TED2018
Simona Francese: Your fingerprints reveal more than you think
Simona Francese: Vaši prstni odtisi razkrivajo več, kot si mislite
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Naši prstni odtisi nas delajo edinstvene, so pa tudi dom svetu informacij, skritih v molekulah, ki razkrivajo naša dejanja, življenjski slog in rutine. V tem navdušujočem govoru kemičarka Simona Francese pokaže, kako preučuje te mikroskopske sledi z uporabo masne sprektrometrije, tehnologije, ki analizira prstne odtise v nekoč nepredstavljive podrobnosti, in prikaže, kako lahko vrhunska forenzična znanost pomaga policiji ujeti kriminalce.
Simona Francese - Analytical chemist
Simona Francese is a chemist by training who is passionate about forensics. Full bio
Simona Francese is a chemist by training who is passionate about forensics. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Do you ever stop and think,
during a romantic dinner,
during a romantic dinner,
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Ali se med romantično večerjo
kdaj ustavite in pomislite:
kdaj ustavite in pomislite:
00:17
"I've just left my fingerprints
all over my wine glass."
all over my wine glass."
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"Svoje prstne odtise sem pustil
po vsem svojem kozarcu!"
po vsem svojem kozarcu!"
00:20
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
00:21
Or do you ever worry,
when you visit a friend,
when you visit a friend,
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Ali pa vas kdaj skrbi,
ko obiščete prijatelja
ko obiščete prijatelja
00:24
about leaving a little piece of you behind
on every surface that you touch?
on every surface that you touch?
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in za sabo pustite delček sebe
na vsaki površini, ki se jo dotaknete?
na vsaki površini, ki se jo dotaknete?
00:30
And even this evening,
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Celo nocoj,
00:31
have you paid any attention
to sit without touching anything?
to sit without touching anything?
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ste pozorni, da sedite,
ne da bi se česa dotaknili?
ne da bi se česa dotaknili?
00:36
Well, you're not alone.
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No, niste sami.
00:37
Thankfully, criminals underestimate
the power of fingerprints, too.
the power of fingerprints, too.
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Na srečo tudi kriminalci
podcenjujejo moč prstnih odtisov.
podcenjujejo moč prstnih odtisov.
00:42
And I'm not just talking about
the twisted parting of lines
the twisted parting of lines
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In ne govorim le o vijugastih črtah,
00:46
that make our fingerprint unique.
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ki delajo vaše prstne odtise edinstvene.
00:49
I'm talking about
an entire world of information
an entire world of information
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Govorim o celem svetu informacij,
00:53
hiding in a small, often invisible thing.
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ki se skriva v majhni,
pogosto nevidni stvari.
pogosto nevidni stvari.
00:57
In fact, fingerprints
are made up of molecules
are made up of molecules
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Prstni odtisi so pravzaprav
zgrajeni iz molekul,
zgrajeni iz molekul,
01:00
that belong to three classes:
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ki pripadajo trem razredom:
01:02
sweat molecules that we all produce
in very different amounts ...
in very different amounts ...
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molekule znoja, ki jih vsi
proizvajamo v različnih količinah,
proizvajamo v različnih količinah,
01:07
molecules that we introduce into our body
and then we sweat out
and then we sweat out
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molekule, ki jih vnesemo v svoje telo
in jih nato izznojimo,
in jih nato izznojimo,
01:11
and molecules that we may contaminate
our fingertips with
our fingertips with
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ter molekule, s katerimi lahko
kontaminiramo svoje prstne konice
kontaminiramo svoje prstne konice
01:15
when we come across substances
like blood, paint, grease,
like blood, paint, grease,
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v stiku s snovmi, kot so
kri, barva, maščoba,
kri, barva, maščoba,
01:18
but also invisible substances.
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pa tudi nevidne snovi.
01:21
And molecules are
the storytellers of who we are
the storytellers of who we are
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In molekule pripovedujejo
zgodbe o tem, kdo smo
zgodbe o tem, kdo smo
01:26
and what we've been up to.
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in kaj smo storili.
01:28
We just need to have
the right technology to make them talk.
the right technology to make them talk.
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Imeti moramo le pravo
tehnologijo, pa spregovorijo.
tehnologijo, pa spregovorijo.
01:34
So let me take you on a journey
of unthinkable capabilities.
of unthinkable capabilities.
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Naj vas torej popeljem na potovanje
nepredstavljivih zmožnosti.
nepredstavljivih zmožnosti.
01:42
Katie has been raped
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Katie je bila posiljena
01:45
and her lifeless body has been found
in the woods three days later,
in the woods three days later,
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in njeno mrtvo telo je bilo
najdeno v gozdu tri dni
najdeno v gozdu tri dni
01:50
after her disappearance.
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po njenem izginotju.
01:52
The police is targeting three suspects,
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Policija ima tri osumljence,
01:55
having narrowed down
the search from over 20 men
the search from over 20 men
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ki jih je izločila izmed 20 moških,
01:59
who had been seen
in that area on the same day.
in that area on the same day.
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ki so bili opaženi istega dne
na tistem področju.
na tistem področju.
02:02
The only piece of evidence
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Edini dokaz
02:04
is two very faint,
overlapping fingerprints
overlapping fingerprints
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sta dva zelo medla,
prekrivajoča se prstna odtisa
prekrivajoča se prstna odtisa
02:09
on the tape that was found
wrapped around Katie's neck.
wrapped around Katie's neck.
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na traku, ki so ga našli
zavitega okoli Katiejinega vratu.
zavitega okoli Katiejinega vratu.
02:13
Often, faint and overlapping fingerprints
cannot help the police
cannot help the police
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Medli in prekrivajoči se prstni odtisi
policiji pogosto ne morejo pomagati
policiji pogosto ne morejo pomagati
02:18
to make an identification.
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pri identifikaciji.
02:20
And until recently,
this might have been the end of the road,
this might have been the end of the road,
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In do nedavnega bi to lahko
bil konec poti,
bil konec poti,
02:25
but this is where
we can make the difference.
we can make the difference.
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a tu lahko mi spremenimo stvari.
02:29
The tape is sent to our labs,
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Trak pošljejo v naše laboratorije
02:31
where we're asked to use
our cutting-edge technology
our cutting-edge technology
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in nas prosijo, naj uporabimo
svojo vrhunsko tehnologijo
svojo vrhunsko tehnologijo
02:34
to help with the investigation.
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za pomoč pri preiskavi.
02:38
And here, we use an existing form
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Tu uporabimo obstoječo obliko
02:40
of mass spectrometry imaging technology
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tehnologije masne spektrometrske
slikovne obdelave,
slikovne obdelave,
02:45
that we have further developed and adapted
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ki smo jo nadalje razvili in prilagodili
02:47
specifically for the molecular and imaging
analysis of fingerprints.
analysis of fingerprints.
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izrecno za molekuralno in analizo
slikovne obdelave prstnih odtisov.
slikovne obdelave prstnih odtisov.
02:53
In essence, we fire
a UV laser at the print,
a UV laser at the print,
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V bistvu usmerimo UV laser na prstni odtis
02:57
and we cause the desorption
of the molecules from the print,
of the molecules from the print,
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in sprožimo desorbcijo molekul iz odtisa,
03:01
ready to be captured
by the mass spectrometer.
by the mass spectrometer.
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ki jo ujame masni spektrometer.
03:05
Mass spectrometry measures
the weight of the molecules --
the weight of the molecules --
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Masni spektrometer meri težo molekul
03:09
or as we say, the mass --
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ali, kot mi temu pravimo, maso,
03:11
and those numbers that you see there,
they indicate that mass.
they indicate that mass.
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in tiste številke, ki jih vidite,
kažejo maso.
kažejo maso.
03:15
But more crucially,
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A bolj ključno je,
03:17
they indicate who those molecules are --
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da kažejo, kdo so tiste molekule -
03:22
whether I'm seeing paracetamol
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ali vidim paracetamol
03:24
or something more sinister,
forensically speaking.
forensically speaking.
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ali kaj bolj grozljivega, če se izrazim
forenzično.
forenzično.
03:28
We applied this technology
to the evidence that we have
to the evidence that we have
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To tehnologijo smo uporabili
za dokaz, ki smo ga imeli,
za dokaz, ki smo ga imeli,
03:31
and we found the presence
of condom lubricants.
of condom lubricants.
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in našli smo prisotnost
lubrikanta s kondoma.
lubrikanta s kondoma.
03:36
In fact, we've developed protocols
that enable us to even suggest
that enable us to even suggest
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Pravzaprav smo razvili protokole,
ki nam omogočajo, da celo predlagamo,
ki nam omogočajo, da celo predlagamo,
03:40
what brand of condom might have been used.
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katere znamke kondom
je bil lahko uporabljen.
je bil lahko uporabljen.
03:45
So we pass this information to the police,
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Te informacije posredujemo policiji,
03:47
who, meanwhile,
have obtained a search warrant
have obtained a search warrant
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ki je v vmesnem času dobila
sodni nalog za preiskavo,
sodni nalog za preiskavo,
03:50
and they found the same brand
of condom in Dalton's premises.
of condom in Dalton's premises.
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in našli so kondom iste znamke
v Daltonovih prostorih.
v Daltonovih prostorih.
03:57
And with Dalton and Thomson
also having records for sexual assaults,
also having records for sexual assaults,
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Ker sta Dalton in Thomson že imela
kartoteko zaradi spolnega napada,
kartoteko zaradi spolnega napada,
04:02
then it is Chapman that may become
the less likely suspect.
the less likely suspect.
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je Chapman lahko postal
manj verjetni osumljenec.
manj verjetni osumljenec.
04:08
But is this information
enough to make an arrest?
enough to make an arrest?
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Ampak ali je ta informacija
dovolj za aretacijo?
dovolj za aretacijo?
04:11
Of course not,
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Seveda ne.
04:12
and we are asked to delve deeper
with our investigation.
with our investigation.
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Prosijo nas, da se še bolj
poglobimo v svojo preiskavo.
poglobimo v svojo preiskavo.
04:16
So we found out, also, the presence
of other two very interesting molecules.
of other two very interesting molecules.
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Tako smo odkrili tudi prisotnost
še dveh zelo zanimivih molekul.
še dveh zelo zanimivih molekul.
04:21
One is an antidepressant,
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Ena je antidepresiv,
04:24
and one is a very special molecule.
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druga pa zelo posebna molekula.
04:26
It only forms in your body
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V vašem telesu se tvori le,
04:28
if you drink alcohol
and consume cocaine at the same time.
and consume cocaine at the same time.
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če istočasno uživate alkohol in kokain.
04:32
And alcohol is known to potentiate
the effects of cocaine,
the effects of cocaine,
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In alkohol znano potencira učinke kokaina,
04:36
so here, we now have a hint
on the state of mind
on the state of mind
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kar nam da namig o stanju duha
04:41
of the individual
whilst perpetrating the crime.
whilst perpetrating the crime.
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posameznika, ko je zakrivil zločin.
04:45
We passed this information to the police,
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To informacijo smo dali policiji
04:48
and they found out that, actually,
Thomson is a drug addict,
Thomson is a drug addict,
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in odkrili so, da je Thomson
pravzaprav odvisnik od droge
pravzaprav odvisnik od droge
04:52
and he also has a medical record
for psychotic episodes,
for psychotic episodes,
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in da ima tudi zdravstveno
kartoteko zaradi psihotičnih epizod,
kartoteko zaradi psihotičnih epizod,
04:56
for which presumably
the antidepressant was prescribed.
the antidepressant was prescribed.
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za katere so mu domnevno
predpisali antidepresive.
predpisali antidepresive.
05:01
So now Thomson becomes
the more likely suspect.
the more likely suspect.
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Zdaj postane Thomson bolj
verjetni storilec.
verjetni storilec.
05:07
But the reality is that I still don't know
where these molecules are coming from,
where these molecules are coming from,
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A resnica je, da še vedno ne vem,
od kod prihajajo te molekule,
od kod prihajajo te molekule,
05:12
from which fingerprint,
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s katerega prstnega odtisa
05:14
and who those two fingerprints belong to.
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in komu oba prstna odtisa pripadata.
05:18
Fear not.
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Ne bojte se.
05:19
Mass spectrometry imaging
can help us further.
can help us further.
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Masna spektrometrska slikovna
obdelava nam pomaga dalje.
obdelava nam pomaga dalje.
05:22
In fact, the technology is so powerful
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Ta tehnologija je pravzaprav tako mogočna,
05:26
that we can see where
these molecules are on a fingerprint.
these molecules are on a fingerprint.
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da lahko vidimo, kje na prstnem
odtisu so te molekule.
odtisu so te molekule.
05:31
Like you see in this video,
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Kot vidite v tem videu,
05:33
every single one of those peaks
corresponds to a mass,
corresponds to a mass,
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vsak izmed tistih vrhov
ustreza neki masi,
ustreza neki masi,
05:37
every mass to a molecule,
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vsaka masa neki molekuli
05:39
and we can interrogate the software,
by selecting each of those molecules,
by selecting each of those molecules,
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in z izbiro vsake od teh molekul lahko
povprašamo našo programsko opremo,
povprašamo našo programsko opremo,
05:44
as to where they are present
on a fingermark.
on a fingermark.
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kje so prisotne na prstnem odtisu.
05:49
And some images are not very revealing,
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Nekatere slike ne povedo veliko,
05:52
some are better,
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nekatere so boljše,
05:53
some are really good.
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nekatere so res dobre.
05:56
And we can create multiple images
of the same mark --
of the same mark --
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Ustvarimo lahko številne
slike iste točke -
slike iste točke -
06:01
in theory, hundreds of images
of the same fingerprint --
of the same fingerprint --
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v teoriji na stotine slik
istega prstnega odtisa -
istega prstnega odtisa -
06:05
for as many of the molecules
that we have detected.
that we have detected.
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za toliko molekul, kolikor
smo jih zaznali.
smo jih zaznali.
06:09
So step one ...
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Korak ena, torej ...
06:12
for overlapping fingerprints, chances are,
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za prekrivajoče se prstne odtise
so možnosti,
so možnosti,
06:16
especially if they come
from different individuals,
from different individuals,
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še posebno, če prihajajo od
različnih oseb,
različnih oseb,
06:18
that the molecular composition
is not identical,
is not identical,
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da molekularna zgradba ni identična,
06:22
so let's ask the software
to visualize those unique molecules
to visualize those unique molecules
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zato prosimo programsko opremo,
da vizualizira te edinstvene molekule,
da vizualizira te edinstvene molekule,
06:27
just present in one fingermark
and not in the other one.
and not in the other one.
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prisotne le v enem prstnem odtisu,
v drugem pa ne.
v drugem pa ne.
06:31
By doing so,
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S tem
06:33
that's how we can separate
the two ridge patterns.
the two ridge patterns.
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lahko ločimo oba papilarna vzorca.
06:38
And this is really important
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To je res pomembno,
06:40
because the police now are able
to identify one of the two fingerprints,
to identify one of the two fingerprints,
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ker zdaj policija lahko identificira
enega od obeh prstnih odtisov,
enega od obeh prstnih odtisov,
06:46
which actually corresponds to Katie.
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ki dejansko ustreza Katie.
06:49
And they've been able to say so
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To so lahko rekli,
06:50
because they've compared
the two separate images
the two separate images
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ker so primerjali obe posamezni sliki
06:53
with one taken posthumously from Katie.
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s tisto, po smrti odvzeto Katie.
06:56
So now, we can concentrate
on one fingerprint only --
on one fingerprint only --
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Zdaj se lahko osredotočimo
samo na en prstni odtis,
samo na en prstni odtis,
07:02
that of the killer's.
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morilčev.
07:04
So then, step two ...
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Drugi korak ...
07:06
where are these three
molecules that I've seen?
molecules that I've seen?
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kje so te tri molekule, ki sem jih videla?
07:10
Well, let's interrogate the software --
show me where they are.
show me where they are.
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Povprašajmo programsko
opremo - pokaži, kje so.
opremo - pokaži, kje so.
07:13
And by doing this,
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S tem
07:15
only portions of the image
of the killer's fingerprint show up.
of the killer's fingerprint show up.
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se pokažejo le deli slike
morilčevega prstnega odtisa.
morilčevega prstnega odtisa.
07:21
In other words,
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Z drugimi besedami,
07:22
those substances are only present
in the killer's print.
in the killer's print.
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tiste snovi so prisotne le
v morilčevem odtisu.
v morilčevem odtisu.
07:29
So now our molecular findings
start matching very nicely
start matching very nicely
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Zdaj se začno molekularni izsledki
zelo lepo ujemati
zelo lepo ujemati
07:34
the police intelligence about Thomson,
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s policijskimi informacijami o Thomsonu,
07:37
should that fingerprint belong to him.
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če mu pripada ta prstni odtis.
07:40
But the reality is that that print
is still not good enough
is still not good enough
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A resnica je, da ta prstni
odtis še vedni ni dovolj dober
odtis še vedni ni dovolj dober
07:44
to make an identification.
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za identifikacijo.
07:46
Step three:
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Tretji korak:
07:47
since we can generate hundreds of images
of the same fingerprint,
of the same fingerprint,
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ker lahko generiramo na stotine slik
istega prstnega odtisa,
istega prstnega odtisa,
07:54
why don't we superimpose them,
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zakaj jih ne nadgradimo
07:57
and by doing so,
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in na ta način
07:58
try to improve the rich pattern
of continuity and clarity?
of continuity and clarity?
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poskusimo izboljšati bogati vzorec
kontinuitete in jasnosti?
kontinuitete in jasnosti?
08:02
That's the result.
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To je rezultat.
08:04
Striking.
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Osupljivo.
08:05
We now have a very clear image
of the fingerprint
of the fingerprint
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Zdaj imamo zelo jasno sliko
prstnega odtisa
prstnega odtisa
08:09
and the police can run it
through the database.
through the database.
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in policija ga lahko preveri
v svoji podatkovni bazi.
v svoji podatkovni bazi.
08:12
The match comes out to Thomson.
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Ujema se s Thomsonom.
08:15
Thomson is our killer.
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Thomson je naš morilec.
08:17
(Applause)
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(aplavz)
08:21
Katie, the suspects and the circumstances
of the crime aren't real,
of the crime aren't real,
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Katie, osumljenci in okoliščine
zločina niso resnični,
zločina niso resnični,
08:28
but the story contains elements
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zgodba pa vsebuje elemente
08:31
of the real police casework
we've been confronted with,
we've been confronted with,
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resničnega policijskega primera,
s katerim smo bili soočeni,
s katerim smo bili soočeni,
08:36
and is a composite of the intelligence
that we can provide --
that we can provide --
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in je skupek inteligence, ki jo
lahko ponudimo,
lahko ponudimo,
08:39
that we have been able
to provide the police.
to provide the police.
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ki smo jo lahko ponudili policiji.
08:43
And I'm really, really thrilled
that after nine years of intense research,
that after nine years of intense research,
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Resnično, resnično sem navdušena,
da po devetih letih intenzivnih raziskav
da po devetih letih intenzivnih raziskav
08:47
as of 2017,
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od leta 2017 dalje
08:49
we are able to contribute
to police investigations.
to police investigations.
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lahko prispevamo k policijskih preiskavam.
08:53
Mine is no longer a dream;
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Moje niso več sanje,
08:56
it's a goal.
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ampak cilj.
08:57
We're going to do this wider and wider,
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To bomo delali širše in širše,
09:00
bigger and bigger,
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večje in večje
09:02
and we're going to know
more about the suspect,
more about the suspect,
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in več bomo vedeli o osumljencih
09:05
and we're going to build an identikit.
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in zgradili bomo fotorobota.
09:08
I believe this is also a new era
for criminal profiling.
for criminal profiling.
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Verjamem, da smo v novi
dobi profiliranja kriminalcev.
dobi profiliranja kriminalcev.
09:12
The work of the criminologist
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Delo kriminologov
09:14
draws on the expert recognition
of behavioral patterns
of behavioral patterns
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črpa iz strokovnega priznanja
vedenjskih vzorcev,
vedenjskih vzorcev,
09:18
that have been observed before
to belong to a certain type,
to belong to a certain type,
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ki so jih že v preteklosti pripisali
določenim tipom,
določenim tipom,
09:22
to a certain profile.
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določenim profilom.
09:23
As opposed to this expert
but subjective evaluation,
but subjective evaluation,
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V nasprotju s tem strokovnim,
a subjektivnim vrednotenjem
a subjektivnim vrednotenjem
09:28
we're trying to do the same thing,
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poskušamo delati isto,
09:30
but from the molecular makeup
of the fingerprint,
of the fingerprint,
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a iz molekularne sestave prstnih odtisov,
09:34
and the two can work together.
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in oboje lahko dela z roko v roki.
09:36
I did say that molecules are storytellers,
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Rekla sem, da so molekule
pripovedovalci zgodb,
pripovedovalci zgodb,
09:39
so information on your health,
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zato so informacije o vašem zdravju,
09:42
your actions, your lifestyle,
your routines,
your routines,
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vaših dejanjih, življenjskem slogu,
rutinah
rutinah
09:46
they're all there,
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vse tu,
09:48
accessible in a fingerprint.
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dostopne v prstnem odtisu.
09:51
And molecules are
the storytellers of our secrets
the storytellers of our secrets
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In molekule pripovedujejo
zgodbe o naših skrivnostih
zgodbe o naših skrivnostih
09:56
in just a touch.
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samo z dotikom.
09:58
Thank you.
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Hvala.
09:59
(Audience) Wow.
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(aplavz)
10:01
(Applause)
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(aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Simona Francese - Analytical chemistSimona Francese is a chemist by training who is passionate about forensics.
Why you should listen
Simona Francese is a Professor of Forensic and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry at Sheffield Hallam University in the UK. As she writes: "I have been fascinated by forensics since I was 17, and I was determined to pursue an educational route that eventually would enable me to contribute to secure societies. As always in life, nothing is straightforward. I enrolled in the chemistry course because it was the closest degree at the time that could lead me to where I wanted to be. I ended up doing a PhD and post-doctorate fellowships working with viruses and diseases. But I was always focused on my ultimate objective, and throughout I developed a strong expertise in mass spectrometry, which is an extremely versatile analytical technique. This was crucial.
"When I obtained my first lectureship, I had the freedom to build my own research, and I used mass spectrometry imaging to develop ways to profile individuals from their fingermarks, thus helping police with their investigations. What has the suspect been handling? What is their lifestyle? What did he do prior to or while committing the crime? These are some of the questions that the developed technology can answer, and we are working on providing additional information -- for example, on the pathological or pharmacological state of the individual, just from looking at their fingermark! A fantastic achievement for me, but the best accomplishment was keeping the focus for 14 years and remaining determined to finally be able to do what I have always been so passionate about."
Simona Francese | Speaker | TED.com