TEDxBratislava
Stephen Cave: The 4 stories we tell ourselves about death
Stiven Kejv (Stephen Cave): Četiri priče koje govorimo sebi o smrti
Filmed:
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2,486,724 views
Filozof Stiven Kejv počinje mračnim ali privlačnim pitanjem: kada ste prvi put shvatili da ćete umreti? I još interesantnije: zašto se mi ljudi tako često opiremo neizbežnosti smrti? U fascinantnom govoru Kejv istražuje četiri priče - zajedničke čitavoj civilizaciji - koje ćemo reći sebi "u cilju da nam pomognu da se nosimo sa strahotom smrti."
Stephen Cave - Philosopher
Philosopher Stephen Cave wants to know: Why is humanity so obsessed with living forever? Full bio
Philosopher Stephen Cave wants to know: Why is humanity so obsessed with living forever? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I have a question:
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Imam pitanje:
00:14
Who here remembers when they first realized
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ko se od vas seća kada je
prvi put shvatio
prvi put shvatio
00:17
they were going to die?
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da će umreti?
00:21
I do. I was a young boy,
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Ja se sećam. Bio sam mladi dečak,
00:23
and my grandfather had just died,
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i deda mi je tad upravo umro
00:26
and I remember a few days later lying in bed at night
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i sećam se kako sam nakon
nekoliko dana ležao noću u krevetu
nekoliko dana ležao noću u krevetu
00:30
trying to make sense of what had happened.
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pokušavajući da nađem smisao
onoga što se dogodilo.
onoga što se dogodilo.
00:34
What did it mean that he was dead?
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Šta je značilo to da je on umro?
00:36
Where had he gone?
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Kuda je otišao?
00:38
It was like a hole in reality had opened up
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Bilo je kao da se rupa
u stvarnosti otvorila
u stvarnosti otvorila
00:42
and swallowed him.
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i progutala ga.
00:44
But then the really shocking
question occurred to me:
question occurred to me:
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Zatim me je zateklo
zaista šokantno pitanje:
zaista šokantno pitanje:
00:46
If he could die, could it happen to me too?
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ako je on umro, da li bi se to i meni
moglo dogoditi?
moglo dogoditi?
00:50
Could that hole in reality open up and swallow me?
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Da li bi se ta rupa u stvarnosti otvorila
i mene usisala?
i mene usisala?
00:53
Would it open up beneath my bed
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Da li bi se otvorila ispod mog kreveta
00:55
and swallow me as I slept?
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i progutala me dok spavam?
00:58
Well, at some point, all children
become aware of death.
become aware of death.
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U nekom trenutku sva deca
postaju svesna smrti.
postaju svesna smrti.
01:02
It can happen in different ways, of course,
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Naravno, može se dogoditi
na različite načine,
na različite načine,
01:04
and usually comes in stages.
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ali uglavno dolazi u fazama.
01:06
Our idea of death develops as we grow older.
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Naša ideja smrti
razvija se kako starimo.
razvija se kako starimo.
01:10
And if you reach back into the dark corners
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Ako biste posegli duboko
u tamne uglove
u tamne uglove
01:12
of your memory,
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svog sećanja,
01:14
you might remember something like what I felt
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mogli biste se setiti nečega
sličnom onome što sam ja osetio
sličnom onome što sam ja osetio
01:17
when my grandfather died and when I realized
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kada mi je deda umro i kada
sam shvatio
sam shvatio
01:20
it could happen to me too,
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da bi se isto moglo i meni desiti,
01:22
that sense that behind all of this
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taj osećaj da iza svega ovoga
01:25
the void is waiting.
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nas čeka praznina.
01:28
And this development in childhood
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Ovaj razvoj u detinjstvu
01:31
reflects the development of our species.
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predstavlja razvoj naših vrsta.
01:33
Just as there was a point in your development
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Baš kao što je postojala tačka
u vašem razvoju kao deteta
u vašem razvoju kao deteta
01:37
as a child when your sense of self and of time
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kada je vaš osećaj sopstvenosti i vremena
01:40
became sophisticated enough
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postao dovoljno sofisticiran
01:42
for you to realize you were mortal,
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da shvatite da ste smrtni,
01:46
so at some point in the evolution of our species,
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tako i u nekoj tački
u evoluciji naših vrsta,
u evoluciji naših vrsta,
01:50
some early human's sense of self and of time
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neki osećaji sopstvenosti i vremena
ranih ljudi
ranih ljudi
01:53
became sophisticated enough
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postaju dovoljno sofisticirani
01:55
for them to become the first human to realize,
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da oni postanu prva ljudska bića
da shvate:
da shvate:
01:58
"I'm going to die."
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"Umreću".
02:02
This is, if you like, our curse.
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Ovo je, da kažem, naša kletva.
02:04
It's the price we pay for being so damn clever.
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To je cena koju plaćamo zato što
smo tako pametni.
smo tako pametni.
02:08
We have to live in the knowledge
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Moramo da živimo u uverenju
02:10
that the worst thing that can possibly happen
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da je najgora stvar
koja se može desiti
koja se može desiti
02:13
one day surely will,
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a i hoće jednog dana,
02:14
the end of all our projects,
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kraj svih naših projekata,
02:16
our hopes, our dreams, of our individual world.
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naših nada, snova
i našeg ličnog sveta.
i našeg ličnog sveta.
02:19
We each live in the shadow of a personal
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Svako od nas živi u senci lične
02:23
apocalypse.
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apokalipse.
02:25
And that's frightening. It's terrifying.
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I to je zastrašujuće.
Užasavajuće je.
Užasavajuće je.
02:27
And so we look for a way out.
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I tražimo izlaz iz toga.
02:29
And in my case, as I was about five years old,
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U mom slučaju, kada sam
imao oko 5 godina,
imao oko 5 godina,
02:33
this meant asking my mum.
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ovo je značilo da pitam svoju majku.
02:36
Now when I first started asking
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Kada sam prvi put počeo
da postavljam pitanja
da postavljam pitanja
02:38
what happens when we die,
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o tome šta se dešava kada umremo,
02:40
the grown-ups around me at the time
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odrasli oko mene u to vreme
02:42
answered with a typical English mix of awkwardness
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odgovarali su tipičnom engleskom
mešavinom neprijatnosti
mešavinom neprijatnosti
02:45
and half-hearted Christianity,
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i neodlučnog hrišćanstva,
02:48
and the phrase I heard most often
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a rečenica koju sam najčešće slušao
02:50
was that granddad was now
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je da je deda sad
02:52
"up there looking down on us,"
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"tamo negde i gleda dole na nas,"
02:54
and if I should die too, which
wouldn't happen of course,
wouldn't happen of course,
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i ako bih i ja takođe umro,
što se naravno ne bi desilo
što se naravno ne bi desilo
02:57
then I too would go up there,
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onda bih i ja otišao tamo gore,
03:00
which made death sound a lot like
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što je učinilo da smrt
veoma zvuči kao
veoma zvuči kao
03:02
an existential elevator.
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egzistencijalni lift.
03:05
Now this didn't sound very plausible.
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Ovo nije baš zvučalo veoma uverljivo.
03:08
I used to watch a children's
news program at the time,
news program at the time,
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Gledao sam program
za decu u to vreme
za decu u to vreme
03:11
and this was the era of space exploration.
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i ovo je bila era istraživanja svemira.
03:13
There were always rockets going up into the sky,
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Uvek je bilo raketa koje su letele u nebo,
03:15
up into space, going up there.
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u svemir, tamo gore.
03:18
But none of the astronauts when they came back
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Nijedan od astronauta koji se vratio
03:20
ever mentioned having met my granddad
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nikada nije pomenuo
da je sreo mog dedu
da je sreo mog dedu
03:24
or any other dead people.
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ili bilo koje druge mrtve ljude.
03:26
But I was scared,
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Ali sam bio uplašen,
03:27
and the idea of taking the existential elevator
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a ideja vožnje egzistencijalnim liftom
03:30
to see my granddad
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kako bih video svog dedu
03:31
sounded a lot better than being swallowed
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zvučala je mnogo bolje nego da
me proguta
me proguta
03:33
by the void while I slept.
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praznina dok sam spavao.
03:36
And so I believed it anyway,
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Verovao sam u to bez obzira na sve,
03:38
even though it didn't make much sense.
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čak i kad nije imalo smisla.
03:41
And this thought process that I went through
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Ovaj proces razmišljanja
kroz koji sam prošao
kroz koji sam prošao
03:43
as a child, and have been through many times since,
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kao dete, i u kojem sam se
nalazio mnogo puta,
nalazio mnogo puta,
03:46
including as a grown-up,
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uključujući i onda kada sam odrastao,
03:48
is a product of what psychologists call
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je proizvod onoga
što psiholozi nazivaju
što psiholozi nazivaju
03:50
a bias.
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pristrasnošću.
03:51
Now a bias is a way in which we systematically
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Pristrasnost je način
na koji sistematično
na koji sistematično
03:55
get things wrong,
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shvatamo stvari pogrešno,
03:56
ways in which we miscalculate, misjudge,
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načini na koje pogrešno proračunavamo,
pogrešno sudimo
pogrešno sudimo
03:59
distort reality, or see what we want to see,
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izobličujemo stvarnost ili vidimo ono što
želimo da vidimo,
želimo da vidimo,
04:03
and the bias I'm talking about
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a pristrasnost o kojoj govorim
04:05
works like this:
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funkcioniše ovako:
04:06
Confront someone with the fact
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suočite nekoga sa činjenicom
04:09
that they are going to die
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da će umreti
04:10
and they will believe just about any story
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i verovaće u bilo koju priču
04:13
that tells them it isn't true
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koja im govori da to nije istina
04:15
and they can, instead, live forever,
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i da zapravo mogu da žive zauvek,
04:17
even if it means taking the existential elevator.
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čak i ako to znači
vožnju egzistencijalnim liftom.
vožnju egzistencijalnim liftom.
04:22
Now we can see this as the biggest bias of all.
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Možemo posmatrati ovo kao najveću
pristrasnost od svih.
pristrasnost od svih.
04:26
It has been demonstrated in over 400
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Demonstrirana je u više od 400
04:29
empirical studies.
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empirijskih studija.
04:31
Now these studies are ingenious, but they're simple.
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Ove studije su dovitljive, ali su i
jednostavne.
jednostavne.
04:33
They work like this.
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Ovako funkcionišu.
04:35
You take two groups of people
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Uzmete dve grupe ljudi
04:36
who are similar in all relevant respects,
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koje su jednake u svim važnim
gledištima
gledištima
04:39
and you remind one group that they're going to die
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i podsetite jednu grupu da će umreti
04:42
but not the other, then you compare their behavior.
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ali ne i drugu, a zatim poredite
njihova ponašanja.
njihova ponašanja.
04:45
So you're observing how it biases behavior
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Vi posmatrate kako to utiče na ponašanje
04:48
when people become aware of their mortality.
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kada ljudi postaju
svesni svoje smrtnosti.
svesni svoje smrtnosti.
04:52
And every time, you get the same result:
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Svaki put dobijete isti rezultat:
04:55
People who are made aware of their mortality
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ljudi koji su osvešćeni
o sopstvenoj smrtnosti
o sopstvenoj smrtnosti
04:58
are more willing to believe stories
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su voljniji da veruju u priče
05:00
that tell them they can escape death
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koje im govore da mogu
da izbegnu smrt
da izbegnu smrt
05:02
and live forever.
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i žive zauvek.
05:04
So here's an example: One recent study
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Evo i primera: jedna skorašnja studija
05:06
took two groups of agnostics,
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uzela je dve grupe agnostika,
05:09
that is people who are undecided
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to su ljudi koji su neopredeljeni
05:10
in their religious beliefs.
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u odnosu na svoja religijska verovanja.
05:13
Now, one group was asked to think about being dead.
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Jedna grupa upitana je
da razmisli o tome da su mrtvi.
da razmisli o tome da su mrtvi.
05:17
The other group was asked to think about
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Druga grupa upitana je da razmisli
05:18
being lonely.
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o usamljenosti.
05:20
They were then asked again
about their religious beliefs.
about their religious beliefs.
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Zatim su upitani ponovo
o svojim verskim ubeđenjima.
o svojim verskim ubeđenjima.
05:23
Those who had been asked
to think about being dead
to think about being dead
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Oni koji su upitani da razmisle o smrti
05:26
were afterwards twice as likely to express faith
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su kasnije bili duplo više
skloni da izraze veru
skloni da izraze veru
05:29
in God and Jesus.
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u boga i Isusa.
05:31
Twice as likely.
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Duplo više.
05:33
Even though the before they
were all equally agnostic.
were all equally agnostic.
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Čak iako su pre toga
svi bili jednako agnostični.
svi bili jednako agnostični.
05:35
But put the fear of death in them,
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Ali dodajte im strah od smrti,
05:37
and they run to Jesus.
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i trčaće ka Isusu.
05:41
Now, this shows that reminding people of death
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Ovo pokazuje da podsećanje ljudi o smrti
05:45
biases them to believe, regardless of the evidence,
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tera ljude da veruju,
bez obzira na dokaze
bez obzira na dokaze
05:48
and it works not just for religion,
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i to ne fukcioniše samo za religiju,
05:50
but for any kind of belief system
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već i za bilo koju vrstu verskog sistema
05:52
that promises immortality in some form,
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koji obećava besmrtnost u nekom obliku,
05:56
whether it's becoming famous
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bilo da je to biti poznat
05:57
or having children
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ili imati decu
05:59
or even nationalism,
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ili čak nacionalizam,
06:00
which promises you can live
on as part of a greater whole.
on as part of a greater whole.
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koji obećava da možete živeti
kao deo veće instance.
kao deo veće instance.
06:03
This is a bias that has shaped
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Ovo je pristrasnost koja je oblikovala
06:05
the course of human history.
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kurs ljudske istorije.
06:09
Now, the theory behind this bias
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Teorija iza ove pristrasnosti
06:11
in the over 400 studies
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u više od 400 studija
06:13
is called terror management theory,
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zove se teorija upravljanja terorom,
06:15
and the idea is simple. It's just this.
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a ideja je jednostavna. Samo ovo.
06:17
We develop our worldviews,
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Razvijamo svoje poglede na svet,
06:20
that is, the stories we tell ourselves
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tj priče koje govorimo sebi
06:22
about the world and our place in it,
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o svetu i našem mestu u njemu,
06:25
in order to help us manage
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u cilju da nam pomognu
da se nosimo
da se nosimo
06:27
the terror of death.
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sa terorom smrti.
06:30
And these immortality stories
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Ove priče o besmrtnosti
06:32
have thousands of different manifestations,
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imaju hiljade različitih iskazivanja,
06:35
but I believe that behind the apparent diversity
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ali verujem da iza očigledne različitosti,
06:38
there are actually just four basic forms
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postoje zapravo samo
četiri osnovne forme
četiri osnovne forme
06:41
that these immortality stories can take.
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koje ove priče o besmrtnosti
mogu da prihvate.
mogu da prihvate.
06:44
And we can see them repeating themselves
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Možemo ih videti kako se ponavljaju
06:46
throughout history, just with slight variations
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kroz istoriju, samo sa malim promenama
06:49
to reflect the vocabulary of the day.
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kako bi oslikale rečnik dana.
06:52
Now I'm going to briefly introduce these four
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Površno ću vas upoznati sa ova četiri
06:55
basic forms of immortality story,
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osnovna oblika besmrtnih priča,
06:57
and I want to try to give you some sense
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i želim da vam dam neki osećaj
06:58
of the way in which they're retold by each culture
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načina na koji su ispričane
u svakoj kulturi
u svakoj kulturi
07:01
or generation
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ili generaciji
07:03
using the vocabulary of their day.
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koristeći rečnik tog vremena.
07:05
Now, the first story is the simplest.
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Prva priča je najjednostavnija.
07:07
We want to avoid death,
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Želimo da izbegnemo smrt
07:09
and the dream of doing that in this body
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i san o tome u ovom telu
07:12
in this world forever
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na ovom svetu zauvek
07:13
is the first and simplest kind of immortality story,
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je prva i najjednostavnija
vrsta priče o besmrtnosti
vrsta priče o besmrtnosti
07:17
and it might at first sound implausible,
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i možda na prvi pogled zvuči neprihvatljivo
07:19
but actually, almost every culture in human history
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ali zapravo, gotovo svaka
kultura u ljudskoj istoriji
kultura u ljudskoj istoriji
07:23
has had some myth or legend
167
431514
2062
je imala neki mit ili legendu
07:25
of an elixir of life or a fountain of youth
168
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2761
o eliksiru života ili fontani mladosti
07:28
or something that promises to keep us going
169
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2979
ili nečemu što obećava da će nas održati
07:31
forever.
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3137
zauvek.
07:34
Ancient Egypt had such myths,
171
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1593
Stari Egipat imao je takve mitove,
07:36
ancient Babylon, ancient India.
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2368
stari Vavilon, stara Indija.
07:38
Throughout European history, we find them
in the work of the alchemists,
in the work of the alchemists,
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2852
Kroz evropsku istoriju,
nalazimo ih u radu alhemičara,
nalazimo ih u radu alhemičara,
07:41
and of course we still believe this today,
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2794
i naravno i dalje verujemo u to danas,
07:44
only we tell this story using the vocabulary
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452060
2563
samo što pričamo priču koristeći rečnik
07:46
of science.
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1656
nauke.
07:48
So 100 years ago,
177
456279
1606
Pre 100 godina,
07:49
hormones had just been discovered,
178
457885
1819
hormoni su tek otkriveni,
07:51
and people hoped that hormone treatments
179
459704
1652
i ljudi su se nadali
da će hormonski tretmani
da će hormonski tretmani
07:53
were going to cure aging and disease,
180
461356
2699
ponovo izlečiti starenje i bolesti,
07:56
and now instead we set our hopes on stem cells,
181
464055
2853
a sada usmeravamo naše
nade na matične ćelije,
nade na matične ćelije,
07:58
genetic engineering, and nanotechnology.
182
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2295
genetsko inženjerstvo i nanotehnologiju.
08:01
But the idea that science can cure death
183
469203
3958
Ali ideja da nauka
može da zaustavi smrt
može da zaustavi smrt
08:05
is just one more chapter in the story
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2341
je samo još jedno poglavlje u priči
08:07
of the magical elixir,
185
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2233
magičnog eliksira,
08:09
a story that is as old as civilization.
186
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4436
priči koja je stara
koliko i civilizacijia.
koliko i civilizacijia.
08:14
But betting everything on the idea of finding the elixir
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2780
Ali uložiti sve na ideju
nalaženja eliksira
nalaženja eliksira
08:16
and staying alive forever
188
484951
1403
i večnog života
08:18
is a risky strategy.
189
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1801
je rizična strategija.
08:20
When we look back through history
190
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2240
Kada pogledamo nazad kroz istoriju
08:22
at all those who have sought an elixir in the past,
191
490395
2784
na sve koji su tražili
eliksir u prošlosti,
eliksir u prošlosti,
08:25
the one thing they now have in common
192
493179
1829
jedina stvar koju imaju zajedničku
08:27
is that they're all dead.
193
495008
2630
je da su svi mrtvi.
08:29
So we need a backup plan,
and exactly this kind of plan B
and exactly this kind of plan B
194
497638
3738
Treba nam drugi plan
i upravo ovakva vrsta rezervnog plana
i upravo ovakva vrsta rezervnog plana
08:33
is what the second kind of immortality story offers,
195
501376
3571
je ono što nudi druga vrsta
priče o besmrtnosti,
priče o besmrtnosti,
08:36
and that's resurrection.
196
504947
1755
a to je vaskrsnuće.
08:38
And it stays with the idea that I am this body,
197
506702
2374
To predstavlja ideju
da sam ja u ovom telu,
da sam ja u ovom telu,
08:41
I am this physical organism.
198
509076
1975
i ja sam fizički organizam.
08:43
It accepts that I'm going to have to die
199
511051
2168
Prihvata da ću umreti
08:45
but says, despite that,
200
513219
1374
ali kaže da uprkos tome,
08:46
I can rise up and I can live again.
201
514593
2503
mogu da se uzdignem
i ponovo živim.
i ponovo živim.
08:49
In other words, I can do what Jesus did.
202
517096
2618
Drugim rečima, mogu da uradim
ono što je Isus uradio.
ono što je Isus uradio.
08:51
Jesus died, he was three days in the [tomb],
203
519714
2045
Isus je umro, bio je tri dana u grobu,
08:53
and then he rose up and lived again.
204
521759
3111
a zatim se uzdigao i ponovo živeo.
08:56
And the idea that we can all be
resurrected to live again
resurrected to live again
205
524870
3119
Ideja po kojoj svi mi možemo da
vaskrsnemo i živimo ponovo
vaskrsnemo i živimo ponovo
08:59
is orthodox believe, not just for Christians
206
527989
2288
je pravoslavno verovanje,
ne samo za hrišćane
ne samo za hrišćane
09:02
but also Jews and Muslims.
207
530277
2703
ali i za jevreje i muslimane.
09:04
But our desire to believe this story
208
532980
2164
Naša želja da verujemo
u ovu priču
u ovu priču
09:07
is so deeply embedded
209
535144
2010
je duboko ukorenjena
09:09
that we are reinventing it again
210
537154
2098
da je iznova izmišljamo
09:11
for the scientific age,
211
539252
1492
za naučno doba,
09:12
for example, with the idea of cryonics.
212
540744
2823
na primer, sa idejom krionika.
09:15
That's the idea that when you die,
213
543567
1590
To je ideja gde kada umrete,
09:17
you can have yourself frozen,
214
545157
1999
možete se zamrznuti,
09:19
and then, at some point when technology
215
547156
2389
i zatim, u neko vreme
kada tehnologija
kada tehnologija
09:21
has advanced enough,
216
549545
1211
dovoljno uznapreduje
09:22
you can be thawed out and repaired and revived
217
550756
2120
mežete biti odleđeni,
popravljeni i oživljeni
popravljeni i oživljeni
09:24
and so resurrected.
218
552876
1289
i tako vaskrsavate.
09:26
And so some people believe an omnipotent god
219
554165
2848
Neki ljudi veruju da će ih
svemogući bog
svemogući bog
09:29
will resurrect them to live again,
220
557013
1879
vaskrsnuti da bi živeli ponovo,
09:30
and other people believe an
omnipotent scientist will do it.
omnipotent scientist will do it.
221
558892
4143
a drugi ljudi veruju da će
to uraditi svemogući naučnik.
to uraditi svemogući naučnik.
09:35
But for others, the whole idea of resurrection,
222
563035
2714
Za druge, čitava ideja vaskrsnuća,
09:37
of climbing out of the grave,
223
565749
2003
izlaženja iz groba,
09:39
it's just too much like a bad zombie movie.
224
567752
2719
suviše je poput lošeg filma
o zombijima.
o zombijima.
09:42
They find the body too messy, too unreliable
225
570471
2791
Smatraju da je telo suviše zbrkano,
suviše nepouzdano,
suviše nepouzdano,
09:45
to guarantee eternal life,
226
573262
2148
za garanciju večnog života,
09:47
and so they set their hopes on the third,
227
575410
3091
i oni ulažu svoje nade na treću,
09:50
more spiritual immortality story,
228
578501
2117
duhovniju priču o besmrtnosti,
09:52
the idea that we can leave our body behind
229
580618
2336
ideju da možemo ostaviti
svoje telo iza
svoje telo iza
09:54
and live on as a soul.
230
582954
2297
i život nastaviti kao duša.
09:57
Now, the majority of people on Earth
231
585251
1989
Većina ljudi na Zemlji
09:59
believe they have a soul,
232
587240
1773
veruje da ima dušu,
10:01
and the idea is central to many religions.
233
589013
2410
a ideja je glavna u mnogim verama.
10:03
But even though, in its current form,
234
591423
2314
Ali čak i u svom trenutnom obliku,
10:05
in its traditional form,
235
593737
1915
u svom tradicionalnom obliku,
10:07
the idea of the soul is still hugely popular,
236
595652
2163
ideja duše je i dalje
veoma popularna,
veoma popularna,
10:09
nonetheless we are again
237
597815
1432
ipak je iznova
10:11
reinventing it for the digital age,
238
599247
2224
izmišljamo za digitalno doba,
10:13
for example with the idea
239
601471
1477
na primer sa idejom
10:14
that you can leave your body behind
240
602948
1990
da možete ostaviti svoje telo iza
10:16
by uploading your mind, your essence,
241
604938
2246
učitavajući svoj um, svoju suštinu,
10:19
the real you, onto a computer,
242
607184
1956
istinskog vas, u kompjuter,
10:21
and so live on as an avatar in the ether.
243
609140
4612
i živeti kao avatar u etru.
10:25
But of course there are skeptics who say
244
613752
2023
Naravno, postoje skeptici koji kažu
10:27
if we look at the evidence of science,
245
615775
1844
da ako pogledamo naučne dokaze,
10:29
particularly neuroscience,
246
617619
1644
posebno neuronauku,
10:31
it suggests that your mind,
247
619263
1829
predlaže se da vaš um,
10:33
your essence, the real you,
248
621092
1580
vaša suština, istinski vi,
10:34
is very much dependent on a particular part
249
622672
2413
sve to veoma zavisi
od specifičnog dela
od specifičnog dela
10:37
of your body, that is, your brain.
250
625085
2221
vašeg tela, a to je vaš mozak.
10:39
And such skeptics can find comfort
251
627306
2521
Ti skeptici mogu pronaći utehu
10:41
in the fourth kind of immortality story,
252
629827
2258
u četvrtoj vrsti priče o besmrtnosti,
10:44
and that is legacy,
253
632085
2357
a to je baština,
10:46
the idea that you can live on
254
634442
1480
ideja da možete živeti
10:47
through the echo you leave in the world,
255
635922
2251
kroz eho koji ostavljate u svetu,
10:50
like the great Greek warrior Achilles,
256
638173
2349
poput velikog grčkog ratnika Ahila,
10:52
who sacrificed his life fighting at Troy
257
640522
2629
koji je žrtvovao svoj život
boreći se u Troji
boreći se u Troji
10:55
so that he might win immortal fame.
258
643151
3053
kako bi mogao da zasluži
besmrtnu slavu.
besmrtnu slavu.
10:58
And the pursuit of fame is as widespread
259
646204
2266
Stremljenje ka slavi
je široko rasprostranjeno
je široko rasprostranjeno
11:00
and popular now as it ever was,
260
648470
2141
i popularno danas kao što je uvek bilo,
11:02
and in our digital age,
261
650611
1579
i u našem digitalnom dobu,
11:04
it's even easier to achieve.
262
652190
1528
čak je i lakše da se postigne.
11:05
You don't need to be a great warrior like Achilles
263
653718
2324
Ne treba da budete
veliki ratnik poput Ahila
veliki ratnik poput Ahila
11:08
or a great king or hero.
264
656042
1693
ili veliki kralj ili heroj.
11:09
All you need is an Internet connection
and a funny cat. (Laughter)
and a funny cat. (Laughter)
265
657735
4823
Sve što vam treba je internet veza
i smešna mačka. (Smeh)
i smešna mačka. (Smeh)
11:14
But some people prefer to leave a more tangible,
266
662558
2463
Neki ljudi više vole da
za sobom ostave opipljivo
za sobom ostave opipljivo
11:17
biological legacy -- children, for example.
267
665021
2844
biološko nasledstvo - decu, na primer.
11:19
Or they like, they hope, to live on
268
667865
2276
Ili vole, nadaju se, da žive
11:22
as part of some greater whole,
269
670141
1717
kao deo neke veće celine,
11:23
a nation or a family or a tribe,
270
671858
2449
nacije, porodice ili plemena
11:26
their gene pool.
271
674307
2466
svog genetskog rezervoara.
11:28
But again, there are skeptics
272
676773
1513
Ponovo, postoje skeptici
11:30
who doubt whether legacy
273
678286
1713
koji sumnjaju da je baština
11:31
really is immortality.
274
679999
1975
istinski besmrtna.
11:33
Woody Allen, for example, who said,
275
681974
2077
Vudi Alen je na primer rekao:
11:36
"I don't want to live on in
the hearts of my countrymen.
the hearts of my countrymen.
276
684051
2496
"Ne želim da živim
u srcima svojih sunarodnika.
u srcima svojih sunarodnika.
11:38
I want to live on in my apartment."
277
686547
2197
Želim da nastavim
da živim u svom stanu."
da živim u svom stanu."
11:40
So those are the four
278
688744
1767
Ovo su četiri
11:42
basic kinds of immortality stories,
279
690511
2183
osnovne vrste priča o besmrtnosti
11:44
and I've tried to give just some sense
280
692694
1642
i pokušao sam da dam smisao
11:46
of how they're retold by each generation
281
694336
2293
kako su ih ispričale razne generacije
11:48
with just slight variations
282
696629
1587
sa malim varijacijama
11:50
to fit the fashions of the day.
283
698216
2305
kako bi se prilagodili maniru dana.
11:52
And the fact that they recur in this way,
284
700521
3489
Činjenica da se iznova
događaju na ovaj način,
događaju na ovaj način,
11:56
in such a similar form but
in such different belief systems,
in such different belief systems,
285
704010
2988
u tako sličnom obliku ali
u različitim sistemima verovanja,
u različitim sistemima verovanja,
11:58
suggests, I think,
286
706998
1578
mislim da sugeriše
12:00
that we should be skeptical of the truth
287
708576
2402
da treba da budemo skeptični
povodom istine
povodom istine
12:02
of any particular version of these stories.
288
710978
3761
o bilo kakvoj specifičnoj
verziji tih priča.
verziji tih priča.
12:06
The fact that some people believe
289
714739
2111
Činjenica da neki ljudi veruju
12:08
an omnipotent god will resurrect them to live again
290
716850
2665
da će ih svemogući bog spasiti
kako bi živeli ponovo
kako bi živeli ponovo
12:11
and others believe an omnipotent scientist will do it
291
719515
3701
i drugi veruju da će to učiniti
svemogući naučnik
svemogući naučnik
12:15
suggests that neither are really believing this
292
723216
3038
predlaže da nijedna grupa
ne veruje u ovo
ne veruje u ovo
12:18
on the strength of the evidence.
293
726254
2670
na osnovu snage dokaza.
12:20
Rather, we believe these stories
294
728924
2426
Zapravo, verujemo ovim pričama
12:23
because we are biased to believe them,
295
731350
1983
jer smo podešeni
da verujemo u njih,
da verujemo u njih,
12:25
and we are biased to believe them
296
733333
1828
a podešeni smo da im verujemo
12:27
because we are so afraid of death.
297
735161
4270
jer toliko strahujemo od smrti.
12:31
So the question is,
298
739431
2055
Pitanje je
12:33
are we doomed to lead the one life we have
299
741486
3472
da li smo osuđeni da živimo
jedan život koji imamo
jedan život koji imamo
12:36
in a way that is shaped by fear and denial,
300
744958
3693
na način koji je oblikovan
strahom i poricanjem,
strahom i poricanjem,
12:40
or can we overcome this bias?
301
748651
3075
ili možemo da prevaziđemo
taj poremećaj?
taj poremećaj?
12:43
Well the Greek philosopher Epicurus
302
751726
2467
Grčki filozof Epikur
12:46
thought we could.
303
754193
1728
mislio je da možemo.
12:47
He argued that the fear of death is natural,
304
755921
3548
On je tvrdio da je
strah od smrti prirodan,
strah od smrti prirodan,
12:51
but it is not rational.
305
759469
2415
ali da nije racionalan.
12:53
"Death," he said, "is nothing to us,
306
761884
2658
Rekao je: "Smrt nama
ne predstavlja ništa,
ne predstavlja ništa,
12:56
because when we are here, death is not,
307
764542
2850
jer kad smo mi ovde, smrt nije,
12:59
and when death is here, we are gone."
308
767392
3753
a kada je smrt ovde, mi smo otišli."
13:03
Now this is often quoted, but it's difficult
309
771145
1798
Ovo se često citira ali je teško
13:04
to really grasp, to really internalize,
310
772943
2322
da se shvati, da se usvoji,
13:07
because exactly this idea of being gone
311
775265
2163
jer upravo ova ideja o odlasku
13:09
is so difficult to imagine.
312
777428
2139
je toliko teška da se zamisli.
13:11
So 2,000 years later, another philosopher,
313
779567
2231
2000 godina kasnije drugi filozof,
13:13
Ludwig Wittgenstein, put it like this:
314
781798
3457
Ludvig Vitgenštajn,
postavio je stvari ovako:
postavio je stvari ovako:
13:17
"Death is not an event in life:
315
785255
2944
"Smrt nije događaj u životu:
13:20
We do not live to experience death.
316
788199
3642
ne živimo da iskusimo smrt.
13:23
And so," he added,
317
791841
1194
i još, dodao je,
13:25
"in this sense, life has no end."
318
793035
2935
"u tom smislu, život nema kraj."
13:27
So it was natural for me as a child
319
795970
3176
Tako da je bilo prirodno
za mene kao dete
za mene kao dete
13:31
to fear being swallowed by the void,
320
799146
2367
da se plašim da će me progutati praznina,
13:33
but it wasn't rational,
321
801513
1879
ali to nije bilo racionalno,
13:35
because being swallowed by the void
322
803392
1985
jer to da nas proguta praznina
13:37
is not something that any of us
323
805377
2078
nije nešto što će bilo ko od nas
13:39
will ever live to experience.
324
807455
3270
ikada iskusiti.
13:42
Now, overcoming this bias is not easy because
325
810725
2529
Prevazilaženje ove pristrasnosti
nije lako jer je
nije lako jer je
13:45
the fear of death is so deeply embedded in us,
326
813254
2959
strah od smrti veoma duboko
ukorenjen u nama,
ukorenjen u nama,
13:48
yet when we see that the fear itself is not rational,
327
816213
4482
a ipak, kada vidimo da strah
sam po sebi nije racionalan,
sam po sebi nije racionalan,
13:52
and when we bring out into the open
328
820695
2130
i kada iznesemo napolje
13:54
the ways in which it can unconsciously bias us,
329
822825
2698
načine na koje nas
može nesvesno usmeriti,
može nesvesno usmeriti,
13:57
then we can at least start
330
825523
1851
tad možemo
13:59
to try to minimize the influence it has
331
827374
2634
da pokušamo da smanjimo uticaj koji
14:02
on our lives.
332
830008
1883
on ima na naš život.
14:03
Now, I find it helps to see life
333
831891
2818
Smatram da pomaže
ako posmatramo život
ako posmatramo život
14:06
as being like a book:
334
834709
1844
kao knjigu.
14:08
Just as a book is bounded by its covers,
335
836553
2468
Isto kao što je knjiga
ograničena svojim koricama,
ograničena svojim koricama,
14:11
by beginning and end,
336
839021
1277
početkom i krajem,
14:12
so our lives are bounded by birth and death,
337
840298
3738
tako su i naši životi
ograničeni rođenjem i smrću
ograničeni rođenjem i smrću
14:16
and even though a book is
limited by beginning and end,
limited by beginning and end,
338
844036
3515
i iako je knjiga ograničena
početkom i krajem,
početkom i krajem,
14:19
it can encompass distant landscapes,
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ona može sadržati daleke pejzaže
14:21
exotic figures, fantastic adventures.
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egzotične prikaze, fantastične avanture.
14:24
And even though a book is
limited by beginning and end,
limited by beginning and end,
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Iako je knjiga omeđena početkom i krajem,
14:28
the characters within it
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likovi unutar nje
14:30
know no horizons.
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ne znaju za horizonte.
14:32
They only know the moments
that make up their story,
that make up their story,
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Oni jedino znaju za trenutke
koji čine njihovu priču
koji čine njihovu priču
14:36
even when the book is closed.
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čak i kad je knjiga zatvorena.
14:39
And so the characters of a book
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Likovi knjige
14:41
are not afraid of reaching the last page.
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nisu uplašeni dolaska
do poslednje strane.
do poslednje strane.
14:44
Long John Silver is not afraid of you
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Long Džon Silver
se ne plaši da ćete završiti
se ne plaši da ćete završiti
14:46
finishing your copy of "Treasure Island."
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s čitanjem "Ostrva sa blagom."
14:49
And so it should be with us.
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I tako treba da bude sa nama.
14:51
Imagine the book of your life,
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Zamislite knjigu vašeg života,
14:53
its covers, its beginning and end,
and your birth and your death.
and your birth and your death.
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njene korice, njen početak
i kraj i vaše rođenje i smrt.
i kraj i vaše rođenje i smrt.
14:56
You can only know the moments in between,
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Možete samo znati momente unutar njih
14:58
the moments that make up your life.
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momente koji čine vaš život.
15:00
It makes no sense for you to fear
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Nema smisla da se plašite
15:02
what is outside of those covers,
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onoga što je van tih korica
15:04
whether before your birth
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bilo to pre vašeg rođenja
15:06
or after your death.
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ili vaše smrti.
15:07
And you needn't worry how long the book is,
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Ne treba da brinete
o obimu knjige,
o obimu knjige,
15:10
or whether it's a comic strip or an epic.
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stripa ili epa.
15:13
The only thing that matters
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Jedina stvar koja je važna
15:15
is that you make it a good story.
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je da napravite dobru priču.
15:19
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
15:21
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen Cave - PhilosopherPhilosopher Stephen Cave wants to know: Why is humanity so obsessed with living forever?
Why you should listen
Stephen Cave is a writer and philosopher who is obsessed with our obsession with immortality. In 2012 he published Immortality: The Quest to Live Forever and How It Drives Civilization, an inquiry into humanity's rather irrational resistance to the inevitability of death. Cave moves across time and history's major civilizations and religions to explore just what drives this instinct -- and what that means for the future. Cave writes for The Financial Times and contributes to The New York Times, The Guardian and Wired.
Stephen Cave | Speaker | TED.com