TED2018
Simona Francese: Your fingerprints reveal more than you think
Simona Frančeze (Simona Francese): Vaši otisci prstiju otkrivaju više nego što mislite
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Naši otisci prstiju nas čine jedinstvenim, ali oni su takođe skladište informacija skrivenih u molekulima koji otkrivaju naše radnje, stil života i rutinu. U ovom fascinantnom govoru, hemičarka Simona Frančeze pokazuje kako proučava ove mikroskopske tragove koristeći masenu spektrometriju, tehnologiju koja analizira otiske prstiju do detalja koji su do sada bili nemogući, i demonstrira kako ova najnovija forenzička nauka može da pomogne policiji u hvatanju kriminalaca.
Simona Francese - Analytical chemist
Simona Francese is a chemist by training who is passionate about forensics. Full bio
Simona Francese is a chemist by training who is passionate about forensics. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Da li ikada pomislite
tokom romantične večere:
tokom romantične večere:
00:12
Do you ever stop and think,
during a romantic dinner,
during a romantic dinner,
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00:17
"I've just left my fingerprints
all over my wine glass."
all over my wine glass."
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„Upravo sam ostavio otiske
prstiju po celoj čaši vina.“
prstiju po celoj čaši vina.“
00:20
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:21
Or do you ever worry,
when you visit a friend,
when you visit a friend,
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Ili da li se ikada brinete,
dok ste u poseti prijatelju,
dok ste u poseti prijatelju,
00:24
about leaving a little piece of you behind
on every surface that you touch?
on every surface that you touch?
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što ostavljate mali deo sebe
na svakoj površini koju dodirnete?
na svakoj površini koju dodirnete?
00:30
And even this evening,
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Čak i večeras,
00:31
have you paid any attention
to sit without touching anything?
to sit without touching anything?
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jeste li obratili pažnju
da sednete ne dodirujući ništa?
da sednete ne dodirujući ništa?
00:36
Well, you're not alone.
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E, pa niste jedini.
00:37
Thankfully, criminals underestimate
the power of fingerprints, too.
the power of fingerprints, too.
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Srećom, kriminalci takođe podcenjuju
moć otisaka prstiju.
moć otisaka prstiju.
00:42
And I'm not just talking about
the twisted parting of lines
the twisted parting of lines
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Ne govorim samo o kružnom rasporedu linija
00:46
that make our fingerprint unique.
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koje naš otisak čine jedinstvenim.
00:49
I'm talking about
an entire world of information
an entire world of information
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Govorim o čitavom svetu informacija
00:53
hiding in a small, often invisible thing.
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koji se krije u maloj,
često nevidljivoj pojedinosti.
često nevidljivoj pojedinosti.
00:57
In fact, fingerprints
are made up of molecules
are made up of molecules
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Zapravo, otisci prstiju
su sačinjeni od molekula
su sačinjeni od molekula
01:00
that belong to three classes:
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koji spadaju u tri grupe:
01:02
sweat molecules that we all produce
in very different amounts ...
in very different amounts ...
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molekuli znoja koje svi proizvodimo
u veoma različitim količinama...
u veoma različitim količinama...
01:07
molecules that we introduce into our body
and then we sweat out
and then we sweat out
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molekuli koje unosimo u telo
a zatim izbacujemo znojenjem
a zatim izbacujemo znojenjem
01:11
and molecules that we may contaminate
our fingertips with
our fingertips with
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i molekuli kojima možemo
kontaminirati vrhove prstiju
kontaminirati vrhove prstiju
01:15
when we come across substances
like blood, paint, grease,
like blood, paint, grease,
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kada naiđemo na supstance
kao što su krv, boja, mast,
kao što su krv, boja, mast,
01:18
but also invisible substances.
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ali i nevidljive supstance.
01:21
And molecules are
the storytellers of who we are
the storytellers of who we are
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Molekuli pripovedaju priču
o tome ko smo mi
o tome ko smo mi
01:26
and what we've been up to.
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i šta smo radili.
01:28
We just need to have
the right technology to make them talk.
the right technology to make them talk.
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Samo treba da imamo
pravu tehnologiju da nam to i otkriju.
pravu tehnologiju da nam to i otkriju.
01:34
So let me take you on a journey
of unthinkable capabilities.
of unthinkable capabilities.
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Povešću vas na putovanje
nezamislivih mogućnosti.
nezamislivih mogućnosti.
01:42
Katie has been raped
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Kejti je silovana
01:45
and her lifeless body has been found
in the woods three days later,
in the woods three days later,
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i njeno beživotno telo je pronađeno u šumi
tri dana nakon njenog nestanka.
01:50
after her disappearance.
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01:52
The police is targeting three suspects,
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Policija sumnja na tri osobe,
01:55
having narrowed down
the search from over 20 men
the search from over 20 men
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nakon što su suzili potragu
sa preko 20 muškaraca
sa preko 20 muškaraca
01:59
who had been seen
in that area on the same day.
in that area on the same day.
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koji su viđeni u toj oblasti istog dana.
02:02
The only piece of evidence
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Jedini dokaz
02:04
is two very faint,
overlapping fingerprints
overlapping fingerprints
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su dva vrlo bleda otiska
koji se preklapaju
koji se preklapaju
02:09
on the tape that was found
wrapped around Katie's neck.
wrapped around Katie's neck.
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na traci koja je nađena
obmotana oko Kejtinog vrata.
obmotana oko Kejtinog vrata.
02:13
Often, faint and overlapping fingerprints
cannot help the police
cannot help the police
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Otisci koji su bledi i preklapaju se
često ne mogu pomoći policiji
često ne mogu pomoći policiji
02:18
to make an identification.
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da identifikuje počinioca.
02:20
And until recently,
this might have been the end of the road,
this might have been the end of the road,
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I do skoro, to bi bio kraj puta,
02:25
but this is where
we can make the difference.
we can make the difference.
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ali ovde možemo promeniti stvari.
02:29
The tape is sent to our labs,
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Traka je poslata u našu laboratoriju,
02:31
where we're asked to use
our cutting-edge technology
our cutting-edge technology
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gde smo koristili najnoviju tehnologiju
02:34
to help with the investigation.
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da pomognemo u istrazi.
02:38
And here, we use an existing form
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Ovde koristimo postojeći oblik
02:40
of mass spectrometry imaging technology
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tehnologije oslikavanja
masene spektrometrije
masene spektrometrije
02:45
that we have further developed and adapted
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koju smo razvili i prilagodili
02:47
specifically for the molecular and imaging
analysis of fingerprints.
analysis of fingerprints.
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posebno za molekularnu
i vizuelnu analizu otisaka.
i vizuelnu analizu otisaka.
02:53
In essence, we fire
a UV laser at the print,
a UV laser at the print,
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U suštini, ispaljujemo UV laser na otisak
02:57
and we cause the desorption
of the molecules from the print,
of the molecules from the print,
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i izazivamo desorpciju molekula iz otiska,
03:01
ready to be captured
by the mass spectrometer.
by the mass spectrometer.
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kako bi ih zahvatili
masenim spektrometrom.
masenim spektrometrom.
03:05
Mass spectrometry measures
the weight of the molecules --
the weight of the molecules --
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Masena spektrometrija
meri težinu molekula -
meri težinu molekula -
03:09
or as we say, the mass --
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ili kako bismo rekli, masu -
03:11
and those numbers that you see there,
they indicate that mass.
they indicate that mass.
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i brojke koje ovde vidite
označavaju tu masu.
označavaju tu masu.
03:15
But more crucially,
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Što je najvažnije,
03:17
they indicate who those molecules are --
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one označavaju šta su ti molekuli -
03:22
whether I'm seeing paracetamol
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bilo da vidimo paracetamol
03:24
or something more sinister,
forensically speaking.
forensically speaking.
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ili nešto zlokobnije,
u forenzičkom smislu.
u forenzičkom smislu.
03:28
We applied this technology
to the evidence that we have
to the evidence that we have
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Primenili smo ovu tehnologiju
na dokaze koje imamo
na dokaze koje imamo
03:31
and we found the presence
of condom lubricants.
of condom lubricants.
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i pronašli smo prisustvo
lubrikanata kondoma.
lubrikanata kondoma.
03:36
In fact, we've developed protocols
that enable us to even suggest
that enable us to even suggest
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U stvari, razvili smo protokole
koji čak omogućuju da utvrdimo
koji čak omogućuju da utvrdimo
03:40
what brand of condom might have been used.
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koji brend kondoma je možda korišćen.
03:45
So we pass this information to the police,
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Prosledili smo ove informacije policiji,
03:47
who, meanwhile,
have obtained a search warrant
have obtained a search warrant
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koja je, u međuvremenu,
nabavila nalog za pretres
nabavila nalog za pretres
03:50
and they found the same brand
of condom in Dalton's premises.
of condom in Dalton's premises.
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i našla isti brend kondoma
u Daltonovom stanu.
u Daltonovom stanu.
03:57
And with Dalton and Thomson
also having records for sexual assaults,
also having records for sexual assaults,
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Kako Dalton i Tomson imaju
i dosije zbog seksualnih prestupa,
i dosije zbog seksualnih prestupa,
04:02
then it is Chapman that may become
the less likely suspect.
the less likely suspect.
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Čapman bi mogao da postane manje sumnjiv.
04:08
But is this information
enough to make an arrest?
enough to make an arrest?
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Ali da li je ova informacija
dovoljna za hapšenje?
dovoljna za hapšenje?
04:11
Of course not,
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Naravno da nije,
04:12
and we are asked to delve deeper
with our investigation.
with our investigation.
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pa su nas zamolili
da kopamo dublje u istrazi.
da kopamo dublje u istrazi.
04:16
So we found out, also, the presence
of other two very interesting molecules.
of other two very interesting molecules.
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Tako smo takođe otkrili prisustvo
druga dva vrlo zanimljiva molekula.
druga dva vrlo zanimljiva molekula.
04:21
One is an antidepressant,
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Jedan je antidepresiv,
04:24
and one is a very special molecule.
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a drugi veoma poseban molekul.
04:26
It only forms in your body
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U našem telu se stvara
04:28
if you drink alcohol
and consume cocaine at the same time.
and consume cocaine at the same time.
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samo ako pijemo alkohol
i uzimamo kokain u isto vreme.
i uzimamo kokain u isto vreme.
04:32
And alcohol is known to potentiate
the effects of cocaine,
the effects of cocaine,
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Poznato je da alkohol
pojačava dejstvo kokaina,
pojačava dejstvo kokaina,
04:36
so here, we now have a hint
on the state of mind
on the state of mind
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pa sada imamo nagoveštaj
u kakvom stanju uma
u kakvom stanju uma
04:41
of the individual
whilst perpetrating the crime.
whilst perpetrating the crime.
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se nalazila osoba tokom izvršenja zločina.
04:45
We passed this information to the police,
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Prosledili smo ove informacije policiji,
04:48
and they found out that, actually,
Thomson is a drug addict,
Thomson is a drug addict,
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i oni su otkrili da je Tomson,
u stvari, zavisnik od droge,
u stvari, zavisnik od droge,
04:52
and he also has a medical record
for psychotic episodes,
for psychotic episodes,
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i da ima zdravstveni karton
zbog psihotičnih epizoda,
zbog psihotičnih epizoda,
04:56
for which presumably
the antidepressant was prescribed.
the antidepressant was prescribed.
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za koje mu je verovatno
prepisan antidepresiv.
prepisan antidepresiv.
05:01
So now Thomson becomes
the more likely suspect.
the more likely suspect.
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Sada Tomson postaje sumnjiviji.
05:07
But the reality is that I still don't know
where these molecules are coming from,
where these molecules are coming from,
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Ali činjenica je da ja i dalje ne znam
odakle ovi molekuli dolaze,
odakle ovi molekuli dolaze,
05:12
from which fingerprint,
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sa kog otiska,
05:14
and who those two fingerprints belong to.
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i kome ti otisci pripadaju.
05:18
Fear not.
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Bez brige.
05:19
Mass spectrometry imaging
can help us further.
can help us further.
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Oslikavanje masenom spektrometrijom
nam može dodatno pomoći.
nam može dodatno pomoći.
05:22
In fact, the technology is so powerful
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U stvari, ova tehnologija je toliko moćna
05:26
that we can see where
these molecules are on a fingerprint.
these molecules are on a fingerprint.
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da možemo videti gde se
ovi molekuli nalaze na otisku.
ovi molekuli nalaze na otisku.
05:31
Like you see in this video,
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Kao što vidite u ovom videu,
05:33
every single one of those peaks
corresponds to a mass,
corresponds to a mass,
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svaka od ovih izbočina
odgovara nekoj masi,
odgovara nekoj masi,
05:37
every mass to a molecule,
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svaka masa molekulu,
05:39
and we can interrogate the software,
by selecting each of those molecules,
by selecting each of those molecules,
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pa možemo proveriti softver,
selektujući svaki od tih molekula,
selektujući svaki od tih molekula,
05:44
as to where they are present
on a fingermark.
on a fingermark.
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kako bismo utvrdili
gde se nalaze na otisku.
gde se nalaze na otisku.
05:49
And some images are not very revealing,
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Neke slike ne otkrivaju previše,
05:52
some are better,
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neke su bolje,
05:53
some are really good.
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a neke veoma dobre.
05:56
And we can create multiple images
of the same mark --
of the same mark --
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Možemo napraviti
i više slika istog otiska -
i više slika istog otiska -
06:01
in theory, hundreds of images
of the same fingerprint --
of the same fingerprint --
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teorijski, stotine slika
istog otiska prsta -
istog otiska prsta -
06:05
for as many of the molecules
that we have detected.
that we have detected.
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za svaki od molekula koji smo otkrili.
06:09
So step one ...
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Prvi korak...
06:12
for overlapping fingerprints, chances are,
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preklapajući otisci, najverovatnije,
06:16
especially if they come
from different individuals,
from different individuals,
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pogotovo ako potiču od različitih osoba,
06:18
that the molecular composition
is not identical,
is not identical,
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nemaju isti molekularni sastav,
06:22
so let's ask the software
to visualize those unique molecules
to visualize those unique molecules
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pa ćemo tražiti od softvera
da vizualizuje te jedinstvene molekule
da vizualizuje te jedinstvene molekule
06:27
just present in one fingermark
and not in the other one.
and not in the other one.
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prisutne u jednom otisku,
ali ne i u drugom.
ali ne i u drugom.
06:31
By doing so,
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Čineći ovo,
06:33
that's how we can separate
the two ridge patterns.
the two ridge patterns.
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možemo razdvojiti dva šablona brazda.
06:38
And this is really important
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Ovo je zaista važno
06:40
because the police now are able
to identify one of the two fingerprints,
to identify one of the two fingerprints,
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jer policija sada može
identifikovati jedan od dva otiska,
identifikovati jedan od dva otiska,
06:46
which actually corresponds to Katie.
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koji, u stvari, pripada Kejti.
06:49
And they've been able to say so
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To mogu učiniti
06:50
because they've compared
the two separate images
the two separate images
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jer su uporedili dve zasebne slike
06:53
with one taken posthumously from Katie.
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sa jednom uzetom posthumno od Kejti.
06:56
So now, we can concentrate
on one fingerprint only --
on one fingerprint only --
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Sada se možemo koncentrisati
na samo jedan otisak -
na samo jedan otisak -
07:02
that of the killer's.
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ubicin.
07:04
So then, step two ...
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Zatim, drugi korak...
07:06
where are these three
molecules that I've seen?
molecules that I've seen?
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gde se nalaze ova tri molekula
koja sam videla?
koja sam videla?
07:10
Well, let's interrogate the software --
show me where they are.
show me where they are.
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Pa, hajde da proverimo softver -
pokaži mi gde se nalaze.
pokaži mi gde se nalaze.
07:13
And by doing this,
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Čineći ovo,
07:15
only portions of the image
of the killer's fingerprint show up.
of the killer's fingerprint show up.
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samo delovi slike
ubicinih otisaka se pojave.
ubicinih otisaka se pojave.
07:21
In other words,
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Drugim rečima,
07:22
those substances are only present
in the killer's print.
in the killer's print.
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te supstance su prisutne
samo u ubicinom otisku.
samo u ubicinom otisku.
07:29
So now our molecular findings
start matching very nicely
start matching very nicely
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Sada naši molekularni nalazi
počinju fino da se poklapaju
počinju fino da se poklapaju
07:34
the police intelligence about Thomson,
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sa policijskim podacima o Tomsonu,
07:37
should that fingerprint belong to him.
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ako taj otisak pripada njemu.
07:40
But the reality is that that print
is still not good enough
is still not good enough
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Ali zapravo, taj otisak
i dalje nije dovoljno dobar
i dalje nije dovoljno dobar
07:44
to make an identification.
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da bi se ubica identifikovao.
07:46
Step three:
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Treći korak:
07:47
since we can generate hundreds of images
of the same fingerprint,
of the same fingerprint,
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pošto možemo napraviti
stotine slika istog otiska,
stotine slika istog otiska,
07:54
why don't we superimpose them,
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zašto ih ne bismo preklopili,
07:57
and by doing so,
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i na ovaj način,
07:58
try to improve the rich pattern
of continuity and clarity?
of continuity and clarity?
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pokušali da poboljšamo
bogatu strukturu kontinuiteta i jasnoće?
bogatu strukturu kontinuiteta i jasnoće?
08:02
That's the result.
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Ovo je rezultat.
08:04
Striking.
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Zapanjujuće.
08:05
We now have a very clear image
of the fingerprint
of the fingerprint
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Sada imamo veoma jasnu sliku otiska,
08:09
and the police can run it
through the database.
through the database.
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pa ga policija može proveriti
u bazi podataka.
u bazi podataka.
08:12
The match comes out to Thomson.
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Otisak pripada Tomsonu.
08:15
Thomson is our killer.
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Tomson je naš ubica.
08:17
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
08:21
Katie, the suspects and the circumstances
of the crime aren't real,
of the crime aren't real,
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Kejti, osumnjičeni
i okolnosti zločina nisu stvarni,
i okolnosti zločina nisu stvarni,
08:28
but the story contains elements
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ali priča sadrži elemente
08:31
of the real police casework
we've been confronted with,
we've been confronted with,
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stvarnog slučaja policije
sa kojim smo se suočili,
sa kojim smo se suočili,
08:36
and is a composite of the intelligence
that we can provide --
that we can provide --
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i skup su podataka koje možemo pružiti -
08:39
that we have been able
to provide the police.
to provide the police.
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koje smo mogli pružiti policiji.
08:43
And I'm really, really thrilled
that after nine years of intense research,
that after nine years of intense research,
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Zaista sam uzbuđena što nakon devet godina
intenzivnog istraživanja,
intenzivnog istraživanja,
08:47
as of 2017,
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od 2017. godine,
08:49
we are able to contribute
to police investigations.
to police investigations.
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možemo doprineti policijskim istragama.
08:53
Mine is no longer a dream;
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To više nije moj san;
08:56
it's a goal.
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nego cilj.
08:57
We're going to do this wider and wider,
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Radićemo ovo sve više i više,
09:00
bigger and bigger,
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bolje i bolje,
09:02
and we're going to know
more about the suspect,
more about the suspect,
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znaćemo više o osumnjičenima,
09:05
and we're going to build an identikit.
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i napravićemo fotorobota.
09:08
I believe this is also a new era
for criminal profiling.
for criminal profiling.
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Verujem da je ovo nova era
kriminalnog profajlinga.
kriminalnog profajlinga.
09:12
The work of the criminologist
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Rad kriminologa
09:14
draws on the expert recognition
of behavioral patterns
of behavioral patterns
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zasniva se na stručnom prepoznavanju
obrazaca ponašanja
obrazaca ponašanja
09:18
that have been observed before
to belong to a certain type,
to belong to a certain type,
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koji se prethodno posmatraju
i povezuju sa određenim tipom,
i povezuju sa određenim tipom,
09:22
to a certain profile.
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sa određenim profilom.
09:23
As opposed to this expert
but subjective evaluation,
but subjective evaluation,
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Nasuprot ovoj stručnoj
ali subjektivnoj proceni,
ali subjektivnoj proceni,
09:28
we're trying to do the same thing,
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mi pokušavamo da uradimo isto to,
09:30
but from the molecular makeup
of the fingerprint,
of the fingerprint,
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ali iz molekularnog sastava otiska,
09:34
and the two can work together.
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i te dve metode možemo udružiti.
09:36
I did say that molecules are storytellers,
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Rekla sam da su molekuli pripovedači,
09:39
so information on your health,
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i informacije o vašem zdravlju,
09:42
your actions, your lifestyle,
your routines,
your routines,
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radnjama, stilu života, rutinama,
09:46
they're all there,
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sve su tu,
09:48
accessible in a fingerprint.
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dostupne u otisku.
09:51
And molecules are
the storytellers of our secrets
the storytellers of our secrets
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Molekuli su pripovedači naših tajni
09:56
in just a touch.
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u samo jednom dodiru.
09:58
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
09:59
(Audience) Wow.
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(Publika) Vau.
10:01
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Simona Francese - Analytical chemistSimona Francese is a chemist by training who is passionate about forensics.
Why you should listen
Simona Francese is a Professor of Forensic and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry at Sheffield Hallam University in the UK. As she writes: "I have been fascinated by forensics since I was 17, and I was determined to pursue an educational route that eventually would enable me to contribute to secure societies. As always in life, nothing is straightforward. I enrolled in the chemistry course because it was the closest degree at the time that could lead me to where I wanted to be. I ended up doing a PhD and post-doctorate fellowships working with viruses and diseases. But I was always focused on my ultimate objective, and throughout I developed a strong expertise in mass spectrometry, which is an extremely versatile analytical technique. This was crucial.
"When I obtained my first lectureship, I had the freedom to build my own research, and I used mass spectrometry imaging to develop ways to profile individuals from their fingermarks, thus helping police with their investigations. What has the suspect been handling? What is their lifestyle? What did he do prior to or while committing the crime? These are some of the questions that the developed technology can answer, and we are working on providing additional information -- for example, on the pathological or pharmacological state of the individual, just from looking at their fingermark! A fantastic achievement for me, but the best accomplishment was keeping the focus for 14 years and remaining determined to finally be able to do what I have always been so passionate about."
Simona Francese | Speaker | TED.com