TEDxMileHighWomen
Erica Stone: Academic research is publicly funded -- why isn't it publicly available?
艾瑞卡·斯通: 学术研究是公共资助的——为什么公众却不能看到研究成果？
Filmed:
Readability: 5.3
1,001,002 views
在美国，公立学校的科研经费来自你交的税。那为什么还要向盈利的期刊付出昂贵的费用才能看到科研成果？艾瑞卡·斯通呼吁出版物和学者建立一种新型的、开放的关系，使学者的论文发表于一些公众获取度更高的媒体。“民主的功能需要公众有良好的教育背景和信息获取能力”，斯通说，“与其让科研躲在付费和官僚机构身后，让它们直白的展现在我们公众面前不是更好吗？”
Erica Stone - Writer, teacher, community organizer
Erica Stone works at the intersection of writing, teaching, and community organizing. Full bio
Erica Stone works at the intersection of writing, teaching, and community organizing. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Do you ever find yourself
referencing a study in conversation
referencing a study in conversation
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你是否有这样的经历：
当你和别人谈论某项研究时，
当你和别人谈论某项研究时，
00:17
that you didn't actually read?
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其实你并没有真正读过其中的内容？
00:20
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
前几天我和一个朋友喝咖啡，
00:22
I was having coffee
with a friend of mine the other day,
with a friend of mine the other day,
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我说：“我最近读了一项研究，
00:25
and I said, "You know, I read a new study
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声称咖啡可以减少
女性患抑郁症的风险。”
女性患抑郁症的风险。”
00:28
that says coffee reduces
the risk of depression in women."
the risk of depression in women."
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00:32
But really, what I read was a tweet.
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实际上，我所说的“读了”
是一条推特。
是一条推特。
（笑声）
00:37
(Laughter)
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推文说——
00:39
That said --
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00:40
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
“一项新的研究表面，喝咖啡可
减少女性患抑郁症的风险。”
减少女性患抑郁症的风险。”
00:41
"A new study says drinking coffee
may decrease depression risk in women."
may decrease depression risk in women."
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00:45
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
这条推特附了链接，
连到《纽约时报》的博客，
连到《纽约时报》的博客，
00:47
And that tweet had a link
to the "New York Times" blog,
to the "New York Times" blog,
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该博客由是一位特邀博主
翻译出来的研究成果，
翻译出来的研究成果，
00:51
where a guest blogger translated
the study findings
the study findings
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该成果来自《生命科学》的一篇文章，
00:54
from a "Live Science" article,
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这篇文章的原始内容来自于
00:56
which got its original information
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哈佛大学公共卫生学院的新闻页面，
00:58
from the Harvard School
of Public Health news site,
of Public Health news site,
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该页面引用了一篇论文的摘要，
01:02
which cited the actual study abstract,
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这个摘要总结的是发表在
某学术期刊上的真实研究成果。
某学术期刊上的真实研究成果。
01:05
which summarized the actual study
published in an academic journal.
published in an academic journal.
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（笑声）
01:09
(Laughter)
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这就好像那个“六度空间理论”，
01:11
It's like the six degrees of separation,
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只是换成了科学研究。
01:14
but with research.
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01:15
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
所以，当我说读到了一项科学研究，
01:16
So, when I said I read a study,
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我实际看到的，只是概括了
近10年的研究成果的59个字母。
近10年的研究成果的59个字母。
01:20
what I actually read was 59 characters
that summarized 10 years of research.
that summarized 10 years of research.
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（笑声）
01:26
(Laughter)
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所以，当我说读到一项科学研究，
01:28
So, when I said I read a study,
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我只看到了这项研究的一小部分，
01:30
I was reading fractions of the study
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它来自于四位不同的作者，
01:34
that were put together
by four different writers
by four different writers
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却不是该研究的真正作者写的，
01:36
that were not the author,
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这就是最终我能看到的研究。
01:38
before it got to me.
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01:40
That doesn't seem right.
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这是不对的。
01:42
But accessing original
research is difficult,
research is difficult,
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但是，想要看到原始的
研究内容没那么容易，
研究内容没那么容易，
因为，学术论文通常
不与大众媒体建立联系。
不与大众媒体建立联系。
01:46
because academics aren't regularly
engaging with popular media.
engaging with popular media.
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01:50
And you might be asking yourself,
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可能你会问，
为什么学术论文
不与大众媒体挂钩呢？
不与大众媒体挂钩呢？
01:52
why aren't academics engaging
with popular media?
with popular media?
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好像学术论文的信息源
01:55
It seems like they'd be
a more legitimate source of information
a more legitimate source of information
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比媒体权威更靠谱啊。
01:58
than the media pundits.
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02:00
Right?
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对吧？
（笑声）
02:01
(Laughter)
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在一个拥有超过4100所
大学和学院的国家，
大学和学院的国家，
02:03
In a country with over
4,100 colleges and universities,
4,100 colleges and universities,
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好像这应该很正常。
02:06
it feels like this should be the norm.
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02:09
But it's not.
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然而事实并非如此。
02:11
So, how did we get here?
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是怎么回事呢？
02:14
To understand why scholars
aren't engaging with popular media,
aren't engaging with popular media,
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要想明白为什么学者们
不与大众媒体建立联系，
不与大众媒体建立联系，
首先你得知道大学是怎么运作的。
02:17
you first have to understand
how universities work.
how universities work.
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02:21
Now, in the last six years,
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在过去的六年里，
我在七所不同的大学都担任过教员，
02:22
I've taught at seven
different colleges and universities
different colleges and universities
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它们位于四个不同的州。
02:25
in four different states.
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02:27
I'm a bit of an adjunct extraordinaire.
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我能算半个跨领域专家吧。
（笑声）
02:29
(Laughter)
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02:30
And at the same time, I'm pursuing my PhD.
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任教的同时，我也在
攻读我的博士学位。
攻读我的博士学位。
02:33
In all of these different institutions,
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在所有不同的大学机构里，
研究和发表论文的流程
几乎是一样的。
几乎是一样的。
02:35
the research and publication process
works the same way.
works the same way.
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02:39
First, scholars produce
research in their fields.
research in their fields.
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首先，学者们在自己的
研究领域做科研。
研究领域做科研。
他们会向公共部门或私人机构
申请研究经费，
申请研究经费，
02:42
To fund their research,
they apply for public and private grants
they apply for public and private grants
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等研究完成以后，
02:46
and after the research is finished,
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他们会把研究成果写成论文。
02:48
they write a paper about their findings.
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然后论文被提交给相关学术期刊。
02:50
Then they submit that paper
to relevant academic journals.
to relevant academic journals.
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02:54
Then it goes through a process
called peer review,
called peer review,
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接着会有一个环节，叫做同行审稿。
就是由同领域其他的专家
02:57
which essentially means that other experts
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来检验研究报告的准确性和可信度。
02:59
are checking it
for accuracy and credibility.
for accuracy and credibility.
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03:02
And then, once it's published,
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然后，论文一旦发表了，
盈利公司就会转卖该内容，
03:04
for-profit companies
resell that information
resell that information
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以期刊或订阅资料库的形式
03:08
back to universities and public libraries
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卖回给大学和公共图书馆。
03:10
through journal
and database subscriptions.
and database subscriptions.
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03:13
So, that's the system.
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这就是整个系统的运行过程。
03:16
Research, write, peer-review,
publish, repeat.
publish, repeat.
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研究、撰写、同行审稿、
发表，再不断重复这个过程。
发表，再不断重复这个过程。
03:21
My friends and I call it
feeding the monster.
feeding the monster.
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我和我朋友都认为
这就像是“养怪兽”。
这就像是“养怪兽”。
03:25
And you can see how this
might create some problems.
might create some problems.
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你能看出这会造成一些问题。
03:29
The first problem is that most
academic research is publicly funded
academic research is publicly funded
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首先，大部分研究都由公共经费出资，
但是成果却由私人售卖。
03:34
but privately distributed.
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03:37
Every year, the federal government
spends 60 billion dollars on research.
spends 60 billion dollars on research.
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每年，联邦政府花费
600亿美元支持科研。
600亿美元支持科研。
03:42
According to the National
Science Foundation,
Science Foundation,
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据国家科学基金会称，
其中29%给了公立大学研究。
03:44
29 percent of that
goes to public research universities.
goes to public research universities.
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如果你数学不错，会算出那是174亿。
03:47
So, if you're quick at math,
that's 17.4 billion dollars.
that's 17.4 billion dollars.
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03:53
Tax dollars.
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纳税人的钱。
03:55
And just five corporations are responsible
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只有五家公司负责发行
公共经费资助的大多数研究成果。
03:58
for distributing most
publicly funded research.
publicly funded research.
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在2014年，其中一家公司盈利15亿。
04:00
In 2014, just one of those companies
made 1.5 billion dollars in profit.
made 1.5 billion dollars in profit.
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04:07
It's a big business.
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真是一桩大买卖啊。
04:09
And I bet you can see the irony here.
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我知道你一定看出了其讽刺之处。
如果公众给学术研究提供经费，
04:12
If the public is funding
academics' research,
academics' research,
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可之后我们还得付费
才能看到研究结果，
才能看到研究结果，
04:15
but then we have to pay again
to access the results,
to access the results,
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04:19
it's like we're paying for it twice.
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等于我们出了两次钱。
04:22
And the other major problem
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另外，还有一个主要的问题是，
04:24
is that most academics
don't have a whole lot of incentive
don't have a whole lot of incentive
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大部分学者都没有动机
把文章发表到那些订阅式的
著名期刊以外的地方。
著名期刊以外的地方。
04:26
to publish outside of these prestigious
subscription-based journals.
subscription-based journals.
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大学的终身职位和晋升机制
04:30
Universities build their tenure
and promotion systems
and promotion systems
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04:33
around the number of times
scholars publish.
scholars publish.
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取决于学者发表的文章数量。
04:36
So, books and journal articles are kind of
like a form of currency for scholars.
like a form of currency for scholars.
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所以，出书和期刊对学者来说
就像一种货币形式。
就像一种货币形式。
04:40
Publishing articles helps you get tenure
and more research grants down the road.
and more research grants down the road.
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发表论文帮你得到终身职位，
以及更多的研究经费。
以及更多的研究经费。
但是，如果在大众媒体发表论文，
学者们什么也得不到。
学者们什么也得不到。
04:45
But academics are not rewarded
for publishing with popular media.
for publishing with popular media.
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04:50
So, this is the status quo.
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所以，这就是现状。
这就是当下的学术生态系统。
04:54
The current academic ecosystem.
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但我觉得不一定非要这样。
04:56
But I don't think it has to be this way.
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我们可以做些简单改变
来翻转这个局面。
来翻转这个局面。
04:59
We can make some simple changes
to flip the script.
to flip the script.
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首先，我们来谈谈信息的获取。
05:04
So, first, let's start
by discussing access.
by discussing access.
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05:08
Universities can begin
to challenge the status quo
to challenge the status quo
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大学可以这样开始挑战现状：
学者可以获得奖励，如果把文章
05:12
by rewarding scholars for publishing
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05:14
not just in these
subscription-based journals
subscription-based journals
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不仅发表在订阅式期刊上，
05:16
but in open-access journals
as well as on popular media.
as well as on popular media.
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也发表在对公众开放的期刊
和大众媒体上。
和大众媒体上。
如今，在多个学科中，开放浏览运动
05:21
Now, the open-access movement
is starting to make some progress
is starting to make some progress
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开始初见成效，
05:24
in many disciplines,
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而且有幸也引起了几个巨头的关注。
05:26
and fortunately, some other
big players have started to notice.
big players have started to notice.
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05:30
Google Scholar has made
open-access research
open-access research
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“谷歌学术”已经提供开放的学术搜索，
很好搜索也很容易找到。
05:33
searchable and easier to find.
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05:37
Congress, last year, introduced a bill
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去年，国会提出了一个提案，
05:40
that suggests that academic
research projects
research projects
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建议那些获得了超过
一亿美元资金支持的
一亿美元资金支持的
05:43
with over 100 million or more in funding
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学术研究项目，
应该建立开放获取的政策。
05:46
should develop an open-access policy.
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而且今年，NASA 也把他们的
整个研究图书馆对公众开放。
整个研究图书馆对公众开放。
05:49
And this year, NASA opened up
its entire research library to the public.
its entire research library to the public.
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05:55
So, you can see this idea
is beginning to catch on.
is beginning to catch on.
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所以，你看这个想法正在开始实现。
但是，开放获取不仅仅是
05:59
But access isn't just about being able
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能让你获得某个文档或者研究内容。
06:02
to get your hands
on a document or a study.
on a document or a study.
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它也要确保
06:05
It's also about making sure
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这个文档或者研究内容
能很容易被你理解。
能很容易被你理解。
06:06
that that document or study
is easily understood.
is easily understood.
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06:09
So, let's talk about translation.
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所以，我们再来谈谈诠释。
我不希望诠释又是一个
像我开头说的那种
像我开头说的那种
06:15
I don't envision this translation to look
like the six degrees of separation
like the six degrees of separation
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06:20
that I illustrated earlier.
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“六度空间理论”。
相反，如果学者本人能够
把他们自己做的研究
把他们自己做的研究
06:23
Instead, what if scholars were able
to take the research that they're doing
to take the research that they're doing
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06:27
and translate it on popular media
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在大众媒体上诠释，
06:29
and be able to engage with the public?
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并能与公众进行互动，会怎么样？
如果学者们这样做，
06:33
If scholars did this,
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06:35
the degrees of separation
between the public and research
between the public and research
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那么大众和学术研究之间的距离
06:38
would shrink by a lot.
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就会缩小很多。
06:40
So, you see, I'm not suggesting
a dumbing-down of the research.
a dumbing-down of the research.
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所以你看，我不提倡降低研究标准。
我只是建议把研究成果开放给公众，
06:44
I'm just suggesting that we give
the public access to that research
the public access to that research
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06:47
and that we shift the venue
and focus on using plain language
and focus on using plain language
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转化获取方式，注意运用通俗的语言，
这样，那些为研究出资的公众
06:51
so that the public
who's paying for the research
who's paying for the research
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06:54
can also consume it.
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也可以了解这些成果。
06:57
And there are some other benefits
to this approach.
to this approach.
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这种方法还有其他一些好处。
通过让公众了解他们纳的税
07:01
By showing the public
how their tax dollars
how their tax dollars
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如何被用于研究，
07:04
are being used to fund research,
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他们可以重新对大学进行定位，
07:06
they can begin to redefine
universities' identities
universities' identities
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07:09
so that universities' identities
are not just based on a football team
are not just based on a football team
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让大学的定位不仅仅是
建立在一个足球队上，
建立在一个足球队上，
07:13
or the degrees they grant
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也不是他们授予的学位上，
而是建立在研究结果上。
07:15
but on the research
that's being produced there.
that's being produced there.
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07:19
And when there's a healthy relationship
between the public and scholars,
between the public and scholars,
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当学者和公众之间建立起
一种健康的关系，
一种健康的关系，
就会鼓励公众参与到研究中。
07:24
it encourages public
participation in research.
participation in research.
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07:28
Can you imagine what that might look like?
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你能想象这会产生什么样的变化吗？
如果一个社会学科学家
07:32
What if social scientists
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07:33
helped local police redesign
their sensitivity trainings
their sensitivity trainings
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能帮助警察重新设计敏感性训练，
07:37
and then collaboratively wrote
a manual to model future trainings?
a manual to model future trainings?
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然后一起写个手册来
为未来的训练做示范？
为未来的训练做示范？
07:42
Or what if our education professors
consulted with our local public schools
consulted with our local public schools
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或者，如果教育学教授能为
地方公立学校提供咨询，
地方公立学校提供咨询，
来商讨如何教导那些面临危机的学生，
07:48
to decide how we're going to intervene
with our at-risk students
with our at-risk students
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然后在当地报纸上发表一篇报告呢？
07:51
and then wrote about it
in a local newspaper?
in a local newspaper?
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07:55
Because a functioning democracy
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因为真正的民主
需要公众接收良好的
教育并获知信息。
教育并获知信息。
07:58
requires that the public be
well-educated and well-informed.
well-educated and well-informed.
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08:03
Instead of research happening
behind paywalls and bureaucracy,
behind paywalls and bureaucracy,
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与其让研究成果藏在
付费系统和官僚系统的后面，
付费系统和官僚系统的后面，
让它直白的展现在我们面前
不是更好吗？
不是更好吗？
08:07
wouldn't it be better
if it was unfolding right in front of us?
if it was unfolding right in front of us?
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作为一名博士生，
08:12
Now, as a PhD student,
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我知道我在批评一个
我自己想要加入的群体。
我自己想要加入的群体。
08:15
I realize I'm critiquing
the club I want to join.
the club I want to join.
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（笑声）
08:18
(Laughter)
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这么干挺危险的，
08:19
Which is a dangerous thing to do,
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因为过两年我就要
在这个圈子里找工作。
在这个圈子里找工作。
08:21
since I'm going to be on the academic
job market in a couple of years.
job market in a couple of years.
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但如果当今的学术研究现状
08:25
But if the status quo in academic research
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08:28
is to publish in the echo chambers
of for-profit journals
of for-profit journals
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仍然是在盈利期刊发表论文，
而从不面向公众，
08:31
that never reach the public,
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你知道我的答案肯定是“不行”。
08:34
you better believe
my answer is going to be "nope."
my answer is going to be "nope."
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我相信，民主的科学研究
08:38
I believe in inclusive,
democratic research
democratic research
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08:41
that works in the community
and talks with the public.
and talks with the public.
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是为了大众服务的，
是能和民众互动的，
是能和民众互动的，
我更愿意在这样的文化里做研究，
08:45
I want to work in research
and in an academic culture
and in an academic culture
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08:48
where the public is not only seen
as a valuable audience,
as a valuable audience,
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公众不仅仅只是观众，
而应该是参与者。
08:51
but a constituent, a participant.
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在某些情况下，甚至是专家。
08:55
And in some cases even the expert.
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09:00
And this isn't just about
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而且，这不只是关乎
09:04
giving you guys access to information.
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向公众开放信息。
而是要把学术文化
从发表论文变成实际应用，
从发表论文变成实际应用，
09:08
It's about shifting academic culture
from publishing to practice
from publishing to practice
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从理论变成实践。
09:13
and from talking to doing.
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09:17
And you should know
that this idea, this hope --
that this idea, this hope --
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你应该知道的是，
这个观点和希望——
这个观点和希望——
并不只属于我一个人。
09:21
it doesn't just belong to me.
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我是站在许多人的肩膀上，
包括学者、教师、
包括学者、教师、
09:23
I'm standing on the shoulders
of many scholars, teachers,
of many scholars, teachers,
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图书管理员和社区成员，
09:27
librarians and community members
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09:30
who also advocate for including
more people in the conversation.
more people in the conversation.
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他们也呼吁更多的人参与进来。
09:34
I hope you join our conversation, too.
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我希望你也能参与进来。
09:37
Thank you.
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谢谢。
09:38
(Applause)
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（掌声）
Translated by Yan Gao
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Erica Stone - Writer, teacher, community organizerErica Stone works at the intersection of writing, teaching, and community organizing.
Why you should listen
Through collaborative projects, Erica Stone creates opportunities for scholars, students and community members to engage in conversations and civic problem-solving with the hope of building a more equitable and just democracy. As a researcher, she's passionate about making academic scholarship free and accessible.
Erica Stone | Speaker | TED.com