TEDxUofM
Anne Curzan: What makes a word "real"?
En Kurzen (Anne Curzan): Šta neku reč čini „stvarnom”?
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Neko bi mogao reći da reči iz engleskog slenga poput „hangry” (biti besan od gladi), „defriend” (prestati biti prijatelj s nekim na društvenoj mreži) i „adorkable” (biti simpatična budala) popunjavaju bitne značenjske praznine u engleskom jeziku, čak iako se ne nalaze u rečniku. Na kraju krajeva, ko zapravo odlučuje o tome koje će se reči naći na tim brižljivo čuvanim stranama? Istoričar jezika, En Kurzen, na šarmantan način razmatra ljude koji stoje iza rečnika i odluke koje oni donose svakoga dana.
Anne Curzan - Language historian
English professor Anne Curzan actually encourages her students to use slang in class. A language historian, she is fascinated by how people use words—and by how this changes. Full bio
English professor Anne Curzan actually encourages her students to use slang in class. A language historian, she is fascinated by how people use words—and by how this changes. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I need to start by telling you a little bit
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Treba da počnem tako što ću vam reći
nešto o svom društvenom životu,
00:15
about my social life,
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00:16
which I know may not seem relevant,
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što se, znam, ne čini relevantnim,
00:19
but it is.
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ali jeste.
00:21
When people meet me at parties
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Kada me ljudi upoznaju na žurkama
00:23
and they find out that I'm an English professor
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i saznaju da sam profesor engleskog jezika
00:25
who specializes in language,
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koji se specijalizuje u jezicima,
00:27
they generally have one of two reactions.
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uglavnom imaju jednu od dve reakcije.
00:31
One set of people look frightened. (Laughter)
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Jedan deo ljudi izgleda prepadnuto. (Smeh)
00:36
They often say something like,
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Često kažu nešto kao:
00:37
"Oh, I'd better be careful what I say.
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„Oh, bolje da pazim šta ću da kažem.
00:41
I'm sure you'll hear every mistake I make."
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Siguran sam da ćeš čuti svaku grešku
koju napravim”,
koju napravim”,
00:44
And then they stop talking. (Laughter)
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a onda prestanu da pričaju. (Smeh)
00:48
And they wait for me to go away
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Čekaju da odem
00:50
and talk to someone else.
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da pričam sa nekim drugim.
00:53
The other set of people,
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Druga grupa ljudi -
00:55
their eyes light up,
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njihove oči zasvetle
00:57
and they say,
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i kažu:
00:58
"You are just the person I want to talk to."
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„Vi ste upravo ona osoba
sa kojom želim da razgovaram”,
sa kojom želim da razgovaram”,
01:03
And then they tell me about whatever it is
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a onda mi kažu šta god misle
01:05
they think is going wrong with the English language.
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da je pogrešno u engleskom jeziku.
01:08
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:10
A couple of weeks ago, I was at a dinner party
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Pre nekoliko nedelja,
bila sam na jednoj večeri
bila sam na jednoj večeri
01:12
and the man to my right
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i čovek sa moje desne strane
01:15
started telling me about all the ways
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počeo je da mi priča o svim načinima
01:17
that the Internet is degrading the English language.
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na koje internet degradira engleski jezik.
01:20
He brought up Facebook, and he said,
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Spomenuo je Fejsbuk i rekao:
01:23
"To defriend? I mean, is that even a real word?"
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„Defrendovati?
Mislim, da li je to uopšte prava reč?”
Mislim, da li je to uopšte prava reč?”
01:29
I want to pause on that question:
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Želim da zastanem kod tog pitanja.
01:33
What makes a word real?
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Šta čini neku reč stvarnom?
01:36
My dinner companion and I both know
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Moje društvo za večerom i ja znamo
01:38
what the verb "defriend" means,
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šta glagol „defrendovati” znači,
01:42
so when does a new word like "defriend"
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ali kada nova reč kao „defrendovati”
01:44
become real?
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postaje stvarna?
01:46
Who has the authority to make those kinds
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Ko uopšte ima ovlašćenje da donese
takvu zvaničnu odluku o rečima?
01:49
of official decisions about words, anyway?
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01:52
Those are the questions I want to talk about today.
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To su pitanja o kojima želim
danas da pričam.
danas da pričam.
01:57
I think most people, when they say a word isn't real,
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Mislim da većina ljudi,
kada kažu da reč nije stvarna,
02:00
what they mean is, it doesn't appear
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zapravo misli na to
da se ne pojavljuje
02:02
in a standard dictionary.
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u standardnom rečniku.
02:03
That, of course, raises a host of other questions,
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To, naravno, otvara brojna pitanja,
02:06
including, who writes dictionaries?
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uključujući i pitanje ko piše rečnike.
02:11
Before I go any further,
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Pre nego što odem dalje,
02:13
let me clarify my role in all of this.
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dozvolite mi da razjasnim
svoju ulogu u svemu ovome.
02:15
I do not write dictionaries.
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Ja ne pišem rečnike.
Ipak, ja sakupljam nove reči,
02:17
I do, however, collect new words
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slično načinu
02:20
much the way dictionary editors do,
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na koji to rade uređivači rečnika,
02:23
and the great thing about being a historian
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a odlična stvar u poslu
istoričara engleskog jezika
istoričara engleskog jezika
02:25
of the English language
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02:26
is that I get to call this "research."
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je u tome što ovo mogu
da nazovem „istraživanjem”.
da nazovem „istraživanjem”.
02:30
When I teach the history of the English language,
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Kada predajem istoriju engleskog jezika,
02:32
I require that students teach me
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tražim od studenata
da me nauče 2 nove reči iz slenga
pre početka časa.
pre početka časa.
02:35
two new slang words before I will begin class.
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02:38
Over the years, I have learned
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Tokom godina, naučila sam
02:41
some great new slang this way,
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odlične nove reči iz slenga na ovaj način,
02:44
including "hangry," which --
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uključujući „gladnomrzljiv”
02:48
(Applause) —
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02:52
which is when you are cranky or angry
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što znači da ste mrzovoljni ili besni
zato što ste gladni,
zato što ste gladni,
02:54
because you are hungry,
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02:58
and "adorkable,"
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ili „smotoljiv”
03:03
which is when you are adorable
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što znači da ste neodoljivi
na pomalo smotan način.
na pomalo smotan način.
03:05
in kind of a dorky way,
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03:08
clearly, terrific words that fill
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Jasno, izvanredne reči koje će popuniti
03:11
important gaps in the English language.
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važne praznine u engleskom jeziku.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
03:14
(Laughter)
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03:18
But how real are they
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Ipak, koliko su te reči stvarne
03:21
if we use them primarily as slang
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ako ih prevashodno koristimo kao sleng
03:23
and they don't yet appear in a dictionary?
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a još uvek se ne pojavljuju u rečniku?
03:27
With that, let's turn to dictionaries.
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Kada smo kod toga,
hajde da se okrenemo rečnicima.
hajde da se okrenemo rečnicima.
Uradiću ovo kao podizanje ruku.
03:30
I'm going to do this as a show of hands:
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03:32
How many of you still regularly
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Koliko vas redovno konsultuje rečnike
03:34
refer to a dictionary, either print or online?
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u štampanom ili elektronskom obliku?
03:39
Okay, so that looks like most of you.
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Okej, to izgleda kao većina vas.
03:41
Now, a second question. Again, a show of hands:
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Sada drugo pitanje. Opet, podizanje ruku:
Koliko vas je ikada pogledalo da vidi
03:44
How many of you have ever looked to see
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03:47
who edited the dictionary you are using?
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ko je uređivao rečnik koji koristite?
03:54
Okay, many fewer.
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Okej, prilično manji broj.
03:57
At some level, we know that there are human hands
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Donekle znamo
da ljudske ruke stoje iza rečnika,
da ljudske ruke stoje iza rečnika,
04:01
behind dictionaries,
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04:02
but we're really not sure who those hands belong to.
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ali nismo baš sigurni čije su to ruke.
04:07
I'm actually fascinated by this.
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Ovo me u stvari fascinira.
04:09
Even the most critical people out there
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Čak i najkritičniji ljudi
04:12
tend not to be very critical about dictionaries,
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skloni su da ne budu mnogo kritični
u vezi rečnika,
u vezi rečnika,
04:14
not distinguishing among them
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ne praveći razliku između njih
04:16
and not asking a whole lot of questions
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i ne postavljajući gomilu pitanja
04:18
about who edited them.
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o tome ko ih je uredio.
04:20
Just think about the phrase
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Samo razmislite o frazi
04:22
"Look it up in the dictionary,"
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„potraži u rečniku”,
04:24
which suggests that all dictionaries
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koja sugeriše da su svi rečnici
04:26
are exactly the same.
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potpuno isti.
04:28
Consider the library here on campus,
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Razmislite o biblioteci
u ovom studentskom gradu,
u ovom studentskom gradu,
04:30
where you go into the reading room,
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gde odlazite u čitaonicu
04:32
and there is a large, unabridged dictionary
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i gde se nalazi ogromno,
kompletno izdanje rečnika
kompletno izdanje rečnika
04:35
up on a pedestal in this place of honor and respect
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na pijedestalu,
na počasnom i poštovanom mestu,
na počasnom i poštovanom mestu,
koji je izložen otvoren
kako bismo mogli stati ispred njega
kako bismo mogli stati ispred njega
04:39
lying open so we can go stand before it
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04:41
to get answers.
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da bismo dobili odgovore.
04:43
Now, don't get me wrong,
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Nemojte me shvatiti pogrešno.
04:46
dictionaries are fantastic resources,
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Rečnici su fantastični izvori,
04:49
but they are human
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ali su proizvod ljudi
04:50
and they are not timeless.
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i nisu vanvremenski.
04:53
I'm struck as a teacher
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Iznenađena sam kao profesorka
04:55
that we tell students to critically question
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da govorimo studentima
da kritički pristupaju svakom tekstu
da kritički pristupaju svakom tekstu
04:58
every text they read, every website they visit,
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koji pročitaju, svakom sajtu koji posete,
05:01
except dictionaries,
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osim rečnicima,
05:03
which we tend to treat as un-authored,
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koje obično tretiramo
kao da su bez autora,
kao da su bez autora,
05:06
as if they came from nowhere to give us answers
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kao da su došli niotkuda
da nam daju odgovore
da nam daju odgovore
05:09
about what words really mean.
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o tome šta reči stvarno znače.
05:13
Here's the thing: If you ask dictionary editors,
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Evo o čemu se radi:
ako pitate uređivače rečnika,
ako pitate uređivače rečnika,
05:17
what they'll tell you
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oni će vam reći
05:18
is they're just trying to keep up with us
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da samo pokušavaju da održe korak s nama
05:20
as we change the language.
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dok menjamo jezik.
05:22
They're watching what we say and what we write
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Prate šta pričamo i pišemo
05:24
and trying to figure out what's going to stick
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i pokušavaju da otkriju
šta će se zadržati, a šta neće.
05:27
and what's not going to stick.
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05:29
They have to gamble,
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Moraju da rizikuju
05:30
because they want to appear cutting edge
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zato što žele
da ostave utisak savremenosti
da ostave utisak savremenosti
05:32
and catch the words that are going to make it,
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i obuhvate reči koje će opstati,
05:34
such as LOL,
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kao što je „LOL”,
05:37
but they don't want to appear faddish
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ali ne žele da deluju pomodarski
05:39
and include the words that aren't going to make it,
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i obuhvate reči koje neće opstati,
05:42
and I think a word that they're watching right now
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a mislim da je trenutno reč
05:43
is YOLO, you only live once.
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koju posmatraju „YOLO” -
samo jednom se živi.
05:49
Now I get to hang out with dictionary editors,
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Družim se sa uređivačima rečnika
05:51
and you might be surprised
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i možda ćete biti iznenađeni
05:53
by one of the places where we hang out.
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jednim od mesta gde se srećemo.
05:55
Every January, we go
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Svakoga januara,
05:57
to the American Dialect Society annual meeting,
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odlazimo na godišnji sastanak
Društva američkog dijalekta,
Društva američkog dijalekta,
06:00
where among other things,
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gde, između ostalog,
06:02
we vote on the word of the year.
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glasamo za reč godine.
06:05
There are about 200 or 300 people who come,
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Tamo bude oko 200 ili 300 ljudi koji dođu,
06:08
some of the best known
linguists in the United States.
linguists in the United States.
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neki su od najpoznatijih lingvista
u Sjedinjenim Državama.
u Sjedinjenim Državama.
06:11
To give you a sense of the flavor of the meeting,
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Da vam približim atmosferu sastanka -
06:13
it occurs right before happy hour.
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dešava se tačno pred sniženje cena pića.
06:16
Anyone who comes can vote.
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Svako ko dođe može da glasa.
06:18
The most important rule is
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Najvažnije pravilo je da možete da glasate
samo jednom rukom.
samo jednom rukom.
06:19
that you can vote with only one hand.
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06:23
In the past, some of the winners have been
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U prošlosti, neki od pobednika bili su
„tvit” 2009. godine
06:26
"tweet" in 2009
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06:28
and "hashtag" in 2012.
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i „hašteg” 2012. godine.
06:32
"Chad" was the word of the year in the year 2000,
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„Čed” bila je reč
za 2000. godinu,
06:35
because who knew what a chad was before 2000,
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jer ko je pre 2000. znao šta je to,
06:39
and "WMD" in 2002.
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i „WMD” za 2002. godinu.
06:43
Now, we have other categories in which we vote too,
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Postoje i druge kategorije
za koje takođe glasamo,
06:46
and my favorite category
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a moja omiljena je
06:48
is most creative word of the year.
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najkreativnija reč godine.
06:50
Past winners in this category have included
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Raniji pobednici u ovoj kategoriji su
06:53
"recombobulation area,"
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„područje rekombobulacije”
06:56
which is at the Milwaukee Airport after security,
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koje se nalazi na aerodromu u Milvokiju
posle sigurnosne provere,
posle sigurnosne provere,
07:00
where you can recombobulate.
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gde možete da se rekombobulationišete.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
07:02
(Laughter)
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07:04
You can put your belt back on,
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Možete da opet stavite svoj kaiš,
07:05
put your computer back in your bag.
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vratite kompjuter u torbu.
07:10
And then my all-time favorite word at this vote,
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Zatim, moja omiljena reč sa ovog glasanja
za sva vremena -
za sva vremena -
07:13
which is "multi-slacking."
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multi-zabušavanje.
07:15
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
07:18
And multi-slacking is the act
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A multi-zabušavanje
je kada imate otvorene prozore na ekranu
07:20
of having multiple windows up on your screen
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07:23
so it looks like you're working
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pa izgleda kao da radite,
07:24
when you're actually goofing around on the web.
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dok se zapravo zezate na internetu.
07:26
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smeh) (Aplauz)
07:33
Will all of these words stick? Absolutely not.
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Da li će se sve ove reči zadržati?
Sigurno neće.
Sigurno neće.
07:36
And we have made some questionable choices,
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Napravili smo i neke sumnjive izbore,
07:39
for example in 2006
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na primer, 2006. godine,
07:41
when the word of the year was "Plutoed,"
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kada je reč godine bila „plutonisan”
07:43
to mean demoted.
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sa značenjem „degradiran”.
07:45
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
07:50
But some of the past winners
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Ipak, neki od prethodnih pobednika
07:52
now seem completely unremarkable,
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sada se čine sasvim uobičajenim,
kao što su „ap”
07:55
such as "app"
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07:57
and "e" as a prefix,
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„e” kao prefiks
07:59
and "google" as a verb.
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i „guglati” kao glagol.
08:02
Now, a few weeks before our vote,
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Nekoliko nedelja pre našeg glasanja,
08:06
Lake Superior State University
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Državni univerzitet Lejk Superior
08:08
issues its list of banished words for the year.
173
476208
4779
objavljuje listu zabranjenih reči
za tu godinu.
za tu godinu.
08:12
What is striking about this
174
480987
1933
Interesantno je da postoji
08:14
is that there's actually often quite a lot of overlap
175
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2771
prilično veliko preklapanje
08:17
between their list and the list that we are considering
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2837
između njihove liste i one koju razmatramo
08:20
for words of the year,
177
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2250
za reči godine,
08:22
and this is because we're noticing the same thing.
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4092
a ovo se dešava zbog toga
što primećujemo iste stvari.
što primećujemo iste stvari.
08:26
We're noticing words that are coming into prominence.
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3030
Primećujemo reči koje počinju
da se ističu.
da se ističu.
08:29
It's really a question of attitude.
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2153
To je u stvari pitanje stava -
08:32
Are you bothered by language
fads and language change,
fads and language change,
181
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3667
da li vam smetaju jezičke novine
i promena jezika
i promena jezika
08:35
or do you find it fun, interesting,
182
503720
3410
ili nalazite da je to zabavno,
interesantno,
interesantno,
nešto što je vredno proučavanja
08:39
something worthy of study
183
507130
1354
08:40
as part of a living language?
184
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kao deo živog jezika.
08:43
The list by Lake Superior State University
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2156
Lista Državnog univerziteta Lejk Superior
08:45
continues a fairly long tradition in English
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513525
2645
nastavlja u engleskom jeziku
prilično dugu tradiciju
prilično dugu tradiciju
08:48
of complaints about new words.
187
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2273
nezadovoljstva novim rečima.
08:50
So here is Dean Henry Alford in 1875,
188
518443
4352
Evo Dina Henrija Alforda 1875. godine
08:54
who was very concerned that "desirability"
189
522795
2246
koji je bio veoma zabrinut
da je „poželjnost” zaista grozna reč.
08:57
is really a terrible word.
190
525041
2449
08:59
In 1760, Benjamin Franklin
191
527490
2734
Godine 1760, Bendžamin Frenklin
09:02
wrote a letter to David Hume
192
530224
1456
napisao je pismo Dejvidu Hjumu
09:03
giving up the word "colonize" as bad.
193
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3803
priznajući da je reč „kolonizovati” loša.
09:07
Over the years, we've also seen worries
194
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2199
Tokom godina, videli smo i zabrinutost
09:09
about new pronunciations.
195
537682
1890
zbog novih izgovora.
09:11
Here is Samuel Rogers in 1855
196
539572
3048
Evo Semjuela Rodžersa 1855. godine
09:14
who is concerned about some
fashionable pronunciations
fashionable pronunciations
197
542620
2599
koji je zabrinut
zbog nekih pomodnih izgovora
zbog nekih pomodnih izgovora
09:17
that he finds offensive,
198
545219
2007
koje smatra uvredljivim
09:19
and he says "as if contemplate were not bad enough,
199
547226
3488
i kaže: „kao da reč 'kontemplirati'
nije dovoljno loša,
nije dovoljno loša,
09:22
balcony makes me sick."
200
550714
2418
od reči „balkon” mi je muka”.
09:25
(Laughter)
201
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3396
(Smeh)
09:28
The word is borrowed in from Italian
202
556528
2350
Reč je pozajmljena iz italijanskog
09:30
and it was pronounced bal-COE-nee.
203
558878
3540
i izgovarala se kao bal-KOU-ni.
09:34
These complaints now strike us as quaint,
204
562418
2943
Ove žalbe nam se sad čine čudne,
09:37
if not downright adorkable -- (Laughter) --
205
565361
4945
ako ne i stvarno „smotoljive" - (Smeh) -
09:42
but here's the thing:
206
570306
2734
ali znate šta:
i dalje se prilično uzbuđujemo
oko promene jezika.
oko promene jezika.
09:45
we still get quite worked up about language change.
207
573040
4373
09:49
I have an entire file in my office
208
577413
2062
Imam celu fasciklu u svojoj kancelariji
09:51
of newspaper articles
209
579475
3062
sa novinskim člancima
koji izražavaju zabrinutost
oko nelegitimnih reči
oko nelegitimnih reči
09:54
which express concern about illegitimate words
210
582537
2693
09:57
that should not have been included in the dictionary,
211
585230
1879
koje ne treba da su uključene u rečnik,
09:59
including "LOL"
212
587109
1448
u šta spada i „LOL”
10:00
when it got into the Oxford English Dictionary
213
588557
2070
kada je ušla u Oksfordski engleski rečnik
10:02
and "defriend"
214
590627
1775
i „defrendovati”
10:04
when it got into the Oxford American Dictionary.
215
592402
2772
kada je ušla u Oksfordski američki rečnik.
10:07
I also have articles expressing concern
216
595174
2217
Imam i članke koji izražavaju zabrinutost
10:09
about "invite" as a noun,
217
597391
2869
zbog reči „pozivnica”
kao imenice,
kao imenice,
10:12
"impact" as a verb,
218
600260
1956
„uticati” kao glagola,
10:14
because only teeth can be impacted,
219
602216
2971
zato što samo zubi mogu biti impaktirani,
10:17
and "incentivize" is described
220
605187
2975
a „podsticanje” se opisuje
10:20
as "boorish, bureaucratic misspeak."
221
608162
4511
kao „dosadno, birokratsko
nepropisno izražavanje”.
nepropisno izražavanje”.
Nije baš slučaj da uređivači rečnika
10:24
Now, it's not that dictionary editors
222
612673
1961
10:26
ignore these kinds of attitudes about language.
223
614634
2691
ignorišu ovakve stavove o jeziku.
10:29
They try to provide us some guidance about words
224
617325
2555
Pokušavaju da nam obezbede
informacije o rečima
informacije o rečima
10:31
that are considered slang or informal
225
619880
2270
koje se smatraju slengom,
ili neformalnima,
ili neformalnima,
10:34
or offensive, often through usage labels,
226
622150
3143
ili uvredljivima,
često kroz oznake korišćenja,
često kroz oznake korišćenja,
10:37
but they're in something of a bind,
227
625293
1690
ali one su često nejasne
10:38
because they're trying to describe what we do,
228
626983
3652
zato što pokušavaju da opišu šta radimo
i znaju da se često okrećemo rečnicima
10:42
and they know that we often go to dictionaries
229
630635
2329
10:44
to get information about how we should use a word
230
632964
2768
da bismo dobili informacije
o tome kako da koristimo reč
o tome kako da koristimo reč
10:47
well or appropriately.
231
635732
1908
pravilno ili prikladno.
10:49
In response, the American Heritage Dictionaries
232
637640
3024
Kao odgovor na to,
rečnici „Američkog nasledstva”
rečnici „Američkog nasledstva”
uključuju oznake korišćenja.
10:52
include usage notes.
233
640664
2141
10:54
Usage notes tend to occur with words
234
642805
2117
Oznake korišćenja
obično se javljaju sa rečima
obično se javljaju sa rečima
10:56
that are troublesome in one way,
235
644922
1323
koje su problematične u nekom smislu,
10:58
and one of the ways that they can be troublesome
236
646245
2865
a jedan od načina
na koji mogu biti problematične
na koji mogu biti problematične
11:01
is that they're changing meaning.
237
649110
1933
je da menjaju značenje.
11:03
Now usage notes involve very human decisions,
238
651043
3426
Oznake korišćenja uključuju
ljudske odluke,
ljudske odluke,
11:06
and I think, as dictionary users,
239
654469
2059
a mislim da ih, kao korisnici rečnika,
11:08
we're often not as aware of those human decisions
240
656528
2242
često nismo svesni
kao što bi trebalo.
11:10
as we should be.
241
658770
1099
11:11
To show you what I mean,
242
659869
1124
Da bih vam pokazala šta mislim,
11:12
we'll look at an example, but before we do,
243
660993
2717
pogledaćemo jedan primer,
ali pre nego što to uradimo,
11:15
I want to explain what the dictionary editors
244
663710
1982
želim da vam objasnim
čime uređivači rečnika
čime uređivači rečnika
11:17
are trying to deal with in this usage note.
245
665692
3298
pokušavaju da se bave
u ovoj uređivačkoj oznaci.
u ovoj uređivačkoj oznaci.
11:20
Think about the word "peruse"
246
668990
2674
Razmislite o reči „pregledati”
11:23
and how you use that word.
247
671664
3638
i kako je koristite.
11:27
I would guess many of you are thinking
248
675302
2536
Pretpostavljam da mnogi od vas razmišljaju
11:29
of skim, scan, reading quickly.
249
677838
4537
o brzom bacanju pogleda, skeniranju,
brzom čitanju.
brzom čitanju.
11:34
Some of you may even have some walking involved,
250
682375
2835
Neki od vas će u to uključiti
čak i hodanje,
čak i hodanje,
11:37
because you're perusing grocery store shelves,
251
685210
2246
zato što pregledavate police radnje
11:39
or something like that.
252
687456
1671
ili nešto slično tome.
11:41
You might be surprised to learn
253
689127
2484
Možda vas iznenadi saznanje da,
11:43
that if you look in most standard dictionaries,
254
691611
1869
ako pogledate većinu standardnih rečnika,
11:45
the first definition will be to read carefully,
255
693480
2773
prva definicija je „pažljivo čitati”
11:48
or pour over.
256
696253
2444
ili „pažljivo prostudirati”.
11:50
American Heritage has that as the first definition.
257
698697
2859
„Američko nasledstvo”
ima to kao prvu definiciju.
ima to kao prvu definiciju.
11:53
They then have, as the second definition, skim,
258
701556
2965
Zatim imaju, kao drugu definiciju,
„letimice pogledati”,
„letimice pogledati”,
11:56
and next to that, they say "usage problem."
259
704521
3795
a pored toga kažu „problem sa upotrebom”.
12:00
(Laughter)
260
708316
1910
(Smeh)
12:02
And then they include a usage note,
261
710226
2088
Zatim uključuju belešku za upotrebu
12:04
which is worth looking at.
262
712314
1877
koju vredi pogledati.
12:06
So here's the usage note:
263
714191
1911
Dakle, evo je:
12:08
"Peruse has long meant 'to read thoroughly' ...
264
716102
2357
„Pregledati je dugo značilo
temeljno čitati...
temeljno čitati...
12:10
But the word if often used more loosely,
265
718459
1767
ali reč se češće slobodnije koristi
12:12
to mean simply 'to read.' ...
266
720226
2160
da označava jednostavno čitati...
12:14
Further extension of the word
to mean 'to glance over, skim,'
to mean 'to glance over, skim,'
267
722386
2929
Dalje proširenje reči u značenju
'letimično, brzo pogledati'
'letimično, brzo pogledati'
12:17
has traditionally been considered an error,
268
725315
2456
tradicionalno se smatra greškom,
12:19
but our ballot results suggest that it is becoming
269
727771
2403
ali rezultati našeg glasanja ukazuju
da to postaje donekle prihvatljivije.
12:22
somewhat more acceptable.
270
730174
1696
Kada su ih upitali u vezi sa rečenicom:
12:23
When asked about the sentence,
271
731870
1399
12:25
'I only had a moment to peruse the manual quickly,'
272
733269
2731
'Imao sam samo trenutak
da brzo pregledam priručnik',
da brzo pregledam priručnik',
12:28
66 percent of the [Usage] Panel
273
736000
2075
66 procenata Komisije za upotrebu
12:30
found it unacceptable in 1988,
274
738075
2347
smatralo je da je neprihvatljiva
1988. godine,
1988. godine,
12:32
58 percent in 1999,
275
740422
2107
58 procenata 1999. godine,
12:34
and 48 percent in 2011."
276
742529
3868
a 48 procenata 2011. godine."
Ah, Komisija za upotrebu,
12:38
Ah, the Usage Panel,
277
746397
1961
12:40
that trusted body of language authorities
278
748358
2610
to telo od poverenja
sačinjeno od jezičkih stručnjaka,
sačinjeno od jezičkih stručnjaka,
12:42
who is getting more lenient about this.
279
750968
2852
koje postaje blaže po ovom pitanju.
12:45
Now, what I hope you're thinking right now is,
280
753820
2070
Nadam se da trenutno mislite:
12:47
"Wait, who's on the Usage Panel?
281
755890
3995
„Čekaj, ko je u Komisiji za upotrebu
12:51
And what should I do with their pronouncements?"
282
759885
3112
i šta da radim sa njihovim izjavama?”
12:54
If you look in the front matter
283
762997
1963
Ako pogledate početni deo
12:56
of American Heritage Dictionaries,
284
764960
1108
rečnika „Američkog nasleđa”,
12:58
you can actually find the names
285
766068
1575
zapravo možete naći imena
12:59
of the people on the Usage Panel.
286
767643
1569
ljudi koji se nalaze u toj Komisiji.
13:01
But who looks at the front matter of dictionaries?
287
769212
2032
Ali, ko još gleda u početni deo rečnika?
13:03
There are about 200 people on the Usage Panel.
288
771244
3047
Ima negde oko 200 ljudi
u Komisiji za upotrebu.
u Komisiji za upotrebu.
13:06
They include academicians,
289
774291
2377
Uključuju akademike,
13:08
journalists, creative writers.
290
776668
1677
novinare, kreativne pisce.
13:10
There's a Supreme Court justice on it
291
778345
2092
Ima tu i ljudi iz Vrhovnog suda
13:12
and a few linguists.
292
780437
1899
i nekoliko lingvista.
13:14
As of 2005, the list includes me.
293
782336
4832
Počevši od 2005. godine,
lista uključuje i mene.
lista uključuje i mene.
(Aplauz)
13:19
(Applause)
294
787168
3812
13:23
Here's what we can do for you.
295
791342
3368
Evo šta možemo da uradimo za vas.
Možemo vam predstaviti
13:26
We can give you a sense
296
794710
2360
spektar mišljenja o spornom korišćenju.
13:29
of the range of opinions about contested usage.
297
797070
3052
13:32
That is and should be the extent of our authority.
298
800122
3357
To jesu i trebalo bi da budu
naša ovlašćenja.
naša ovlašćenja.
13:35
We are not a language academy.
299
803479
3411
Nismo akademija jezika.
13:38
About once a year, I get a ballot
300
806890
2947
Jednom godišnje, dobijem glasački listić
13:41
that asks me about whether new uses,
301
809837
3032
koji mi postavlja pitanje
da li su nove upotrebe,
da li su nove upotrebe,
13:44
new pronunciations, new meanings, are acceptable.
302
812869
3338
novi izgovori, nova značenja prihvatljivi.
13:48
Now here's what I do to fill out the ballot.
303
816207
2892
Evo šta radim da bih popunila listić -
13:51
I listen to what other people are saying and writing.
304
819099
3508
slušam šta drugi ljudi pričaju i pišu.
13:54
I do not listen to my own likes
305
822607
2244
Ne slušam sopstvene preferencije
13:56
and dislikes about the English language.
306
824851
3209
i nenaklonosti o engleskom jeziku.
14:00
I will be honest with you:
307
828060
1469
Biću iskrena sa vama:
14:01
I do not like the word "impactful,"
308
829529
2949
ne sviđa mi se reč „uticajan”,
14:04
but that is neither here nor there
309
832478
2002
ali to ništa ne znači u smislu
14:06
in terms of whether "impactful"
is becoming common usage
is becoming common usage
310
834480
3239
da li upotreba reči „uticajan”
postaje uobičajena
postaje uobičajena
14:09
and becoming more acceptable in written prose.
311
837719
3251
ili prihvatljivija u pisanoj prozi.
14:12
So to be responsible,
312
840970
1048
Da budem odgovorna,
14:14
what I do is go look at usage,
313
842018
2528
ono što radim je pregledavanje upotrebe,
14:16
which often involves going to look
314
844546
1836
što često uključuje pregled
onlajn baza podataka
14:18
at online databases such as Google Books.
315
846382
2695
kao što su Gugl knjige.
14:21
Well, if you look for "impactful" in Google Books,
316
849077
2820
Ako potražite „uticajan” na Gugl knjigama,
14:23
here is what you find.
317
851897
3206
evo šta ćete naći.
14:27
Well, it sure looks like "impactful"
318
855103
2241
Sigurno je da se reč „uticajan”
14:29
is proving useful
319
857344
1730
pokazala korisnom za određene pisce
14:31
for a certain number of writers,
320
859074
1629
14:32
and has become more and more useful
321
860703
1600
a postala je sve korisnija
14:34
over the last 20 years.
322
862303
1959
tokom poslednjih 20 godina.
14:36
Now, there are going to be changes
323
864262
2153
E, sad, biće promena u jeziku
14:38
that all of us don't like in the language.
324
866415
2634
koje se neće sviđati svima.
14:41
There are going to be changes where you think,
325
869049
2184
Biće takvih promena da ćete pomisliti:
14:43
"Really?
326
871233
987
„Stvarno?
14:44
Does the language have to change that way?"
327
872220
3685
Da li jezik mora tako da se promeni?”
14:47
What I'm saying is,
328
875905
1683
Ono što govorim je
14:49
we should be less quick
329
877588
1722
da bi trebalo manje da žurimo
14:51
to decide that that change is terrible,
330
879310
3791
sa zaključkom da je ta promena grozna,
14:55
we should be less quick to impose
331
883101
1714
treba da manje žurimo da drugima nametnemo
14:56
our likes and dislikes about words on other people,
332
884815
3301
ono što nam se sviđa ili ne sviđa kod reči
15:00
and we should be entirely reluctant
333
888116
2914
i da ne bi trebalo da olako zaključujemo
15:03
to think that the English language is in trouble.
334
891030
2744
da je engleski jezik u nevolji.
15:05
It's not. It is rich and vibrant and filled
335
893774
4196
Nije. Bogat je, živ
i prepun kreativnosti
onih koji njime govore.
onih koji njime govore.
15:09
with the creativity of the speakers who speak it.
336
897970
3010
15:12
In retrospect, we think it's fascinating
337
900980
2618
Gledano unazad, mislimo da je fascinantno
15:15
that the word "nice" used to mean silly,
338
903598
3378
da je reč „fino”
nekada označavala „budalasto”,
nekada označavala „budalasto”,
15:18
and that the word "decimate"
339
906976
1684
a da je reč „desetkovati”
15:20
used to mean to kill one in every 10.
340
908660
3505
označavala ubiti jednog na svakih deset.
(Smeh)
15:24
(Laughter)
341
912165
4193
15:29
We think that Ben Franklin was being silly
342
917162
5093
Mislimo da je Ben Frenklin bio blesav
što je brinuo o „primetiti”
kao glagolu.
kao glagolu.
15:34
to worry about "notice" as a verb.
343
922255
2649
15:36
Well, you know what?
344
924904
1463
Pa, znate šta?
15:38
We're going to look pretty silly in a hundred years
345
926367
2700
Mi ćemo izgledati prilično blesavo
za 100 godina
15:41
for worrying about "impact" as a verb
346
929067
2297
što smo zabrinuti
oko glagola „uticati”
oko glagola „uticati”
15:43
and "invite" as a noun.
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i „pozivnice” kao imenice.
15:46
The language is not going to change so fast
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Jezik se neće tako brzo promeniti
15:48
that we can't keep up.
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da ne možemo da održimo korak sa tim.
15:50
Language just doesn't work that way.
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Jezik prosto tako ne funkcioniše.
15:52
I hope that what you can do
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Nadam se da možete
15:54
is find language change not worrisome
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da shvatite jezik ne kao zabrinjavajući,
15:57
but fun and fascinating,
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već kao zabavan i fascinantan,
15:59
just the way dictionary editors do.
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na isti način kao što to rade
uređivači rečnika.
uređivači rečnika.
16:02
I hope you can enjoy being part
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Nadam se da ćete uživati što ste deo
16:04
of the creativity that is continually remaking
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kreativnosti koja stalno stvara jezik
16:09
our language and keeping it robust.
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i održava ga snažnim.
16:12
So how does a word get into a dictionary?
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Kako reč postane deo rečnika?
16:15
It gets in because we use it
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Tako što je koristimo
16:17
and we keep using it,
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i nastavljamo da je koristimo,
16:19
and dictionary editors are paying attention to us.
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a uređivači rečnika
obraćaju pažnju na nas.
obraćaju pažnju na nas.
16:23
If you're thinking, "But that lets all of us decide
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Ako mislite: „Ali to dozvoljava
svima nama da odlučimo
svima nama da odlučimo
16:26
what words mean,"
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šta reči znače”,
16:28
I would say, "Yes it does,
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rekla bih vam: „Da, tako je,
16:32
and it always has."
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i oduvek je tako i bilo”.
16:34
Dictionaries are a wonderful guide and resource,
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Rečnici su sjajan vodič i izvor,
16:38
but there is no objective
dictionary authority out there
dictionary authority out there
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ali ne postoji
spoljašnji objektivni autoritet za rečnike
spoljašnji objektivni autoritet za rečnike
16:42
that is the final arbiter about what words mean.
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koji je vrhovni arbitar
koji odlučuje šta reč znači.
koji odlučuje šta reč znači.
16:46
If a community of speakers is using a word
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Ako zajednica govornika koristi reč
16:48
and knows what it means, it's real.
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i zna šta ona znači - stvarna je.
16:52
That word might be slangy,
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Ta reč može biti šatrovačka,
16:53
that word might be informal,
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može biti neformalna,
16:55
that word might be a word that you think
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može biti reč koju smatrate
16:57
is illogical or unnecessary,
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nelogičnom ili bespotrebnom,
16:59
but that word that we're using,
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ali ta reč koju koristimo -
17:02
that word is real.
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ta reč je stvarna.
17:04
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
(Aplauz)
17:06
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anne Curzan - Language historianEnglish professor Anne Curzan actually encourages her students to use slang in class. A language historian, she is fascinated by how people use words—and by how this changes.
Why you should listen
Anne Curzan is a collector of slang words, a dissector of colloquialisms and a charter of language evolution. To put it most simply, she is a Professor of English at the University of Michigan who studies how the English language works and how it has changed over time. As she puts it in her talk, “The English language is rich, vibrant and filled with the creativity of the people who speak it.”
In addition to sitting on the usage panel for American Heritage dictionary since 2005, Curzan is also an author—her latest book is called Fixing English: Prescriptivism and Language History. She also co-hosts the show “That’s What They Say” on Michigan Radio, all about language and grammar, and writes regularly for The Chronicle of Higher Education’s language blog, Lingua Franca.
Anne Curzan | Speaker | TED.com