TED2013
James Flynn: Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents'
Džejms Flin (James Flynn): Zašto je naš kvocijent inteligencije viši nego kod naših baba i deda
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Zovu ga "Flin efekat" - činjenica da svaka naredna generacija ima bolje rezultate na testovima inteligencije od prethodne. Da li zapravo postajemo pametniji ili samo razmišljamo drugačije? U ovom brzom okretu po kognitivnoj istoriji 20. veka, moralni filozof Džejms Flin ukazuje da su promene u načinu na koji razmišljamo imale iznenađujuć (ali ne i uvek pozitivan) ishod.
James Flynn - Moral philosopher
James Flynn challenges our fundamental assumptions about intelligence. Full bio
James Flynn challenges our fundamental assumptions about intelligence. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We are going to take a quick voyage
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Poći ćemo na kratko putovanje
00:15
over the cognitive history of the 20th century,
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kroz kognitivnu istoriju 20. veka,
00:18
because during that century,
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jer tokom tog veka,
00:20
our minds have altered dramatically.
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naši umovi su se zapanjujuće menjali.
00:23
As you all know, the cars that people drove in 1900
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Kao što znate,
kola koja su ljudi vozili 1900.
kola koja su ljudi vozili 1900.
00:26
have altered because the roads are better
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su se menjala jer su putevi bolji,
00:28
and because of technology.
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a i zbog tehnologije.
00:31
And our minds have altered, too.
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I naš um se takođe menjao.
00:33
We've gone from people who confronted a concrete world
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Od ljudi koji su se suočavali
sa opipljivim svetom
sa opipljivim svetom
00:37
and analyzed that world primarily in terms
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i analizirali taj svet u smislu
00:40
of how much it would benefit them
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koliko od njega imaju koristi
00:42
to people who confront a very complex world,
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do ljudi koji se suočavaju
sa veoma kompleksnim svetom,
sa veoma kompleksnim svetom,
00:47
and it's a world where we've had to develop
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a to je svet u kome
smo morali da razvijemo
smo morali da razvijemo
00:49
new mental habits, new habits of mind.
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nove mentalne navike, nove navike uma.
00:52
And these include things like
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A to uključuje stvari poput
00:54
clothing that concrete world with classification,
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oblačenja tog sveta u klasifikaciju,
00:59
introducing abstractions that we try to make
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uvođenja apstrakcije
koje pokušavamo da učinimo
koje pokušavamo da učinimo
01:01
logically consistent,
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logičnim,
01:04
and also taking the hypothetical seriously,
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i toga da hipotetično shvatamo ozbiljno,
01:06
that is, wondering about what might have been
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to jest, razmišljamo o onome
što je moglo da bude,
što je moglo da bude,
01:09
rather than what is.
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pre nego o onome što jeste.
01:11
Now, this dramatic change was drawn to my attention
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Ova dramatična promena
je privukla moju pažnju
je privukla moju pažnju
01:15
through massive I.Q. gains over time,
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kroz masivan porast
kvocijenta inteligencije tokom vremena,
kvocijenta inteligencije tokom vremena,
01:18
and these have been truly massive.
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koji je zaista masivan porast.
01:21
That is, we don't just get a few more questions right
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To jest, ne rešavamo tačno
samo nekoliko dodatnih pitanja
samo nekoliko dodatnih pitanja
01:25
on I.Q. tests.
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na testu inteligencije.
01:27
We get far more questions right on I.Q. tests
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Odgovorimo tačno na mnogo više pitanja
01:30
than each succeeding generation
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od svake sledeće generacije,
01:32
back to the time that they were invented.
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sve do vremena kad su testovi izmišljeni.
01:35
Indeed, if you score the people a century ago
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Ako merite KI ljudi od pre jednog veka
01:39
against modern norms,
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po savremenim normama
01:40
they would have an average I.Q. of 70.
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oni bi imali prosečan KI 70.
01:43
If you score us against their norms,
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Ako nas merimo po njihovim normama,
01:46
we would have an average I.Q. of 130.
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mi bismo imali 130.
01:50
Now this has raised all sorts of questions.
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Ovo donosi mnoga pitanja.
01:53
Were our immediate ancestors
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Da li su naši bliski preci bili
01:55
on the verge of mental retardation?
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na ivici mentalne retardiranosti?
01:58
Because 70 is normally the score for mental retardation.
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Jer je 70 obično rezultat
za mentalnu retardaciju.
za mentalnu retardaciju.
02:02
Or are we on the verge of all being gifted?
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Ili smo svi mi maltene nadareni?
02:05
Because 130 is the cutting line for giftedness.
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Jer je 130 granica za nadarenost.
02:10
Now I'm going to try and argue for a third alternative
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Ja ću sad probati da obrazložim
i treći izbor
i treći izbor
02:13
that's much more illuminating than either of those,
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koji više rasvetljava od druga dva,
02:17
and to put this into perspective,
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i da bismo ovo shvatili,
02:19
let's imagine that a Martian came down to Earth
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hajde da zamislimo da je Marsovac
došao na Zemlju
došao na Zemlju
02:22
and found a ruined civilization.
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i našao uništenu civilizaciju.
02:25
And this Martian was an archaeologist,
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A ovaj Marsovac je bio arheolog,
02:28
and they found scores, target scores,
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i našao je bodove sa meta,
02:30
that people had used for shooting.
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koje su ljudi koristili za gađanje.
02:33
And first they looked at 1865,
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Prvo su pogledali 1865. god.
02:36
and they found that in a minute,
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i videli da je u minuti,
02:38
people had only put one bullet in the bullseye.
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ispaljivan jedan metak u centar.
02:42
And then they found, in 1898,
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Onda su našli da je u 1898.
02:44
that they'd put about five bullets in the bullseye in a minute.
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bilo 5 metaka u centru u minutu.
02:48
And then about 1918 they put a hundred bullets in the bullseye.
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A u 1918. su gađali sto metaka u centar.
02:53
And initially, that archaeologist would be baffled.
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Najpre bi taj arheolog bio zbunjen.
02:57
They would say, look, these tests were designed
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Rekao bi, vidite, ovi testovi
su napravljeni tako
su napravljeni tako
02:59
to find out how much people were steady of hand,
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da se sazna koliko je ljudima
bila mirna ruka,
bila mirna ruka,
03:03
how keen their eyesight was,
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koliko im je bio oštar vid,
03:06
whether they had control of their weapon.
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da li su imali kontrolu
nad svojim oružjem.
nad svojim oružjem.
03:08
How could these performances have escalated
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Kako su ove osobine
mogle da se poboljšaju
mogle da se poboljšaju
03:11
to this enormous degree?
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u tolikoj meri?
03:13
Well we now know, of course, the answer.
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Mi sada, naravno, znamo odgovor.
03:16
If that Martian looked at battlefields,
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Da je taj Marsovac
pogledao na bojna polja,
pogledao na bojna polja,
03:18
they would find that people had only muskets
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saznao bi da su ljudi imali samo muskete
03:21
at the time of the Civil War
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u doba građanskog rata,
03:23
and that they had repeating rifles
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a da su imali repetirke
03:25
at the time of the Spanish-American War,
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u doba Špansko-američkog rata,
03:28
and then they had machine guns
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a da su imali mašinke
03:30
by the time of World War I.
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u doba Prvog svetskog rata.
03:33
And, in other words, it was the equipment
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I drugim rečima,
03:35
that was in the hands of the average soldier
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oprema u rukama prosečnog vojnika
03:38
that was responsible, not greater keenness of eye
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je bila odgovorna za rezultat,
ne bolja oštrina oka
ne bolja oštrina oka
03:41
or steadiness of hand.
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ili mirnoća ruke.
03:43
Now what we have to imagine is the mental artillery
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Ono što sada treba da zamislimo
je mentalna artiljerija
je mentalna artiljerija
03:46
that we have picked up over those hundred years,
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koju smo pokupili tokom tih sto godina,
03:50
and I think again that another thinker will help us here,
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i mislim da će nam jedan mislilac
u tome pomoći,
u tome pomoći,
03:54
and that's Luria.
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a to je Lurija.
03:56
Luria looked at people
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Lurija je posmatrao ljude
03:58
just before they entered the scientific age,
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neposredno pre Savremenog doba,
04:02
and he found that these people
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i našao je da su ovi ljudi
04:04
were resistant to classifying the concrete world.
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odbijali da klasifikuju opipljiv svet.
04:07
They wanted to break it up
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Hteli su da ga raščlane
04:08
into little bits that they could use.
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na sitne komade koje su mogli da koriste.
04:11
He found that they were resistant
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Našao je da su odbijali
04:13
to deducing the hypothetical,
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da zaključuju šta je hipotetično,
04:17
to speculating about what might be,
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da razmišljaju o onome
što bi moglo da bude
što bi moglo da bude
04:19
and he found finally that they didn't deal well
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i na kraju je uvideo
da se nisu dobro nosili
da se nisu dobro nosili
04:22
with abstractions or using logic on those abstractions.
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sa apstraktnim pojmovima ili koristili
logiku za rešavanje apstrakcija.
logiku za rešavanje apstrakcija.
04:26
Now let me give you a sample of some of his interviews.
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Sad ću vam dati neke primere
njegovih razgovora.
njegovih razgovora.
04:30
He talked to the head man of a person
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On je pričao sa vođom osoblja
04:32
in rural Russia.
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u ruralnoj Rusiji.
04:34
They'd only had, as people had in 1900,
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Oni su imali,
kao što je to bilo normalno 1900.
kao što je to bilo normalno 1900.
04:36
about four years of schooling.
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oko 4 godine škole.
04:38
And he asked that particular person,
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Pitao bi tu osobu,
04:41
what do crows and fish have in common?
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šta zajedničko imaju vrane i ribe?
04:44
And the fellow said, "Absolutely nothing.
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I čovek bi odgovorio:
"Nemaju ništa zajedničko.
"Nemaju ništa zajedničko.
04:47
You know, I can eat a fish. I can't eat a crow.
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Znate, ja mogu da jedem ribu,
vranu ne mogu da jedem.
vranu ne mogu da jedem.
04:50
A crow can peck at a fish.
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Vrana može da kljuca ribu.
04:53
A fish can't do anything to a crow."
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Riba ne može ništa vrani."
04:56
And Luria said, "But aren't they both animals?"
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A Lurija bi upitao:
"Zar nisu i jedno i drugo životinje"?
"Zar nisu i jedno i drugo životinje"?
04:59
And he said, "Of course not.
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"Naravno da nisu",
čovek bi odgovorio.
čovek bi odgovorio.
05:00
One's a fish.
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"Jedna je riba.
05:02
The other is a bird."
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Druga je ptica."
05:04
And he was interested, effectively,
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I zanimalo ga je
05:06
in what he could do with those concrete objects.
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šta se može učiniti
sa tim opipljivm stvarima.
sa tim opipljivm stvarima.
05:10
And then Luria went to another person,
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Onda je Lurija našao drugog čoveka,
05:12
and he said to them,
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i rekao mu:
05:15
"There are no camels in Germany.
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"U Nemačkoj nema kamila,
05:17
Hamburg is a city in Germany.
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Hamburg je grad u Nemačkoj.
05:20
Are there camels in Hamburg?"
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Ima li kamila u Hamburgu"?
05:22
And the fellow said,
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I čovek bi odgovorio,
05:23
"Well, if it's large enough, there ought to be camels there."
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"Pa, ako je dovoljno veliki,
trebalo bi da tamo ima kamila".
trebalo bi da tamo ima kamila".
05:27
And Luria said, "But what do my words imply?"
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Lurija bi ga upitao:
"A šta ti moje reči nagoveštavaju"?
"A šta ti moje reči nagoveštavaju"?
05:31
And he said, "Well, maybe it's a small village,
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On bi odgovorio:
"Pa, možda je to malo selo,
"Pa, možda je to malo selo,
05:34
and there's no room for camels."
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i nema mesta za kamile."
05:36
In other words, he was unwilling to treat this
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Drugim rečima, nije želeo
da na ovo gleda
da na ovo gleda
05:38
as anything but a concrete problem,
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kao ni na šta drugo do opipljiv problem
05:41
and he was used to camels being in villages,
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i navikao je da su kamile u selima
05:44
and he was quite unable to use the hypothetical,
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i nije bio sposoban
da upotrebi nešto hipotetično,
da upotrebi nešto hipotetično,
05:48
to ask himself what if there were no camels in Germany.
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da se zapita šta ako nema kamila
u Nemačkoj.
u Nemačkoj.
05:53
A third interview was conducted
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Treći intervju je bio
05:55
with someone about the North Pole.
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sa osobom o Severnom polu.
05:58
And Luria said, "At the North Pole, there is always snow.
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I Lurija je rekao:
"Na Severnom polu je uvek sneg.
"Na Severnom polu je uvek sneg.
06:03
Wherever there is always snow, the bears are white.
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Gde god uvek ima snega,
medvedi su beli.
medvedi su beli.
06:06
What color are the bears at the North Pole?"
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Koje boje su medvedi
na Severnom polu"?
na Severnom polu"?
06:10
And the response was, "Such a thing
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A odgovor je bio: "Takva stvar
06:12
is to be settled by testimony.
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treba da se reši uz dokaz.
06:14
If a wise person came from the North Pole
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Ako bi mudrac
došao sa Severnog pola
došao sa Severnog pola
06:17
and told me the bears were white,
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i rekao mi da su medvedi beli,
06:19
I might believe him,
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možda bih mu poverovao,
06:21
but every bear that I have seen is a brown bear."
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ali svaki medved kog sam ja video
je smeđe boje (mrki medved)".
je smeđe boje (mrki medved)".
06:25
Now you see again, this person has rejected
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Tako da vidite,
i ova osoba je takođe odbila
i ova osoba je takođe odbila
06:28
going beyond the concrete world
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da razmišlja ispod opipljivog sveta
06:30
and analyzing it through everyday experience,
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i da nešto analizira
kroz svakodnevno iskustvo,
kroz svakodnevno iskustvo,
06:33
and it was important to that person
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a toj osobi je bilo važno
06:35
what color bears were --
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koje su boje medvedi -
06:37
that is, they had to hunt bears.
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to jest, morala je da lovi medvede.
06:39
They weren't willing to engage in this.
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Nisu bili voljni
da se unesu u to razmišljanje.
da se unesu u to razmišljanje.
06:41
One of them said to Luria,
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Jedan od njih je rekao Luriji
06:43
"How can we solve things that aren't real problems?
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"Kako možemo da rešimo stvari
koje nisu pravi problemi?
koje nisu pravi problemi?
06:47
None of these problems are real.
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Nijedan od ovih problema nije pravi.
06:49
How can we address them?"
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Kako da se odnosimo prema njima?"
06:51
Now, these three categories --
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Sada, ove tri kategorije -
06:55
classification,
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klasifikacija,
06:56
using logic on abstractions,
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korišćenje logike u apstraktnim pojmovima,
06:58
taking the hypothetical seriously --
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shvatati hipotetično ozbiljno -
07:01
how much difference do they make in the real world
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kakvu razliku one prave u stvarnom svetu,
07:04
beyond the testing room?
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izvan sobe za testiranje?
07:05
And let me give you a few illustrations.
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I daću vam još nekoliko ilustracija.
07:08
First, almost all of us today get a high school diploma.
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Prvo, skoro svi danas dobiju
diplomu srednje škole.
diplomu srednje škole.
07:12
That is, we've gone from four to eight years of education
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To jest, sa 4 smo prešli
na 8 godina školovanja,
na 8 godina školovanja,
07:15
to 12 years of formal education,
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na 12 godina formalnog obrazovanja,
07:18
and 52 percent of Americans
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i 52% Amerikanaca
07:20
have actually experienced some type of tertiary education.
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je imalo neku vrstu
tercijarnog obrazovanja.
tercijarnog obrazovanja.
07:24
Now, not only do we have much more education,
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Ne samo da danas imamo
više obrazovanja,
više obrazovanja,
07:28
and much of that education is scientific,
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čiji je veliki deo naučni,
07:30
and you can't do science without classifying the world.
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a naukom ne možete da se bavite
a da ne klasifikujete svet.
a da ne klasifikujete svet.
07:34
You can't do science without proposing hypotheses.
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Ne možete da se bavite naukom
a da ne ponudite hipotezu.
a da ne ponudite hipotezu.
07:38
You can't do science without making it logically consistent.
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Ne možete da se bavite naukom
a da je ne učinite logičnom.
a da je ne učinite logičnom.
07:42
And even down in grade school, things have changed.
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A stvari su se promenile,
čak i u osnovnoj školi.
čak i u osnovnoj školi.
07:46
In 1910, they looked at the examinations
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Kad se gledaju ispiti iz 1910. godine
07:49
that the state of Ohio gave to 14-year-olds,
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koje je država Ohajo
davala četrnaestogodišnjacima,
davala četrnaestogodišnjacima,
07:53
and they found that they were all
162
461542
1606
nađeno je da su to ispiti
07:55
for socially valued concrete information.
163
463148
3435
za opipljive podatke
koji su važni u društvu.
koji su važni u društvu.
07:58
They were things like,
164
466583
1331
Bilo je pitanja kao što su:
07:59
what are the capitals of the 44 or 45 states
165
467914
2887
koji su glavni gradovi 44 ili 45 država
08:02
that existed at that time?
166
470801
2374
koje su postojale u to vreme?
08:05
When they looked at the exams
167
473175
1578
Kad se gledaju ispiti
08:06
that the state of Ohio gave in 1990,
168
474753
3147
u državi Ohajo iz 1990.
08:09
they were all about abstractions.
169
477900
2386
svi su o apstraktnim pojmovima.
08:12
They were things like,
170
480286
1593
Bilo je pitanja kao što je:
08:13
why is the largest city of a state rarely the capital?
171
481879
5134
zašto je najveći grad u državi
retko i glavni grad?
retko i glavni grad?
08:19
And you were supposed to think, well,
172
487013
1564
I trebalo je da razmišljaš
08:20
the state legislature was rural-controlled,
173
488577
3214
da je državno zakonodavstvo
kontrolisano ruralnom sredinom
kontrolisano ruralnom sredinom
08:23
and they hated the big city,
174
491791
2098
i da su mrzeli velike gradove,
08:25
so rather than putting the capital in a big city,
175
493889
2593
pa umesto da stave da je glavni grad
u velikom gradu,
u velikom gradu,
08:28
they put it in a county seat.
176
496482
1438
on je u sedištu okruga.
08:29
They put it in Albany rather than New York.
177
497920
2736
Glavni grad je postavljen u Olbani,
a ne Njujork.
a ne Njujork.
08:32
They put it in Harrisburg rather than Philadelphia.
178
500656
3056
U Harisburg, a ne u Filadelfiju.
08:35
And so forth.
179
503712
1935
I tako dalje.
08:37
So the tenor of education has changed.
180
505647
2431
Tako da se pravac obrazovanja promenio.
08:40
We are educating people to take the hypothetical seriously,
181
508078
4034
Učimo ljude da hipotetično
shvataju ozbiljno,
shvataju ozbiljno,
08:44
to use abstractions, and to link them logically.
182
512112
3578
da koriste apstraktno
i da ih logično povezuju.
i da ih logično povezuju.
08:47
What about employment?
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515690
2381
Šta je sa zapošljavanjem?
08:50
Well, in 1900, three percent of Americans
184
518071
3900
Pa, 1900. 3% Amerikanaca
08:53
practiced professions that were cognitively demanding.
185
521971
3542
imalo je profesije
koje su bile kognitivno zahtevne.
koje su bile kognitivno zahtevne.
08:57
Only three percent were lawyers or doctors or teachers.
186
525513
4055
Samo 3% su bili advokati
ili doktori ili predavači.
ili doktori ili predavači.
09:01
Today, 35 percent of Americans
187
529568
2863
Danas se 35% Amerikanaca
09:04
practice cognitively demanding professions,
188
532431
3319
bavi kognitivno zahtevnim profesijama,
09:07
not only to the professions proper like lawyer
189
535750
2626
ne samo profesijama kao što je advokat,
09:10
or doctor or scientist or lecturer,
190
538376
2549
doktor, naučnik ili predavač,
09:12
but many, many sub-professions
191
540925
1818
već mnogim, mnogim podprofesijama
09:14
having to do with being a technician,
192
542743
1941
koje imaju veze sa tim da li si tehničar,
09:16
a computer programmer.
193
544684
2025
kompjuterski programer.
09:18
A whole range of professions now make cognitive demands.
194
546709
4324
Čitav niz profesija
sada ima kognitivnu potrebu.
sada ima kognitivnu potrebu.
09:23
And we can only meet the terms of employment
195
551033
2930
I možemo da ispunimo
očekivanja zaposlenja
očekivanja zaposlenja
09:25
in the modern world by being cognitively
196
553963
2497
u modernom svetu
tako što smo kognitivno
tako što smo kognitivno
09:28
far more flexible.
197
556460
2261
mnogo fleksibilniji.
09:30
And it's not just that we have many more people
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558721
3223
I ne samo da ima mnogo više ljudi
09:33
in cognitively demanding professions.
199
561944
2990
u kognitivno zahtevnim profesijama.
09:36
The professions have been upgraded.
200
564934
2403
Same profesije su unapređene.
09:39
Compare the doctor in 1900,
201
567337
2111
Uporedite lekara iz 1900.
09:41
who really had only a few tricks up his sleeve,
202
569448
3049
koji je stvarno imao samo
nekoliko kečeva u rukavu,
nekoliko kečeva u rukavu,
09:44
with the modern general practitioner or specialist,
203
572497
2808
sa savremenim lekarom
opšte prakse ili specijalistom
opšte prakse ili specijalistom
09:47
with years of scientific training.
204
575305
2679
koji imaju godine naučnog obučavanja.
09:49
Compare the banker in 1900,
205
577984
2269
Uporedite bankara iz 1900,
09:52
who really just needed a good accountant
206
580253
2413
kome je trebao samo dobar računovođa
09:54
and to know who was trustworthy in the local community
207
582666
3176
i da zna ko je pouzdan
u lokalnoj zajednici
u lokalnoj zajednici
09:57
for paying back their mortgage.
208
585842
2291
za otplaćivanje hipoteke.
10:00
Well, the merchant bankers who brought the world to their knees
209
588133
3229
Bankari trgovci,
koji su porazili svet
koji su porazili svet
10:03
may have been morally remiss,
210
591362
1766
su možda bili moralno nemarni,
10:05
but they were cognitively very agile.
211
593128
3139
ali su kognitivno bili vrlo sposobni.
10:08
They went far beyond that 1900 banker.
212
596267
4611
Otišli su mnogo ispred bankara iz 1900.
10:12
They had to look at computer projections
213
600878
2167
trebalo je da gledaju
kompjuterske projekcije
kompjuterske projekcije
10:15
for the housing market.
214
603045
2000
za tržište stambene izgradnje.
10:17
They had to get complicated CDO-squared
215
605045
3905
Trebalo je da dobiju komplikovan
kvadrat kolateralne obaveze duga
kvadrat kolateralne obaveze duga
10:20
in order to bundle debt together
216
608950
2450
da bi spojili dug
10:23
and make debt look as if it were actually a profitable asset.
217
611400
3759
i da bi napravili da dug izgleda
kao profitabilan objekat.
kao profitabilan objekat.
10:27
They had to prepare a case to get rating agencies
218
615159
3100
Morali su da pripreme slučaj
da bi pridobili agencije za rejting
da bi pridobili agencije za rejting
10:30
to give it a AAA,
219
618259
1111
da im ovo odobre,
10:31
though in many cases, they had virtually bribed the rating agencies.
220
619370
4234
iako su u mnogo slučajeva,
u stvari podmitili rejting agencije.
u stvari podmitili rejting agencije.
10:35
And they also, of course, had to get people
221
623604
2029
I takođe su morali da nateraju ljude
10:37
to accept these so-called assets
222
625633
2687
da prihvate ovu takozvanu dobit
10:40
and pay money for them
223
628320
1500
i da za nju daju pare
10:41
even though they were highly vulnerable.
224
629820
2587
iako su bile visoko osetljive.
10:44
Or take a farmer today.
225
632407
1590
Ili pogledajte današnjeg poljoprivrednika.
10:45
I take the farm manager of today as very different
226
633997
3280
Mislim da je današnji menadžer
na imanju mnogo drugačiji
na imanju mnogo drugačiji
10:49
from the farmer of 1900.
227
637277
2491
od onog iz 1900.
10:51
So it hasn't just been the spread
228
639768
1838
Tako da nije samo bilo širenja
10:53
of cognitively demanding professions.
229
641606
3191
u kognitivno zahtevnim profesijama.
10:56
It's also been the upgrading of tasks
230
644797
2380
Takođe je došlo do unapređenja zadataka
10:59
like lawyer and doctor and what have you
231
647177
2567
advokata, doktora i kojih još,
11:01
that have made demands on our cognitive faculties.
232
649744
3777
koji su povećali zahteve
naših kognitivnih mogućnosti.
naših kognitivnih mogućnosti.
11:05
But I've talked about education and employment.
233
653521
3159
Ali pričao sam
o obrazovanju i zaposlenju.
o obrazovanju i zaposlenju.
11:08
Some of the habits of mind that we have developed
234
656680
3339
Neke navike uma koje su se razvile
11:12
over the 20th century
235
660019
1607
tokom 20. veka
11:13
have paid off in unexpected areas.
236
661626
2595
su se isplatile u neočekivanim oblastima.
11:16
I'm primarily a moral philosopher.
237
664221
2271
Ja sam prvobitno moralni filozof.
11:18
I merely have a holiday in psychology,
238
666492
3688
Jedva da imam godišnji iz psihologije,
11:22
and what interests me in general is moral debate.
239
670180
4408
i ono što me zanima uopšte uzev
je moralna rasprava.
je moralna rasprava.
11:26
Now over the last century,
240
674588
2731
Sada, tokom prošlog veka,
11:29
in developed nations like America,
241
677319
2350
u razvijenim nacijama
kao što je Amerika,
kao što je Amerika,
11:31
moral debate has escalated
242
679669
1981
moralna debata je napredovala
11:33
because we take the hypothetical seriously,
243
681650
3339
jer mi ono što je hipotetično
shvatamo ozbiljno,
shvatamo ozbiljno,
11:36
and we also take universals seriously
244
684989
3215
i mi takođe univerzalije
shvatamo ozbiljno
shvatamo ozbiljno
11:40
and look for logical connections.
245
688204
2796
i tražimo logičke veze.
11:43
When I came home in 1955 from university
246
691000
3735
Kad sam se vratio kući
sa fakulteta 1955.
sa fakulteta 1955.
11:46
at the time of Martin Luther King,
247
694735
2307
u vreme Martina Lutera Kinga,
11:49
a lot of people came home at that time
248
697042
2322
mnogo ljudi se vratilo kući u to vreme
11:51
and started having arguments with their parents and grandparents.
249
699364
3750
i počelo sa raspravama
sa svojim roditeljima i babama i dedama.
sa svojim roditeljima i babama i dedama.
11:55
My father was born in 1885,
250
703114
3228
Moj otac je rođen 1885,
11:58
and he was mildly racially biased.
251
706342
2563
i bio je blago rasno pristrasan.
12:00
As an Irishman, he hated the English so much
252
708905
2103
Pošto je bio Irac,
mnogo je mrzeo Engleze,
mnogo je mrzeo Engleze,
12:03
he didn't have much emotion for anyone else.
253
711008
2321
a ni za druge nije imao mnogo emocija.
12:05
(Laughter)
254
713329
3271
(Smeh)
12:08
But he did have a sense that black people were inferior.
255
716600
4508
Ali je mislio da su crnci niža rasa
12:13
And when we said to our parents and grandparents,
256
721108
2848
I kad smo pitali naše roditelje,
babe i dede,
babe i dede,
12:15
"How would you feel if tomorrow morning you woke up black?"
257
723956
4493
"Kako biste se vi osećali da se
sutra ujutru probudite kao crnci?"
sutra ujutru probudite kao crnci?"
12:20
they said that is the dumbest thing you've ever said.
258
728449
3621
oni su rekli da je to
najgluplja stvar koju si ikada rekao.
najgluplja stvar koju si ikada rekao.
12:24
Who have you ever known who woke up in the morning --
259
732070
2502
Da li ste ikad znali nekoga
ko se probudio ujutru...
ko se probudio ujutru...
12:26
(Laughter) --
260
734572
2402
(Smeh)
12:28
that turned black?
261
736974
1230
kao crnac?
12:30
In other words, they were fixed in the concrete
262
738204
3516
Drugim rečima,
bili su fiksirani u konkretnim
bili su fiksirani u konkretnim
12:33
mores and attitudes they had inherited.
263
741720
3513
normama i ponašanjima
koje su nasledili.
koje su nasledili.
12:37
They would not take the hypothetical seriously,
264
745233
3011
Nisu hteli da uzimaju u obzir
nešto hipotetično,
nešto hipotetično,
12:40
and without the hypothetical,
265
748244
1484
a bez toga,
12:41
it's very difficult to get moral argument off the ground.
266
749728
4019
vrlo je teško da se pokrenu
moralni argumenti.
moralni argumenti.
12:45
You have to say, imagine you were
267
753747
2635
Morate da kažete, zamislite da ste
12:48
in Iran, and imagine that your relatives
268
756382
5585
u Iranu, i zamislite da su vaši rođaci
12:53
all suffered from collateral damage
269
761967
2700
svi doživeli kolateralnu štetu
12:56
even though they had done no wrong.
270
764667
1946
iako ništa loše nisu učinili.
12:58
How would you feel about that?
271
766613
2061
Kako biste se osećali povodom toga?
13:00
And if someone of the older generation says,
272
768674
2720
I ako neko iz starijih generacija kaže,
13:03
well, our government takes care of us,
273
771394
1930
pa, naša vlada se brine o nama,
13:05
and it's up to their government to take care of them,
274
773324
2943
i na njihovoj je vladi
da se brine o njima,
da se brine o njima,
13:08
they're just not willing to take the hypothetical seriously.
275
776267
4068
oni ne žele da nešto hipotetično
ozbiljno shvate.
ozbiljno shvate.
13:12
Or take an Islamic father whose daughter has been raped,
276
780335
3367
Ili uzmite oca Muslimana
čija ćerka je silovana,
čija ćerka je silovana,
13:15
and he feels he's honor-bound to kill her.
277
783702
3210
i on oseća da je vezan čašću
da je ubije.
da je ubije.
13:18
Well, he's treating his mores
278
786912
2360
Dakle, on se odnosi
prema svojim normama
prema svojim normama
13:21
as if they were sticks and stones and rocks that he had inherited,
279
789272
3900
kako da su drvlje, kamenje
i stenje koje je on nasledio,
i stenje koje je on nasledio,
13:25
and they're unmovable in any way by logic.
280
793172
2645
i da nikakvom logikom
ne mogu da se pomere.
ne mogu da se pomere.
13:27
They're just inherited mores.
281
795817
2576
To su samo nasleđene norme.
13:30
Today we would say something like,
282
798393
2201
Danas mi kažemo nešto kao
13:32
well, imagine you were knocked unconscious and sodomized.
283
800594
3577
dakle, zamisli da te neko
onesvesti i siluje?
onesvesti i siluje?
13:36
Would you deserve to be killed?
284
804171
1673
Da li zaslužuješ da budeš ubijen?
13:37
And he would say, well that's not in the Koran.
285
805844
2895
On bi odgovorio, pa to nije po Kuranu.
13:40
That's not one of the principles I've got.
286
808739
4022
To nije jedan od mojih principa.
13:44
Well you, today, universalize your principles.
287
812761
2841
Dobro, danas principi
postaju univerzalni.
postaju univerzalni.
13:47
You state them as abstractions and you use logic on them.
288
815602
3557
Utvrdite da su apstrakcije
i koristite logiku na njima.
i koristite logiku na njima.
13:51
If you have a principle such as,
289
819159
2273
Ako imate princip kao što je,
13:53
people shouldn't suffer unless they're guilty of something,
290
821432
3646
ljudi ne treba da pate
ako nisu krivi za nešto,
ako nisu krivi za nešto,
13:57
then to exclude black people
291
825078
2096
a onda da isključite crnce
13:59
you've got to make exceptions, don't you?
292
827174
2498
morate da napravite izuzetke, zar ne?
14:01
You have to say, well, blackness of skin,
293
829672
2988
Morate da kažete, dobro,
to što je koža crna,
to što je koža crna,
14:04
you couldn't suffer just for that.
294
832660
2623
ne može da se pati samo zbog toga.
14:07
It must be that blacks are somehow tainted.
295
835283
3263
Mora da su crnci nekako uprljani.
14:10
And then we can bring empirical evidence to bear, can't we,
296
838546
3167
I onda treba da donesemo
empirijski dokaz, zar ne,
empirijski dokaz, zar ne,
14:13
and say, well how can you consider all blacks tainted
297
841713
2916
i da kažemo, kako možete
da smatrate da su svi crnci uprljani
da smatrate da su svi crnci uprljani
14:16
when St. Augustine was black and Thomas Sowell is black.
298
844629
3794
kad je Sveti Avgustin bio crnac
i Tomas Soul je crnac.
i Tomas Soul je crnac.
14:20
And you can get moral argument off the ground, then,
299
848423
3425
I onda možete da pokrenete
moralni argument
moralni argument
14:23
because you're not treating moral principles as concrete entities.
300
851848
4554
jer se ne odnosite prema moralnim
pricipima kao opipljivim entitetima.
pricipima kao opipljivim entitetima.
14:28
You're treating them as universals,
301
856402
1937
Odnosite se prema njima
kao prema univerzalijama
kao prema univerzalijama
14:30
to be rendered consistent by logic.
302
858339
2779
da bi bile logične.
14:33
Now how did all of this arise out of I.Q. tests?
303
861118
3130
A sada, kako se sve ovo razvilo
iz testova inteligencije?
iz testova inteligencije?
14:36
That's what initially got me going on cognitive history.
304
864248
4010
To je ono što me je prvo i pokrenulo
na kognitivnu istoriju.
na kognitivnu istoriju.
14:40
If you look at the I.Q. test,
305
868258
1885
Ako pogledate testove inteligencije,
14:42
you find the gains have been greatest in certain areas.
306
870143
3985
vidite da su rezultati bili najviši
u određenim oblastima.
u određenim oblastima.
14:46
The similarities subtest of the Wechsler
307
874128
2603
Podtest sličnosti Vekslerovog testa
14:48
is about classification,
308
876731
2269
je o klasifikaciji,
14:51
and we have made enormous gains
309
879000
2080
i postignuti su ogromni rezultati
14:53
on that classification subtest.
310
881080
3110
na tom podtestu klasifikacije.
14:56
There are other parts of the I.Q. test battery
311
884190
3281
Ima drugih delova
skupa testa inteligencije
skupa testa inteligencije
14:59
that are about using logic on abstractions.
312
887471
3096
koji su o logici apstraktnog.
15:02
Some of you may have taken Raven's Progressive Matrices,
313
890567
3474
Neki od vas su možda radili
Ravenove progresivne matrice,
Ravenove progresivne matrice,
15:06
and it's all about analogies.
314
894041
2538
koje se sastoje od analogija.
15:08
And in 1900, people could do simple analogies.
315
896579
3856
A 1900, ljudi su mogli
da rešavaju proste analogije.
da rešavaju proste analogije.
15:12
That is, if you said to them, cats are like wildcats.
316
900435
4345
To jest, ako biste im rekli:
mačke liče na divlje mačke.
mačke liče na divlje mačke.
15:16
What are dogs like?
317
904780
1576
Na koga liče psi?
15:18
They would say wolves.
318
906356
2092
Oni bi rekli: na vukove.
15:20
But by 1960, people could attack Raven's
319
908448
3544
Ali do 1960. ljudi su mogli
da reše Ravenove testove
da reše Ravenove testove
15:23
on a much more sophisticated level.
320
911992
2650
na složenijem nivou.
15:26
If you said, we've got two squares followed by a triangle,
321
914642
4507
Ako biste pitali: ako imamo
dva kvadrata koje prati trougao,
dva kvadrata koje prati trougao,
15:31
what follows two circles?
322
919149
2236
šta prati dva kruga?
15:33
They could say a semicircle.
323
921385
2287
Odgovorili bi polukrug.
15:35
Just as a triangle is half of a square,
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Kao što je trougao polovina kvadrata,
15:37
a semicircle is half of a circle.
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polukrug je polovina kruga.
15:40
By 2010, college graduates, if you said
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Do 2010, diplomci sa koledža bi,
ako biste im rekli
ako biste im rekli
15:44
two circles followed by a semicircle,
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dva kruga prati polukrug,
15:47
two sixteens followed by what,
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a šta prati dve šesnaestice?
15:50
they would say eight, because eight is half of 16.
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Oni bi rekli osmica,
jer je to polovina od 16.
jer je to polovina od 16.
15:53
That is, they had moved so far from the concrete world
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Što će reći, daleko su odmakli
od opipljivog sveta u razmišljanju
od opipljivog sveta u razmišljanju
15:56
that they could even ignore
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da su čak mogli da ignorišu
15:59
the appearance of the symbols that were involved in the question.
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4523
postojanje simbola koji su u pitanju.
16:03
Now, I should say one thing that's very disheartening.
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A sada ću reći nešto vrlo rastužujuće.
16:06
We haven't made progress on all fronts.
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Nismo napredovali u svim poljima.
16:09
One of the ways in which we would like to deal
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Jedan od načina na koji
bismo hteli da se nosimo
bismo hteli da se nosimo
16:12
with the sophistication of the modern world
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2198
sa napretkom savremenog sveta
16:14
is through politics,
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je kroz politiku,
16:16
and sadly you can have humane moral principles,
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i nažalost, možete da imate
humane moralne principe,
humane moralne principe,
16:19
you can classify, you can use logic on abstractions,
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4420
možete da klasifikujete, da koristite
logiku kod apstraktnih pojmova,
logiku kod apstraktnih pojmova,
16:24
and if you're ignorant of history and of other countries,
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i ako se ne osvrćete na istoriju
i na druge zemlje,
i na druge zemlje,
16:27
you can't do politics.
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2427
ne možete da se bavite politikom.
16:29
We've noticed, in a trend among young Americans,
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977750
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Primećeno je, da je glavni pravac
među mladim Amerikancima,
među mladim Amerikancima,
16:32
that they read less history and less literature
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2875
da čitaju sve manje istorije i književnosti
16:35
and less material about foreign lands,
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i literature o stranim zemljama,
16:38
and they're essentially ahistorical.
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986255
1695
i da su u suštini bez istorije.
16:39
They live in the bubble of the present.
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Žive pod staklenim zvonom sadašnjice.
16:42
They don't know the Korean War from the war in Vietnam.
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2856
Ne razlikuju Korejski rat
od Vijetnamskog.
od Vijetnamskog.
16:44
They don't know who was an ally of America in World War II.
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ne znaju ko je bio saveznik Amerike
u Drugom svetskom ratu.
u Drugom svetskom ratu.
16:49
Think how different America would be
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2621
Razmislite koliko bi drugačija
bila Amerika
bila Amerika
16:51
if every American knew that this is the fifth time
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3596
da svaki Amerikanac zna
da je ovo peti put
da je ovo peti put
16:55
Western armies have gone to Afghanistan to put its house in order,
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4094
da Zapadne vojske idu u Avganistan
da naprave red
da naprave red
16:59
and if they had some idea of exactly what had happened
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3364
i ako bi imali neku ideju
šta se tačno desilo
šta se tačno desilo
17:02
on those four previous occasions.
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2325
u ta prethodna 4 puta u Avganistanu.
17:05
(Laughter)
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950
(Smeh)
17:06
And that is, they had barely left,
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1948
A desilo se, da nisu ni odlazili,
17:08
and there wasn't a trace in the sand.
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1016004
2332
a od njih ni traga u pesku.
17:10
Or imagine how different things would be
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1018336
3208
Ili zamislite koliko bi stvari
bile drugačije
bile drugačije
17:13
if most Americans knew that we had been lied
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1021544
2756
da većina Amerikanaca
zna da su nas lagali
zna da su nas lagali
17:16
into four of our last six wars.
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1024300
2925
o 4 od naših 6 poslednjih ratova.
17:19
You know, the Spanish didn't sink the battleship Maine,
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2934
Jer znate, nisu Španci potopili
ratni brod Mejn,
ratni brod Mejn,
17:22
the Lusitania was not an innocent vessel
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1030159
2258
Luzitanija nije bila samo obično plovilo
17:24
but was loaded with munitions,
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1032417
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već je bila napunjena municijom,
17:27
the North Vietnamese did not attack the Seventh Fleet,
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Severni Vijetnam nije napao Sedmu flotu,
17:31
and, of course, Saddam Hussein hated al Qaeda
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1039128
3568
i Sadam Husein naravno
nije voleo Al Kaidu
nije voleo Al Kaidu
17:34
and had nothing to do with it,
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1909
i nije imao nikakve veze sa njima,
17:36
and yet the administration convinced 45 percent of the people
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3803
a administracija je ubedila 45% ljudi
17:40
that they were brothers in arms,
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1048408
1544
da su oni braća po oružju,
17:41
when he would hang one from the nearest lamppost.
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1049952
3879
kad bi on obesio nekog
na najbližu banderu.
na najbližu banderu.
17:45
But I don't want to end on a pessimistic note.
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3469
Ali neću da završim ovaj govor
u pesimističnom tonu.
u pesimističnom tonu.
17:49
The 20th century has shown enormous cognitive reserves
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1057300
4518
Dvadeseti vek je pokazao
ogromne kognitivne rezerve
ogromne kognitivne rezerve
17:53
in ordinary people that we have now realized,
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3653
u običnim ljudima koje smo sad uvideli,
17:57
and the aristocracy was convinced
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2064
a aristokratija je ubeđena
17:59
that the average person couldn't make it,
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2179
da prosečna osoba ne može da uspe,
18:01
that they could never share their mindset
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1069714
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da nisu sposobni da podele
svoja razmišljanja
svoja razmišljanja
18:04
or their cognitive abilities.
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ili svoje kognitivne mogućnosti.
18:07
Lord Curzon once said
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1075286
1714
Lord Kurzon je jednom rekao
18:09
he saw people bathing in the North Sea,
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1077000
2264
da je video ljude da se kupaju
u Severnom moru,
u Severnom moru,
18:11
and he said, "Why did no one tell me
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1079264
1663
i da je pitao:
"Zašto mi niko nije rekao
"Zašto mi niko nije rekao
18:12
what white bodies the lower orders have?"
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1080927
2976
kako ovi iz nižeg reda imaju beo ten".
18:15
As if they were a reptile.
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Kao da su gmizavci.
18:18
Well, Dickens was right and he was wrong. [Correction: Rudyard Kipling]
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3050
Dikens je bio u pravu, a ovaj ne.
[ispravka: citat Radjarda Kiplinga].
[ispravka: citat Radjarda Kiplinga].
18:21
[Kipling] said, "The colonel's lady and Judy O'Grady
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1089304
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Kipling je rekao:
"Pukovnikova žena i Džudi O'Grejdi
"Pukovnikova žena i Džudi O'Grejdi
18:25
are sisters underneath the skin."
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su jednake bez obzira na boju kože".
18:28
(Applause)
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1096223
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Flynn - Moral philosopherJames Flynn challenges our fundamental assumptions about intelligence.
Why you should listen
Year over year, people fare better on standardized tests, a global phenomenon known as the Flynn Effect. James Flynn, the New Zealand-based researcher who discovered this, believes that environmental factors play a greater role in intelligence than genetics does.
His latest findings, discussed in his 2012 book Are We Getting Smarter?, also suggest that women are not only as intelligent as men, but superior when it comes to executive function. “Women, when exposed to modernity, do equal men for IQ,” Flynn said to TV ONE’s Greg Boyed. “But in the formal educational setting where they apply their intelligence, they’re outperforming men all hollow.”
Flynn, a retired university professor, has written extensively about the connection between ongoing equality and IQ gains, democracy and human rights. He also wrote a compelling book about books, The Torchlight List, in which he lists 200 must-reads.
James Flynn | Speaker | TED.com