TEDxRiodelaPlata
Romina Libster: The power of herd immunity
萝蜜娜．李布斯特: 群體免疫力的力量
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疫苗如何在即使一些人因为太小无法接种疫苗的情况下预防疾病？那是一个叫做「群体免疫」的概念，它仰赖于多数人们打疫苗来破坏传染链。从事健康研究的萝蜜娜．李布斯特叙述群体免疫力如何使得致命的H1N1流感在她的家乡得到控制。
Romina Libster - Medical researcher
Dr. Romina Libster investigates influenza and other respiratory viruses, searching for ways to most effectively keep viruses from spreading. Full bio
Dr. Romina Libster investigates influenza and other respiratory viruses, searching for ways to most effectively keep viruses from spreading. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
One of the first patients
I had to see as a pediatrician was Sol,
I had to see as a pediatrician was Sol,
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我成為小儿科医师後，
第一批病人中有一位病人名字是索尔。
第一批病人中有一位病人名字是索尔。
00:17
a beautiful month-old baby
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一个一月大漂亮的婴儿，
00:20
who was admitted with signs
of a severe respiratory infection.
of a severe respiratory infection.
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她患有严重的呼吸道感染的症状。
00:23
Until then, I had never seen
a patient worsen so fast.
a patient worsen so fast.
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在她之前，我从没看过
病人的病情恶化得这么快。
病人的病情恶化得这么快。
00:28
In just two days
she was connected to a respirator
she was connected to a respirator
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短短两天，她就得戴上呼吸器，
00:31
and on the third day she died.
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然后第三天的时候她就死了。
索尔患的是百日咳。
00:34
Sol had whooping cough.
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00:37
After discussing the case in the room
and after a quite distressing catharsis,
and after a quite distressing catharsis,
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在房间里讨论了这个病例，
并静静宣泄了心中的悲伤之后，
并静静宣泄了心中的悲伤之后，
00:42
I remember my chief resident said to me,
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我记得
我们的总住院医师对我说：
我们的总住院医师对我说：
00:44
"Okay, take a deep breath. Wash your face.
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「来，深呼吸，把脸洗干净。
现在要做的才是最艰难的，
00:48
And now comes the hardest part:
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我们得去告诉她的父母。」
00:51
We have to go talk to her parents."
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那个时候，我的心中涌现无数问题，
00:54
At that time, a thousand questions
came to mind,
came to mind,
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从 「为什么一个才一个月大的婴儿
要遭受如此不幸？」
要遭受如此不幸？」
00:58
from, "How could a one-month-old
baby be so unfortunate?"
baby be so unfortunate?"
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01:03
to, "Could we have done
something about it?"
something about it?"
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到 「还有什么是我们本可以做到的?」
在疫苗出现之前
01:07
Before vaccines existed,
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每年有成千上万人死于感染性疾病
01:09
many infectious diseases
killed millions of people per year.
killed millions of people per year.
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1918年的大型流感
01:15
During the 1918 flu pandemic
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01:18
50 million people died.
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造成了五千万人死亡
这比阿根廷现在的人口还多
01:21
That's greater than Argentina's
current population.
current population.
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或许，在座年长些的人
01:25
Perhaps, the older ones among you
remember the polio epidemic
remember the polio epidemic
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还记得1956年在阿根廷肆虐的小儿麻痹症
01:29
that occurred in Argentina in 1956.
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当时，没有可以用来
预防小儿麻痹症的疫苗
预防小儿麻痹症的疫苗
01:32
At that time, there was no vaccine
available against polio.
available against polio.
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人们不知道该怎么办
大家都快急疯了
大家都快急疯了
01:35
People didn't know what to do.
They were going crazy.
They were going crazy.
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01:38
They would go painting trees
with caustic lime.
with caustic lime.
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他们往树上洒生石灰
01:40
They'd put little bags of camphor
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他们将小袋的樟脑
01:41
in their children's underwear,
as if that could do something.
as if that could do something.
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放到孩子的内衣里
好像这么做能有什么帮助似的
好像这么做能有什么帮助似的
那次小儿麻痹症的爆发
造成了成千上万人的死亡
造成了成千上万人的死亡
01:46
During the polio epidemic,
thousands of people died.
thousands of people died.
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另有数以千计的人虽然活了下来
却落下了严重的神经损伤
却落下了严重的神经损伤
01:50
And thousands of people were left
with very significant neurological damage.
with very significant neurological damage.
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我知道这个事实，
因为我读过相关的书，
因为我读过相关的书，
01:56
I know this because I read about it,
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01:59
because thanks to vaccines,
my generation was lucky
my generation was lucky
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因为我们这一代多亏疫苗
而得以不用经历如此可怕的流行病
02:03
to not live through an epidemic
as terrible as this.
as terrible as this.
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疫苗是20世纪公共卫生领域的壮举之一
02:05
Vaccines are one of the great successes
of the 20th century's public health.
of the 20th century's public health.
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它是继饮用水之后
02:11
After potable water,
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02:13
they are the interventions
that have most reduced mortality,
that have most reduced mortality,
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能够最大幅度降低死亡率的干预手段
02:16
even more than antibiotics.
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它的效果甚至超过抗生素
疫苗彻底根除了
像天花那样可怕的疾病
像天花那样可怕的疾病
02:19
Vaccines eradicated terrible diseases
such as smallpox from the planet
such as smallpox from the planet
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02:24
and succeeded in significantly
reducing mortality
reducing mortality
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也成功地大大降低了
其他像麻疹、
百日咳、小儿麻痹等疾病
所导致的死亡率
所导致的死亡率
02:28
due to other diseases such as measles,
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02:30
whooping cough, polio and many more.
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所有的这些疾病都被认为是
用疫苗可以预防的疾病
用疫苗可以预防的疾病
02:34
All these diseases are considered
vaccine-preventable diseases.
vaccine-preventable diseases.
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02:41
What does this mean?
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这是什么意思呢？
02:43
That they are potentially preventable,
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这表示它们是可以被预防的
但要预防，你必须采取一定的措施
02:46
but in order to be so,
something must be done.
something must be done.
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那就是接种疫苗
02:49
You need to get vaccinated.
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我猜测即使不是全部的人
今天在座的大部分人
今天在座的大部分人
02:52
I imagine that most,
if not all of us here today,
if not all of us here today,
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02:55
received a vaccine
at some point in our life.
at some point in our life.
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在人生的某个时刻曾经接种过疫苗
现在，我不是很确定多少人知道
03:00
Now, I'm not so sure that many of us know
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03:04
which vaccines or boosters
we should receive after adolescence.
we should receive after adolescence.
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成年之后我们应该接种
哪些疫苗或者辅助药剂
哪些疫苗或者辅助药剂
你曾想过当我们接种疫苗是为了保护谁吗？
03:10
Have you ever wondered
who we are protecting
who we are protecting
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03:14
when we vaccinate?
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我们应该在何时接种疫苗？
03:17
What do I mean by that?
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我这么说是什么意思呢？
03:18
Is there any other effect
beyond protecting ourselves?
beyond protecting ourselves?
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接种疫苗除了保护我们自己还有什么其他效果吗？
03:25
Let me show you something.
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让我来展示给你们看
想象一下
03:27
Imagine for a moment
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我们正身处在一个城市里
03:30
that we are in a city
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03:32
that has never had a case
of a particular disease,
of a particular disease,
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而这个城市从未有过某种疾病的病例
03:35
such as the measles.
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比如说麻疹
这就意味着这城市里从未有人接触过这种疾病
03:37
This would mean that no one in the city
has ever had contact with the disease.
has ever had contact with the disease.
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没有人对这个疾病有天生的抵抗力
或者曾经接种过它的疫苗
或者曾经接种过它的疫苗
03:42
No one has natural defenses against,
nor been vaccinated against measles.
nor been vaccinated against measles.
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如果有一天，一个麻疹患者来到这个城市
03:47
If one day, a person sick with the measles
appears in this city
appears in this city
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03:53
the disease won't find much resistance
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这个疾病将不会受到任何阻碍
03:56
and will begin spreading
from person to person,
from person to person,
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并在人们之间开始传播
然后很快它就会传遍整个社区
03:59
and in no time it will disseminate
throughout the community.
throughout the community.
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不久后
04:03
After a certain time
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很大一部分的人就会患病
04:05
a big part of the population will be ill.
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04:09
This happened when there were no vaccines.
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这是没有疫苗的情况
04:14
Now, imagine the complete opposite case.
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现在，让我们试着想想一个完全相反的情况
04:19
We are in a city
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我们在一个城市
这里百分之九十的居民
04:21
where more than 90 percent
of the population
of the population
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04:24
has defenses against
the measles, which means
the measles, which means
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都对麻疹有免疫力，这也就意味着
04:27
that they either had the disease,
survived, and developed natural defenses;
survived, and developed natural defenses;
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他们要么曾经得过麻疹并活了下来，
产生了自然的免疫力
产生了自然的免疫力
04:30
or that they had been
immunized against measles.
immunized against measles.
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要么已经接种过疫苗并对麻疹产生了免疫力
如果有一天
04:35
If one day,
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一个患有麻疹的人来到这里
04:36
a person sick with the measles
appears in this city,
appears in this city,
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这个疾病的传播将遇到更大的阻力，
04:41
the disease will find much more resistance
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04:44
and won't be transmitted
that much from person to person.
that much from person to person.
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也不会在人和人之间传染得那么快
它的传播很有可能会得到控制
04:48
The spread will probably remain contained
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于是也不会有麻疹疫情爆发
04:52
and a measles outbreak won't happen.
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我希望你能够关注到其中的一些东西
04:57
I would like you
to pay attention to something.
to pay attention to something.
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接种了疫苗的人们
05:00
People who are vaccinated
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不仅仅在保护自己
05:03
are not only protecting themselves,
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也在阻碍着社区内
05:06
but by blocking the dissemination
of the disease
of the disease
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05:09
within the community,
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疾病的传播
05:11
they are indirectly protecting
the people in this community
the people in this community
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他们间接地保护着这个社区里
没有接种过疫苗的人们
05:16
who are not vaccinated.
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他们创造了一种防护盾
05:18
They create a kind of protective shield
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以使他们不与疾病接触
05:21
which prevents them from
coming in contact with the disease,
coming in contact with the disease,
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从而让这些人得到保护
05:24
so that these people are protected.
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这种通过接种人群
05:28
This indirect protection
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来达到保护未接种人群目的
的间接保护措施
05:31
that the unvaccinated people
within a community receive
within a community receive
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叫做群体免疫
05:35
simply by being surrounded
by vaccinated people,
by vaccinated people,
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05:39
is called herd immunity.
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社区中的很多人
05:45
Many people in the community
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05:47
depend almost exclusively
on this herd immunity
on this herd immunity
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几乎完全依靠这种群体免疫
05:51
to be protected against disease.
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来预防疾病
05:54
The unvaccinated people you see
in infographics are not just hypothetical.
in infographics are not just hypothetical.
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你在图里看见到的没有接种过的人们
并非单纯的假想
并非单纯的假想
那些人可能是我们的侄女、侄子、
我们的孩子
我们的孩子
05:59
Those people are our nieces
and nephews, our children,
and nephews, our children,
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他们可能因为太小
还未接种过疫苗
还未接种过疫苗
06:02
who may be too young
to receive their first shots.
to receive their first shots.
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另外一些人可能是我们的父母、
我们的兄弟姐妹、
我们的兄弟姐妹、
06:07
They are our parents, our siblings,
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06:09
our acquaintances,
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我们的熟识的人
06:10
who may have a disease,
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他们可能带有疾病
06:12
or take medication
that lowers their defenses.
that lowers their defenses.
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或正在服用会降低他们防御力的药物
也有一些人会对特定的疫苗过敏
06:18
There are also people who are
allergic to a particular vaccine.
allergic to a particular vaccine.
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他们甚至可能就在我们身边
06:23
They could even be among us,
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06:25
any of us who got vaccinated,
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那些接种过疫苗
06:27
but the vaccine didn't produce
the expected effect,
the expected effect,
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但没有产生预期的效果的人，
06:31
because not all vaccines
are always 100 percent effective.
are always 100 percent effective.
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因为疫苗并不是百分之百有效的
所有这些人
几乎完全依靠群体免疫
几乎完全依靠群体免疫
06:35
All these people depend
almost exclusively on herd immunity
almost exclusively on herd immunity
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06:40
to be protected against diseases.
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来预防各种的疾病
要实现群体免疫，
06:44
To achieve this effect of herd immunity,
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06:49
it is necessary that a large percentage
of the population be vaccinated.
of the population be vaccinated.
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就需要群体中大部分人接种疫苗
这个百分比被称作阈值
06:54
This percentage is called the threshold.
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这个阈值取决于很多变量
06:57
The threshold depends on many variables:
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它取决于微生物的特性
07:01
It depends on the germ's characteristics,
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以及那些疫苗引起的微生物免疫反应的特性
07:03
and those of the immune response
that the vaccine generates.
that the vaccine generates.
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但是它们都有共同点
07:08
But they all have something in common.
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如果社区里接种过疫苗的人口百分比
07:10
If the percentage of the population
in a vaccinated community
in a vaccinated community
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07:15
is below this threshold number,
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低于这个阈值的数字
07:19
the disease will begin
to spread more freely
to spread more freely
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那么这个疾病就会很容易传播
07:23
and may generate an outbreak
of this disease within the community.
of this disease within the community.
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且这个社区可能会爆发这种疾病
07:27
Even diseases which were
at some point controlled may reappear.
at some point controlled may reappear.
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即使是那些一度被控制下来的疾病，
也有可能再次爆发
也有可能再次爆发
07:36
This is not just a theory.
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这不仅仅是一个理论
07:38
This has happened,
and is still happening.
and is still happening.
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这样的事情曾发生过
且还在继续发生
且还在继续发生
在1998年，一位英国研究人员
07:43
In 1998, a British researcher
published an article
published an article
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07:47
in one of the most important
medical journals,
medical journals,
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在一本很有影响力的医学杂志上
发表了一篇文章
发表了一篇文章
07:50
saying that the MMR vaccine,
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他说，用来预防
07:53
which is given for measles,
mumps and rubella,
mumps and rubella,
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麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹的MMR混合疫苗
可能会引发自闭症
07:55
was associated with autism.
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这篇文章立即引起了反响
07:57
This generated an immediate impact.
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人们开始不再接种疫苗
也不再让他们的孩子接种疫苗
也不再让他们的孩子接种疫苗
08:01
People began to stop getting vaccinated,
and stopped vaccinating their children.
and stopped vaccinating their children.
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08:05
And what happened?
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接下来发生了什么呢？
08:07
The number of people vaccinated,
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世界上很多社区里
08:09
in many communities around the world,
fell below this threshold.
fell below this threshold.
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接种过疫苗的人数降至这个阈值之下
08:13
And there were outbreaks of measles
in many cities in the world --
in many cities in the world --
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接着麻疹在世界上很多城市爆发--
08:17
in the U.S., in Europe.
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包挂美国以及欧洲的城市
08:19
Many people got sick.
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很多人都生病了
08:22
People died of measles.
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许多人死于麻疹
08:25
What happened?
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为什么会这样呢？
08:27
This article also generated a huge stir
within the medical community.
within the medical community.
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这篇文章也在医学界引起了巨大的骚动
很多研究员开始评测文章观点的真实性
08:32
Dozens of researchers began to assess
if this was actually true.
if this was actually true.
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不仅没有人找到
08:37
Not only could no one find
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MMR和自闭症之间的因果联系
08:40
a causal association between MMR
and autism at the population level,
and autism at the population level,
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08:45
but it was also found that this article
had incorrect claims.
had incorrect claims.
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且人们发现这篇文章的主张并不正确，
甚至可以说，它是有欺诈性的
08:50
Even more, it was fraudulent.
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它是虚假的
08:54
It was fraudulent.
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事实上，这本杂志于2010年
公开地撤回了这篇文章
公开地撤回了这篇文章
08:57
In fact, the journal publicly retracted
the article in 2010.
the article in 2010.
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导致人们不愿接种疫苗最大的顾虑和借口之一就是
09:04
One of the main concerns and excuses
for not getting vaccinated
for not getting vaccinated
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疫苗的副作用
09:08
are the adverse effects.
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疫苗和其他药品一样都可能有副作用
09:11
Vaccines, like other drugs,
can have potential adverse effects.
can have potential adverse effects.
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多数的副作用轻微而短暂
09:17
Most are mild and temporary.
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但是疫苗的好处远远大于潜在的副作用
09:20
But the benefits are always greater
than possible complications.
than possible complications.
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09:27
When we are ill,
we want to heal fast.
we want to heal fast.
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我们生病时，我们都希望迅速恢复
在座的大多数
09:32
Many of us who are here
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09:34
take antibiotics
when we have an infection,
when we have an infection,
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在受到细菌感染时会服用抗生素
在患有高血压时服用抗高血压药
09:38
we take anti-hypertensives
when we have high blood pressure,
when we have high blood pressure,
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我们服用心脏药物
09:41
we take cardiac medications.
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为什么？因为我们生病时，
我们都想要快点恢复健康
我们都想要快点恢复健康
09:43
Why? Because we are sick
and we want to heal fast.
and we want to heal fast.
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我们不会对其提出很大质疑
09:46
And we don't question it much.
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09:48
Why is it so difficult
to think of preventing diseases,
to think of preventing diseases,
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为什么想到预防会如此困难？
为什么不在患病前好好照顾自己、预防疾病？
09:53
by taking care of ourselves
when we are healthy?
when we are healthy?
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09:57
We take care of ourselves a lot
when affected by an illness,
when affected by an illness,
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我们在生病时或生命垂危时
10:00
or in situations of imminent danger.
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很会照顾自己
我想在座的大多数人
10:04
I imagine most of us here,
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10:06
remember the influenza-A pandemic
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都还记得2009年在阿根廷以至全世界
爆发的大型流感疫情
10:10
which broke out in 2009
in Argentina and worldwide.
in Argentina and worldwide.
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10:14
When the first cases
began to come to light,
began to come to light,
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首名患者被确诊的时候，
我们的阿根廷正步入冬季
10:17
we, here in Argentina,
were entering the winter season.
were entering the winter season.
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我们对此流感一无所知
10:21
We knew absolutely nothing.
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10:24
Everything was a mess.
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一切都非常混乱
10:25
People wore masks on the street,
ran into pharmacies to buy alcohol gel.
ran into pharmacies to buy alcohol gel.
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大家在街上都戴口罩，
跑去药房买酒精凝胶
跑去药房买酒精凝胶
10:30
People would line up
in pharmacies to get a vaccine,
in pharmacies to get a vaccine,
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大家去药房排队打疫苗
10:34
without even knowing
if it was the right vaccine
if it was the right vaccine
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他们甚至都不知道这个疫苗
10:36
that would protect them
against this new virus.
against this new virus.
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能否对抗这个新的病毒
我们实在是一无所知
10:39
We knew absolutely nothing.
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那时，我除了在婴儿基金会服务
10:41
At that time, in addition to doing
my fellowship at the Infant Foundation,
my fellowship at the Infant Foundation,
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还在一家预付药品公司
从事家庭小儿科医师
从事家庭小儿科医师
10:46
I worked as a home pediatrician
for a prepaid medicine company.
for a prepaid medicine company.
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我记得我在早上八点开始轮班
10:51
I remember that I started
my shift at 8 a.m.,
my shift at 8 a.m.,
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10:54
and by 8, I already had a list
of 50 scheduled visits.
of 50 scheduled visits.
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每八点就已有50人预约看病
那时真是混乱，人们不知如何是好
10:59
It was chaos;
people didn't know what to do.
people didn't know what to do.
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我记得我所检查的一些病人的样子
11:02
I remember the types of patients
that I was examining.
that I was examining.
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11:07
The patients were a little older than
what we were used to seeing in winter,
what we were used to seeing in winter,
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那些病人比我一般在冬天看的病人
年纪大一点
年纪大一点
他们发烧也持续更久
11:12
with longer fevers.
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我向我的导师提起时
11:14
And I mentioned that
to my fellowship mentor,
to my fellowship mentor,
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11:18
and he, for his part, had heard
the same from a colleague,
the same from a colleague,
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他说他从其他同事那里，
也听到过同样的情况：
也听到过同样的情况：
11:21
about the large number
of pregnant women
of pregnant women
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许多的怀孕妇女
11:24
and young adults
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和年轻人
住进了加护病房
11:26
being hospitalized in intensive care,
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11:28
with hard-to-manage clinical profiles.
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病情十分棘手
那时，我们想要了解到底怎么一回事
11:32
At that time, we set out to understand
what was happening.
what was happening.
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11:39
First thing Monday morning,
we took the car
we took the car
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我们首先做的就是在周一早晨开车去
11:42
and went to a hospital
in Buenos Aires Province,
in Buenos Aires Province,
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布宜諾斯艾利斯省的一个医院
所有患上新型流感的病人都被送到那里
11:45
that served as a referral hospital
for cases of the new influenza virus.
for cases of the new influenza virus.
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我们到达了那个医院；
医院非常拥挤
医院非常拥挤
11:51
We arrived at the hospital;
it was crowded.
it was crowded.
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所有医护人员都穿着如太空人的
生物安全服
生物安全服
11:53
All health staff were dressed
in NASA-like bio-safety suits.
in NASA-like bio-safety suits.
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11:57
We all had face masks in our pockets.
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我们口袋里都有口罩
我因为过分担心自己的健康，
几乎两个小时都不敢呼吸
几乎两个小时都不敢呼吸
11:59
I, being a hypochondriac,
didn't breathe for two hours.
didn't breathe for two hours.
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我们可以看到到底发生了什么
12:02
But we could see what was happening.
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我们马上联络了
12:05
Immediately, we started
reaching out to pediatricians
reaching out to pediatricians
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市区内以及布宜諾斯艾利斯省
六个医院的儿科医生
六个医院的儿科医生
12:09
from six hospitals in the city
and in Buenos Aires Province.
and in Buenos Aires Province.
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我们的主要目标是
12:13
Our main goal was to find out
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在最短的时间内找到
12:16
how this new virus behaved
in contact with our children,
in contact with our children,
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12:20
in the shortest time possible.
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这个新病毒在小孩身上的反应
12:23
A marathon work.
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那是一次同病毒抗争的马拉松
12:26
In less than three months,
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不到三个月，
12:29
we could see what effect
this new H1N1 virus had
this new H1N1 virus had
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我们看到了这个新H1N1病毒
12:35
on the 251 children
hospitalized by this virus.
hospitalized by this virus.
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在251例患病住院的小孩身上的表现
12:41
We could see which children
got more seriously ill:
got more seriously ill:
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我们可以看出哪些孩子的患病程度会更加严重
12:45
children under four, especially those
less than one year old;
less than one year old;
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这其中包括四岁以下的小孩，
尤其是一岁以下的小孩
尤其是一岁以下的小孩
12:49
patients with neurological diseases;
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还有患有神经系统疾病的小孩
12:51
and young children
with chronic pulmonary diseases.
with chronic pulmonary diseases.
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以及有慢性肺部疾病的小孩
找出这些高危险群是十分重要的，
12:55
Identifying these at-risk groups
was important
was important
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13:00
to include them as priority groups
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因为这样的话
13:02
in the recommendations
for getting the influenza vaccine,
for getting the influenza vaccine,
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我们就可以将他们纳入优先接种的人群
13:05
not only here in Argentina,
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不仅仅是在阿根廷
13:07
but also in other countries
which the pandemic not yet reached.
which the pandemic not yet reached.
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更是在其他这个流感尚未侵袭的国家
一年后
13:12
A year later,
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13:14
when a vaccine against the pandemic
H1N1 virus became available,
H1N1 virus became available,
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当有了对抗H1N1流感疫苗
13:19
we wanted to see what happened.
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我们想知道情况如何
在进行了针对高风险人群的
13:22
After a huge vaccination campaign
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大型接种运动之后
13:25
aimed at protecting at-risk groups,
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13:30
these hospitals, with 93 percent
of the at-risk groups vaccinated,
of the at-risk groups vaccinated,
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那些有93%的高风险群接种率的医院
13:37
had not hospitalized a single patient
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再没接到过一例
13:40
for the pandemic H1N1 virus.
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H1N1 流感患者
13:43
(Applause)
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（掌声）
13:47
In 2009: 251.
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从2009年的251例
13:53
In 2010: zero.
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到2010年的0例，
13:56
Vaccination is an act
of individual responsibility,
of individual responsibility,
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接种疫苗虽然是为自己负责的行为
14:01
but it has a huge collective impact.
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但是对群体却有巨大的影响
如果我打了疫苗，
我不仅保护了我自己
我不仅保护了我自己
14:06
If I get vaccinated,
not only am I protecting myself,
not only am I protecting myself,
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14:11
but I am also protecting others.
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还保护了其他人
14:15
Sol had whooping cough.
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索尔患上了百日咳
14:19
Sol was very young,
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她还太小
14:21
and she hadn't yet received
her first vaccine against whooping cough.
her first vaccine against whooping cough.
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以至于她还没有接种百日咳的疫苗
我还是常想
14:27
I still wonder what would have happened
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如果索尔旁边的人都打了疫苗，
她会如何呢？
她会如何呢？
14:30
if everyone around Sol
had been vaccinated.
had been vaccinated.
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14:37
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Romina Libster - Medical researcherDr. Romina Libster investigates influenza and other respiratory viruses, searching for ways to most effectively keep viruses from spreading.
Why you should listen
Dr. Romina Libster is a staff scientist and assistant investigator at the National Scientific and Technical Research Council, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. She received her Doctor of Medicine, with High Honors from the University Of Buenos Aires School Of Medicine in 2004. She then completed her pediatric internship and residency at the “Pedro de Elizalde” Children’s Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 2004-2008. Upon completion of this training she began her Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship at the Fundación INFANT in Buenos Aires under the tutelage of a renowned investigator, Dr. Fernando P. Polack. Shortly after assuming her fellowship position, she began the Master in Clinical Effectiveness Program in Buenos Aires. She conducted a series of complex and innovative studies on respiratory viruses, with a special focus on influenza. Romina was invited by Dr. Kathryn M. Edwards to join the Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program team at Vanderbilt University in 2009 where she is leading a large clinical trial to determine the safety and immunogenicity of sequential rotavirus vaccine schedules. In 2013, Dr. Libster returned to her home country through a repatriation program from Fundación INFANT where she joined the faculty at the institution.
Romina Libster | Speaker | TED.com