TEDGlobal 2014
Alison Killing: There’s a better way to die, and architecture can help
Alison Killing: Obstaja boljši način smrti in arhitektura lahko pomaga
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Arhitektka Alison Killing v kratkem in provokativnem nastopu govori o stavbah, kjer se dogaja smrt in umiranje - pokopališčih, bolnišnicah in domovih. Način kako umiramo se spreminja, in morda se lahko spremeni tudi način kako gradimo za smrt. Presenetljiv in zanimiv pogled na skrit vidik naših mest in življenj.
Alison Killing - Architect
An architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment. Full bio
An architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to tell you a story
about death and architecture.
about death and architecture.
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Rada bi vam povedala zgodbo
o smrti in arhitekturi.
o smrti in arhitekturi.
00:16
A hundred years ago, we tended to die
of infectious diseases like pneumonia,
of infectious diseases like pneumonia,
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Pred stotimi leti smo umirali
zaradi bolezni, kot je pljučnica.
zaradi bolezni, kot je pljučnica.
00:21
that, if they took hold,
would take us away quite quickly.
would take us away quite quickly.
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Če smo zboleli, smo tudi kmalu umrli.
Umirali smo doma,
na domači postelji v krogu družine.
na domači postelji v krogu družine.
00:24
We tended to die at home,
in our own beds, looked after by family,
in our own beds, looked after by family,
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00:28
although that was the default option
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Drugače ni šlo,
saj večina ni imela dostopa
do zdravstvene oskrbe.
do zdravstvene oskrbe.
00:30
because a lot of people
lacked access to medical care.
lacked access to medical care.
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00:33
And then in the 20th century
a lot of things changed.
a lot of things changed.
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V 20. stoletju se
stvari spremenijo.
stvari spremenijo.
00:36
We developed new medicines like penicillin
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Razvili smo penicilin,
00:38
so we could treat
those infectious diseases.
those infectious diseases.
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da smo lahko zdravili bolezni.
00:40
New medical technologies
like x-ray machines were invented.
like x-ray machines were invented.
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Izumili smo nove naprave,
kot je rentgen.
kot je rentgen.
00:44
And because they were
so big and expensive,
so big and expensive,
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A te naprave so bile
velike in drage,
velike in drage,
00:46
we needed large, centralized
buildings to keep them in,
buildings to keep them in,
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in zato smo potrebovali
centralizirane stavbe,
centralizirane stavbe,
00:49
and they became our modern hospitals.
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ki so postale današnje bolnišnice.
00:51
After the Second World War,
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Po 2. svetovni vojni
00:53
a lot of countries set up
universal healthcare systems
universal healthcare systems
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so države uvedle univerzalno
zdravstveno zavarovanje,
zdravstveno zavarovanje,
00:55
so that everyone who needed
treatment could get it.
treatment could get it.
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tako je imel vsak dostop do oskrbe.
00:58
The result was that lifespans extended
from about 45 at the start of the century
from about 45 at the start of the century
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Življenjska doba se je od začetka
prejšnjega stoletja podvojila.
prejšnjega stoletja podvojila.
01:02
to almost double that today.
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20. stoletje je bil čas velikega
optimizma glede znanosti,
optimizma glede znanosti,
01:04
The 20th century was this time of huge
optimism about what science could offer,
optimism about what science could offer,
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01:09
but with all of the focus on life,
death was forgotten,
death was forgotten,
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a zaradi osredotočenosti na življenje,
je bila smrt pozabljena,
je bila smrt pozabljena,
01:12
even as our approach to death
changed dramatically.
changed dramatically.
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spremenil se je tudi naš pristop do nje.
01:15
Now, I'm an architect,
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Sem arhitektka
01:16
and for the past year and a half
I've been looking at these changes
I've been looking at these changes
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in v preteklem letu in pol
sem opazovala te spremembe,
sem opazovala te spremembe,
01:20
and at what they mean for architecture
related to death and dying.
related to death and dying.
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kaj pomenijo za arhitekturo
v povezavi s smrtjo in umiranjem.
v povezavi s smrtjo in umiranjem.
01:23
We now tend to die
of cancer and heart disease,
of cancer and heart disease,
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Sedaj umiramo zaradi
raka in srčnih bolezni,
raka in srčnih bolezni,
01:26
and what that means is that many of us
will have a long period of chronic illness
will have a long period of chronic illness
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to pa pomeni dolga obdobja
kronične bolezni
kronične bolezni
01:30
at the end of our lives.
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ob koncu našega življenja.
01:32
During that period,
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Med tem obdobjem
01:33
we'll likely spend a lot of time
in hospitals and hospices and care homes.
in hospitals and hospices and care homes.
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bomo veliko časa preživeli v
bolnišnicah, hospicih in domovih za oskrbo.
bolnišnicah, hospicih in domovih za oskrbo.
01:38
Now, we've all been in a modern hospital.
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Vsi smo že bili v sodobni bolnišnici.
01:40
You know those fluorescent lights
and the endless corridors
and the endless corridors
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Fluorescentne luči, neskončni hodniki,
01:44
and those rows of uncomfortable chairs.
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in nešteto neudobnih stolov.
01:47
Hospital architecture
has earned its bad reputation.
has earned its bad reputation.
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Arhitektura bolnišnic si
zasluži slab sloves.
zasluži slab sloves.
01:50
But the surprising thing is,
it wasn't always like this.
it wasn't always like this.
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Presenetljivo pa je,
da vedno ni bilo tako.
da vedno ni bilo tako.
01:54
This is L'Ospedale degli Innocenti,
built in 1419 by Brunelleschi,
built in 1419 by Brunelleschi,
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To je Bolnišnica nedolžnih,
leta 1419 jo je zgradil Brunelleschi,
leta 1419 jo je zgradil Brunelleschi,
01:58
who was one of the most famous
and influential architects of his time.
and influential architects of his time.
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eden najbolj znanih in najvplivnejših
arhitektov tistega časa.
arhitektov tistega časa.
02:02
And when I look at this building
and then think about hospitals today,
and then think about hospitals today,
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Ko pogledam to stavbo in pomislim
na današnje bolnišnice,
na današnje bolnišnice,
02:05
what amazes me is
this building's ambition.
this building's ambition.
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me začudi ambicija stavbe.
02:08
It's just a really great building.
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Čudovita stavba.
02:10
It has these courtyards in the middle
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Dvorišča na sredini,
02:12
so that all of the rooms
have daylight and fresh air,
have daylight and fresh air,
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tako ima vsaka soba dnevno
svetlobo in svež zrak,
svetlobo in svež zrak,
02:14
and the rooms are big
and they have high ceilings,
and they have high ceilings,
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velike sobe z visokimi stropi,
02:17
so they just feel
more comfortable to be in.
more comfortable to be in.
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v njih se pač počutiš bolj udobno.
02:19
And it's also beautiful.
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Pa še lepo je.
02:21
Somehow, we've forgotten
that that's even possible for a hospital.
that that's even possible for a hospital.
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Nekako smo pozabili,
da obstaja ta možnost za bolnišnice.
da obstaja ta možnost za bolnišnice.
02:25
Now, if we want better buildings
for dying, then we have to talk about it,
for dying, then we have to talk about it,
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Če želimo boljše stavbe za umirajoče,
se moramo o tem pogovarjati,
se moramo o tem pogovarjati,
02:29
but because we find the subject
of death uncomfortable,
of death uncomfortable,
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a ker nam je ta tema neprijetna,
02:31
we don't talk about it,
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se ne pogovarjamo
02:33
and we don't question how we
as a society approach death.
as a society approach death.
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in ne sprašujemo, kako
družba pristopa do smrti.
družba pristopa do smrti.
02:36
One of the things that surprised me
most in my research, though,
most in my research, though,
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Pri moji raziskavi pa me je
najbolj presenetilo,
najbolj presenetilo,
02:39
is how changeable attitudes actually are.
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kako zlahka lahko spremenimo odnos.
02:42
This is the first crematorium in the U.K.,
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To je prvi krematorij v Veliki Britaniji,
02:44
which was built in Woking in the 1870s.
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zgrajen v letih 1870 v Wokingu.
02:47
And when this was first built,
there were protests in the local village.
there were protests in the local village.
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Ko je bil zgrajen,
so vaščani protestirali.
so vaščani protestirali.
Sežig je bil družbeno nesprejemljiv,
pokopanih je bilo 99,8 odstotka ljudi.
pokopanih je bilo 99,8 odstotka ljudi.
02:50
Cremation wasn't socially acceptable,
and 99.8 percent of people got buried.
and 99.8 percent of people got buried.
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02:55
And yet, only a hundred years later,
three quarters of us get cremated.
three quarters of us get cremated.
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A le sto let kasneje
se 75 odstotkov ljudi odloči za žaro.
se 75 odstotkov ljudi odloči za žaro.
02:59
People are actually really open
to changing things
to changing things
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Ljudje so do sprememb odprti,
03:02
if they're given the chance
to talk about them.
to talk about them.
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če imajo možnost se o njih pogovoriti.
03:04
So this conversation
about death and architecture
about death and architecture
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Ta pogovor o smrti in arhitekturi
03:07
was what I wanted to start
when I did my first exhibition on it
when I did my first exhibition on it
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je bil cilj moje prve razstave
03:10
in Venice in June,
which was called "Death in Venice."
which was called "Death in Venice."
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junija v Benetkah z naslovom
"Smrt v Benetkah".
"Smrt v Benetkah".
03:14
It was designed to be quite playful
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Zastavljena je bila dokaj igrivo,
03:17
so that people would
literally engage with it.
literally engage with it.
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tako da bi pritegnila ljudi.
03:19
This is one of our exhibits,
which is an interactive map of London
which is an interactive map of London
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Del razstave je bil interaktivni
zemljevid Londona,
zemljevid Londona,
03:22
that shows just how much
of the real estate in the city
of the real estate in the city
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ki kaže koliko nepremičnin
03:25
is given over to death and dying,
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je predanih smrti in umiranju.
03:27
and as you wave your hand across the map,
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Ko pomahate z roko preko zemljevida,
03:29
the name of that piece of real estate,
the building or cemetery, is revealed.
the building or cemetery, is revealed.
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se izpiše ime stavbe ali pokopališča.
03:34
Another of our exhibits
was a series of postcards
was a series of postcards
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Drugi del razstave so bile razglednice,
03:37
that people could take away with them.
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ki so jih ljudje lahko vzeli.
03:39
And they showed people's homes
and hospitals
and hospitals
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Prikazovale so domove, bolnišnice,
03:41
and cemeteries and mortuaries,
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pokopališča in mrtvašnice.
03:44
and they tell the story
of the different spaces
of the different spaces
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Govorile so zgodbo
o različnih prostorih,
o različnih prostorih,
03:46
that we pass through
on either side of death.
on either side of death.
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skozi katere gremo
pred in po smrti.
pred in po smrti.
03:49
We wanted to show
that where we die
that where we die
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Želeli smo pokazati,
da je kraj, kjer umremo,
da je kraj, kjer umremo,
03:51
is a key part of how we die.
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ključen del smrti.
03:54
Now, the strangest thing was the way
that visitors reacted to the exhibition,
that visitors reacted to the exhibition,
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Najbolj zanimivi so bili odzivi
obiskovalcev razstave,
obiskovalcev razstave,
03:59
especially the audio-visual works.
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še posebej na avdio-vizualne dele.
04:02
We had people dancing
and running and jumping
and running and jumping
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Ljudje so plesali, tekli in skakali,
04:05
as they tried to activate
the exhibits in different ways,
the exhibits in different ways,
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ko so skušali sprožiti del razstave,
04:08
and at a certain point
they would kind of stop
they would kind of stop
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in kar naenkrat se ustavijo,
04:11
and remember that they were in
an exhibition about death,
an exhibition about death,
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ker se spomnijo,
da so na razstavi o smrti,
da so na razstavi o smrti,
04:13
and that maybe that's not
how you're supposed to act.
how you're supposed to act.
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in da morda tako vedenje ni primerno.
04:16
But actually, I would question
whether there is one way
whether there is one way
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A zanima me,
če obstaja določen način,
če obstaja določen način,
04:19
that you're supposed to act around death,
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kako se vesti okoli smrti.
04:21
and if there's not, I'd ask you to think
about what you think a good death is,
about what you think a good death is,
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In če ga ni,
razmislite o tem, kaj je dobra smrt,
razmislite o tem, kaj je dobra smrt,
04:26
and what you think that architecture
that supports a good death might be like,
that supports a good death might be like,
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in kako je videti arhitektura,
ki podpira dobro smrt.
ki podpira dobro smrt.
04:29
and mightn't it be a little less like this
and a little more like this?
and a little more like this?
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Je morda manj podobna temu
in bolj temu?
in bolj temu?
04:34
Thank you.
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Hvala.
04:36
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alison Killing - ArchitectAn architect and urban designer, Alison Killing uses journalism, filmmaking and exhibitions to help people better understand the built environment.
Why you should listen
Alison Killing is an architect and urban designer working to engage people with their built environment, via design of buildings and urban strategies, film making, exhibitions and events. She explores the relationship between death and modern architecture, looking at how cities are rebuilt after disaster.
Recent projects include Death in the City (and its first iteration, Death in Venice, which was shown as an independent event during the opening week of the Venice Architecture Biennale), a touring exhibition about death and modern architecture; work with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies on better rebuilding after disaster and how to integrate relevant urban design tools into humanitarian response; and a study of financial models for arts and community projects temporarily using vacant buildings to help these projects become self-sustaining.
Alison Killing | Speaker | TED.com