
15:31
BG: Wendy, thank you very much
for coming to TEDGlobal.
for coming to TEDGlobal.
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WF: Aj ja ďakujem.
15:33
WF: Thank you.
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(potlesk)
15:35
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wendy Freedman - AstronomerWendy Freedman led the construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope, a massive earthbound observatory.
Why you should listen
Wendy Freedman and her colleagues raced to build the world’s first next-generation telescope. The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT), in northern Chile, is one of three mega-telescopes currently under construction in the Atacama desert region (The others are the ALMA and the European Extremely Large Telescope, E-ELT).
The GMT will have 10 times more resolution than the Hubble Space Telescope. When it is finished, Freedman could be among those who answer one of astronomy’s greatest riddles: are there any other Earth-like planets out there? No stranger to big questions, Freedman and her colleagues at the Carnegie Observatories are also refining the measurement of the Hubble Constant, which could change our understanding of the speed of our expanding universe.
More profile about the speakerThe GMT will have 10 times more resolution than the Hubble Space Telescope. When it is finished, Freedman could be among those who answer one of astronomy’s greatest riddles: are there any other Earth-like planets out there? No stranger to big questions, Freedman and her colleagues at the Carnegie Observatories are also refining the measurement of the Hubble Constant, which could change our understanding of the speed of our expanding universe.
Wendy Freedman | Speaker | TED.com