TED2015
Latif Nasser: The amazing story of the man who gave us modern pain relief
拉特夫 纳赛尔: 现代止痛之父的传奇故事
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Readability: 4.2
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在很长一段历史里，医生往往忽视了病痛中最主要的折磨—疼痛。在这段充满柔情,令人耳目一新的演讲中，拉特夫纳赛尔为我们讲述了一段传奇，作为摔跤手和医生的约翰 J 博尼卡，如何推动和改变了医学领域对待疼痛的方式，并由此改变了千万人的生活。
Latif Nasser - Radio researcher
Latif Nasser is the director of research at Radiolab, where he has reported on such disparate topics as culture-bound illnesses, snowflake photography, sinking islands and 16th-century automata. Full bio
Latif Nasser is the director of research at Radiolab, where he has reported on such disparate topics as culture-bound illnesses, snowflake photography, sinking islands and 16th-century automata. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
A few years ago,
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几年前，
我母亲得了类风湿性关节炎。
00:14
my mom developed rheumatoid arthritis.
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00:18
Her wrists, knees and toes swelled up,
causing crippling, chronic pain.
causing crippling, chronic pain.
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她肿起的手腕，膝盖，和脚趾
让她长久以来痛苦不堪。
让她长久以来痛苦不堪。
00:26
She had to file for disability.
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她不得不去申请残障证。
00:28
She stopped attending our local mosque.
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她不再去我们当地的清真寺参加活动。
00:31
Some mornings it was too painful
for her to brush her teeth.
for her to brush her teeth.
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有些早晨她甚至疼得无法刷牙。
00:36
I wanted to help.
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我想帮助她，
00:38
But I didn't know how.
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但却感到束手无策。
00:40
I'm not a doctor.
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我并不是医生。
00:43
So, what I am is a historian of medicine.
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我只是一个医药历史学者。
00:47
So I started to research
the history of chronic pain.
the history of chronic pain.
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于是我开始研究慢性疼痛的历史。
00:51
Turns out, UCLA has an entire
history of pain collection
history of pain collection
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我发现加州大学洛杉矶分校的档案里
收藏了关于疼痛的
收藏了关于疼痛的
完整历史记录。
00:56
in their archives.
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00:58
And I found a story --
a fantastic story --
a fantastic story --
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从中我找到了一则奇妙的故事——
关于一个男人如何将数百万人
从疼痛中拯救出来的故事；
从疼痛中拯救出来的故事；
01:02
of a man who saved -- rescued --
millions of people from pain;
millions of people from pain;
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那些和我母亲一样的人。
01:07
people like my mom.
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01:10
Yet, I had never heard of him.
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然而，我从来没有听说过他。
01:12
There were no biographies
of him, no Hollywood movies.
of him, no Hollywood movies.
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没有关于他的传记，
或好莱坞电影。
或好莱坞电影。
01:16
His name was John J. Bonica.
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他名叫约翰 J. 博尼卡，
01:21
But when our story begins,
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不过在这个故事刚开始的时候，
他常常被人称作约翰尼 “斗牛士” 沃克。
01:22
he was better known as
Johnny "Bull" Walker.
Johnny "Bull" Walker.
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01:28
It was a summer day in 1941.
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那是1941年的一个夏日。
01:31
The circus had just arrived
in the tiny town of Brookfield, New York.
in the tiny town of Brookfield, New York.
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一个马戏团刚刚来到
纽约的布鲁克菲尔德镇上。
纽约的布鲁克菲尔德镇上。
01:37
Spectators flocked to see
the wire-walkers, the tramp clowns --
the wire-walkers, the tramp clowns --
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观众蜂拥而至来看走钢丝表演和小丑——
01:41
if they were lucky, the human cannonball.
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如果运气够好，还能看到人体炮弹。
01:44
They also came to see the strongman,
Johnny "Bull" Walker,
Johnny "Bull" Walker,
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他们还想见见大力士
约翰尼 “斗牛士” 沃克，
约翰尼 “斗牛士” 沃克，
01:48
a brawny bully who'd pin you for a dollar.
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只花1块钱，就可以跟他一较高下。
01:52
You know, on that particular day,
a voice rang out
a voice rang out
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可在那一天，马戏团的广播中
传来了一个声音。
01:55
over the circus P.A. system.
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他们在动物蓬急需一名医生。
01:57
They needed a doctor urgently,
in the live animal tent.
in the live animal tent.
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驯兽师出事了。
02:01
Something had gone wrong
with the lion tamer.
with the lion tamer.
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02:03
The climax of his act had gone wrong,
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他在表演进行到最精彩的时候
发生了意外，
发生了意外，
他的头卡在了狮子嘴里。
02:06
and his head was stuck
inside the lion's mouth.
inside the lion's mouth.
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02:11
He was running out of air;
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他快要窒息了；
观众惊恐地看着他。
02:13
the crowd watched in horror
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他挣扎了一阵，昏了过去。
02:15
as he struggled and then passed out.
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02:18
When the lion finally did relax its jaws,
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当狮子终于张开嘴巴的时候，
驯兽师瘫倒在地上，一动不动。
02:22
the lion tamer just slumped
to the ground, motionless.
to the ground, motionless.
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02:27
When he came to a few minutes later,
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几分钟后，当他醒来，
他看到了一张熟悉的面孔。
02:30
he saw a familiar figure hunched over him.
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02:33
It was Bull Walker.
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那是“斗牛士“沃克。
02:35
The strongman had given the lion tamer
mouth-to-mouth, and saved his life.
mouth-to-mouth, and saved his life.
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这位大力士通过人工呼吸
挽救了驯兽师的生命。
挽救了驯兽师的生命。
02:42
Now, the strongman hadn't told anyone,
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大力士从没有跟任何人提起过，
他其实是医学院的三年级学生。
02:44
but he was actually
a third-year medical student.
a third-year medical student.
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02:48
He toured with the circus
during summers to pay tuition,
during summers to pay tuition,
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他通过暑假跟着马戏团巡游来
赚钱付学费，
赚钱付学费，
却为了维护角色形象而绝口不提此事。
02:52
but kept it a secret
to protect his persona.
to protect his persona.
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02:55
He was supposed to be
a brute, a villain --
a brute, a villain --
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他想让大家认为自己是
一位土霸，恶棍——
一位土霸，恶棍——
而不是勤奋好学的书呆子。
02:59
not a nerdy do-gooder.
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03:02
His medical colleagues didn't
know his secret, either.
know his secret, either.
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他在医学院的同事也不知道他的秘密。
03:05
As he put it, "If you were
an athlete, you were a dumb dodo."
an athlete, you were a dumb dodo."
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正如他所说，“如果你是个运动员，
理所应当就是个笨蛋。”
理所应当就是个笨蛋。”
03:09
So he didn't tell them about the circus,
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因此他没有透露任何关于马戏团，
以及在傍晚和周末参加职业摔跤的事情。
03:12
or about how he wrestled professionally
on evenings and weekends.
on evenings and weekends.
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03:18
He used a pseudonym like Bull Walker,
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他用艺名“斗牛士”沃克，
后来还用过“蒙面奇侠”。
03:20
or later, the Masked Marvel.
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03:23
He even kept it a secret that same year,
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即便在他得到
世界摔跤轻重量级冠军的那一年，
03:27
when he was crowned
the Light Heavyweight Champion
the Light Heavyweight Champion
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他仍然保守着这个秘密。
03:30
of the world.
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03:33
Over the years, John J. Bonica
lived these parallel lives.
lived these parallel lives.
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约翰 J 博尼卡过了数年这样的双面生活。
03:38
He was a wrestler;
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他是摔跤手；
也是医生。
03:40
he was a doctor.
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03:41
He was a heel;
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他是混蛋，
也是英雄。
03:43
he was a hero.
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03:45
He inflicted pain,
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他给别人带来痛苦，
也能治疗疼痛。
03:46
and he treated it.
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03:49
And he didn’t know it at the time,
but over the next five decades,
but over the next five decades,
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他当时还不知道，
在未来的五十年里，
在未来的五十年里，
他会利用这两个不同的角色
03:52
he'd draw on these dueling identities
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来创造一个对待疼痛的全新观念。
03:55
to forge a whole new way
to think about pain.
to think about pain.
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03:59
It'd change modern medicine
so much so, that decades later,
so much so, that decades later,
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这种观念将为现代医学带来巨大的改变,
多年后，时代杂志会称其为“止痛之父”。
04:03
Time magazine would call him
pain relief's founding father.
pain relief's founding father.
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04:09
But that all happened later.
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但那都是后话了。
04:12
In 1942, Bonica graduated
medical school and married Emma,
medical school and married Emma,
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1942年，博尼卡从医学院毕业，
迎娶了艾玛,
迎娶了艾玛,
他们几年前在他的一场比赛中相识。
04:17
his sweetheart, whom he had met
at one of his matches years before.
at one of his matches years before.
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04:22
He still wrestled in secret -- he had to.
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他仍然偷偷地从事职业摔跤——
他别无选择。
他别无选择。
04:25
His internship at New York's
St. Vincent's Hospital paid nothing.
St. Vincent's Hospital paid nothing.
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因为他在纽约圣文森特医院
实习期间没有任何收入。
实习期间没有任何收入。
04:31
With his championship belt,
he wrestled in big-ticket venues,
he wrestled in big-ticket venues,
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带着他的冠军金腰带，
他不断参加大型的摔跤比赛，
他不断参加大型的摔跤比赛，
像在麦迪逊广场花园，
04:34
like Madison Square Garden,
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面对的都是大牌对手，
04:36
against big-time opponents,
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比如埃弗里特 “金发熊” 马歇尔，
04:38
like Everett "The Blonde Bear" Marshall,
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或是荣获三次世界冠军的
安杰洛 萨沃尔迪。
安杰洛 萨沃尔迪。
04:41
or three-time world champion,
Angelo Savoldi.
Angelo Savoldi.
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04:46
The matches took a toll on his body;
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摔跤比赛严重地影响了他的身体状况；
他损伤过腰关节，断过肋骨。
04:48
he tore hip joints, fractured ribs.
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一天晚上，“凶悍土耳其人” 的大脚指
在他脸上划出了一道
在他脸上划出了一道
04:52
One night, The Terrible Turk's big toe
scratched a scar like Capone's
scratched a scar like Capone's
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04:57
down the side of his face.
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像卡彭（美国著名罪犯，绰号“疤面”）
一样的伤疤。
一样的伤疤。
04:59
The next morning at work,
he had to wear a surgical mask to hide it.
he had to wear a surgical mask to hide it.
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第二天早晨去上班时，
他只能带着医用口罩来遮掩伤势。
他只能带着医用口罩来遮掩伤势。
05:04
Twice Bonica showed up to the O.R.
with one eye so bruised,
with one eye so bruised,
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有两次，博尼卡出现在护士室的时候，
一只眼睛是青肿的，
一只眼睛是青肿的，
完全看不见东西。
05:09
he couldn't see out of it.
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05:11
But worst of all were
his mangled cauliflower ears.
his mangled cauliflower ears.
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然而最糟糕的还是他那破损的菜花耳。
05:16
He said they felt like two baseballs
on the sides of his head.
on the sides of his head.
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他说感觉就像头旁边挂了两个棒球。
05:21
Pain just kept accumulating in his life.
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生活中的疼痛始终有增无减。
05:25
Next, he watched his wife go
into labor at his hospital.
into labor at his hospital.
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接着，他看着老婆在自己的医院分娩。
05:29
She heaved and pushed, clearly in anguish.
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她挣扎着，明显承受着巨大的痛苦。
05:33
Her obstetrician called
out to the intern on duty
out to the intern on duty
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产科医生叫来了值班的实习生，
要给她几滴醚来缓解疼痛。
05:36
to give her a few drops of ether
to ease her pain.
to ease her pain.
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05:39
But the intern was a young guy,
just three weeks on the job --
just three weeks on the job --
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但那位实习生很年轻，
才实习了三个星期——
才实习了三个星期——
他战战兢兢地进行麻醉时，
05:42
he was jittery, and in applying the ether,
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不小心刺激到了艾玛的喉咙。
05:45
irritated Emma's throat.
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05:48
She vomited and choked,
and started to turn blue.
and started to turn blue.
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她开始呕吐，呼吸困难，
面色开始发青。
面色开始发青。
05:52
Bonica, who was watching all this,
pushed the intern out of the way,
pushed the intern out of the way,
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在一旁看着的博尼卡把实习生推开，
清理了她的呼吸道，
05:58
cleared her airway,
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拯救了自己的妻子和未出生女儿的命。
05:59
and saved his wife
and his unborn daughter.
and his unborn daughter.
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06:04
At that moment, he decided
to devote his life to anesthesiology.
to devote his life to anesthesiology.
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从那一刻起，他决定致力于麻醉科。
06:09
Later, he'd even go on to help develop
the epidural, for delivering mothers.
the epidural, for delivering mothers.
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后来，他甚至为帮助分娩的母亲
而发明了硬膜外麻醉术。
而发明了硬膜外麻醉术。
但在他可以完全转行妇产科之前，
06:14
But before he could focus on obstetrics,
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博尼卡必须完成他的基本培训。
06:17
Bonica had to report for basic training.
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06:22
Right around D-Day,
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在诺曼底登陆日前后，
博尼卡出现在了塔科马附近的
06:23
Bonica showed up
to Madigan Army Medical Center,
to Madigan Army Medical Center,
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马迪根陆军医疗中心。
06:27
near Tacoma.
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那是美国最大的军事医院之一，
有7700张病床。
有7700张病床。
06:28
At 7,700 beds, it was one of the largest
army hospitals in America.
army hospitals in America.
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06:34
Bonica was in charge
of all pain control there.
of all pain control there.
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那里所有的止痛工作都由博尼卡负责。
06:37
He was only 27.
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他当时只有二十七岁。
06:40
Treating so many patients,
Bonica started noticing cases
Bonica started noticing cases
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接触过大量病人以后，
博尼卡开始注意到，
博尼卡开始注意到，
一些案例完全有悖于之前所学的知识。
06:43
that contradicted everything
he had learned.
he had learned.
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06:46
Pain was supposed to be
a kind of alarm bell -- in a good way --
a kind of alarm bell -- in a good way --
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疼痛本应该是一种有益的警钟，
是身体在受伤的情况下发出信号的
一种方式，例如骨折的时候。
一种方式，例如骨折的时候。
06:51
a body's way of signaling an injury,
like a broken arm.
like a broken arm.
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06:56
But in some cases,
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但在某些案例里，
比如一个病人刚做了腿部截肢后，
06:58
like after a patient had a leg amputated,
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可能还会感觉到
本不该存在的腿部疼痛。
本不该存在的腿部疼痛。
07:01
that patient might still complain
of pain in that nonexistent leg.
of pain in that nonexistent leg.
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07:06
But if the injury had been treated, why
would the alarm bell keep ringing?
would the alarm bell keep ringing?
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如果伤口已经被处理过了，
怎么还会警钟长鸣呢？
怎么还会警钟长鸣呢？
07:10
There were other cases in which there
was no evidence of an injury whatsoever,
was no evidence of an injury whatsoever,
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有些案例里没有任何受伤的迹象，
但是，这些病人仍然很痛苦。
07:15
and yet, still the patient hurt.
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07:18
Bonica tracked down all the specialists
at his hospital -- surgeons,
at his hospital -- surgeons,
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博尼卡跟踪观察了医院里的所有医生
——外科医生，
——外科医生，
神经科医生，精神病医生，等等。
07:22
neurologists, psychiatrists, others.
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07:25
And he tried to get
their opinions on his patients.
their opinions on his patients.
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他想问一下这些医生对他的病人的看法。
07:29
It took too long, so he started organizing
group meetings over lunch.
group meetings over lunch.
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为了节省时间，
他开始在午餐时间组织会议。
他开始在午餐时间组织会议。
07:35
It would be like a tag team of specialists
going up against the patient's pain.
going up against the patient's pain.
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其间很多专业人士会一起讨论
病人的疼痛症状。
病人的疼痛症状。
之前从来没有人如此重视过疼痛。
07:39
No one had ever focused on pain
this way before.
this way before.
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07:44
After that, he hit the books.
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在这之后，他开始查阅资料。
07:47
He read every medical textbook
he could get his hands on,
he could get his hands on,
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他读了所有能拿到的医学资料，
仔细标记了所有提到“疼痛”二字的地方。
07:50
carefully noting every mention
of the word "pain."
of the word "pain."
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07:54
Out of the 14,000 pages he read,
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在他读过的14000页内容中，
“疼痛”只在十七页半中出现。
07:58
the word "pain" was
on 17 and a half of them.
on 17 and a half of them.
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08:02
Seventeen and a half.
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十七页半。
这是作为一个病人最基本，最常见，
却也最令人无奈的地方。
却也最令人无奈的地方。
08:04
For the most basic, most common,
most frustrating part of being a patient.
most frustrating part of being a patient.
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08:10
Bonica was shocked -- I'm quoting him,
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博尼卡被震惊了——
他的原话是这么说的，
他的原话是这么说的，
他说，“就这点信息，
你能得出什么结论呢？
你能得出什么结论呢？
08:13
he said, "What the hell kind of conclusion
can you come to there?
can you come to there?
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在病人眼中最重要的事情，
08:17
The most important thing
from the patient's perspective,
from the patient's perspective,
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他们（医生）从来不在乎。“
08:20
they don't talk about."
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08:23
So over the next eight years,
Bonica would talk about it.
Bonica would talk about it.
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在接下来的八年里，
博尼卡对此重视起来。
博尼卡对此重视起来。
他写了关于疼痛的书；
他要补全那些缺失的内容。
他要补全那些缺失的内容。
08:27
He'd write about it; he'd write
those missing pages.
those missing pages.
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08:30
He wrote what would later be known
as the Bible of Pain.
as the Bible of Pain.
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他写了后来被人誉为“疼痛圣经”的书。
08:34
In it he proposed new strategies,
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在书中他提出的了新的方法，
用神经抑制注射来缓解疼痛。
08:38
new treatments using
nerve-block injections.
nerve-block injections.
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他提倡建立一个新的机构，
“疼痛诊所”，
“疼痛诊所”，
08:41
He proposed a new institution,
the Pain Clinic,
the Pain Clinic,
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这个想法来源于之前的午餐会议。
08:44
based on those lunchtime meetings.
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08:47
But the most important thing
about his book
about his book
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但是关于这本书最重要的事情是，
它是一个医学警钟。
08:49
was that it was kind of an emotional
alarm bell for medicine.
alarm bell for medicine.
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08:54
A desperate plea to doctors
to take pain seriously
to take pain seriously
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一个希望医生能够更加关注
病人疼痛症状的
病人疼痛症状的
迫切意愿。
09:00
in patients' lives.
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09:03
He recast the very purpose of medicine.
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他重新定义了医学的宗旨。
09:07
The goal wasn't to make patients better;
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目标并不仅仅是让病人康复，
而是减少病人在这个过程中遭受的痛苦。
09:11
it was to make patients feel better.
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09:16
He pushed his pain agenda for decades,
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他几十年来一直在
推行自己的疼痛计划，
推行自己的疼痛计划，
直到70年代中期。
09:19
before it finally took hold
in the mid-'70s.
in the mid-'70s.
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09:22
Hundreds of pain clinics sprung up
all over the world.
all over the world.
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那时候，已有几百家疼痛诊所
在世界各地开放。
在世界各地开放。
09:27
But as they did -- a tragic twist.
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但是，一个悲伤的转折出现了，
09:31
Bonica's years of wrestling
caught up to him.
caught up to him.
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博尼卡数年摔跤生涯的
后果显露出来了。
后果显露出来了。
09:36
He had been out of the ring
for over 20 years,
for over 20 years,
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他已经20多年不摔跤了，
但1500名职业摔交手还是在他身上
留下了难以磨灭印记。
留下了难以磨灭印记。
09:38
but those 1,500 professional bouts
had left a mark on his body.
had left a mark on his body.
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4305
09:43
Still in his mid-50s, he suffered
severe osteoarthritis.
severe osteoarthritis.
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4069
50多岁的时候，
他就备受骨关节炎的折磨。
他就备受骨关节炎的折磨。
09:48
Over the next 20 years
he'd have 22 surgeries,
he'd have 22 surgeries,
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4019
在接下来的20多年里，
他经历了22个手术，
他经历了22个手术，
包括4个脊椎手术，
09:52
including four spine operations,
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2527
一次又一次的髋骨替换。
09:54
and hip replacement after hip replacement.
161
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2567
09:58
He could barely raise
his arm, turn his neck.
his arm, turn his neck.
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3257
他几乎不能抬起手臂或者转头。
10:02
He needed aluminum crutches to walk.
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2653
他需要铝支架来帮助他行走。
10:05
His friends and former students
became his doctors.
became his doctors.
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4020
他的朋友和校友成了他的医生。
一个医生说，他也许经历过
比这个星球上任何其他人
比这个星球上任何其他人
10:09
One recalled that he probably
had more nerve-block injections
had more nerve-block injections
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4202
都要多的神经抑制注射。
10:14
than anyone else on the planet.
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2578
10:18
Already a workaholic,
he worked even more --
he worked even more --
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606043
3438
他已经是一个工作狂了，
却还要变本加厉——
却还要变本加厉——
每天工作15-18个小时。
10:21
15- to 18-hour days.
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10:23
Healing others became more
than just his job,
than just his job,
169
611922
2509
治愈别人对他来说不仅仅是工作，
对他自己来说也是一种解脱。
10:26
it was his own most effective
form of relief.
form of relief.
170
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2722
10:30
"If I wasn't as busy as I am,"
he told a reporter at the time,
he told a reporter at the time,
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3811
他曾跟一位记者这么说，
“如果我没有这么忙，
“如果我没有这么忙，
我可能早就是个残废了。”
10:34
"I would be a completely disabled guy."
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3185
10:39
On a business trip to Florida
in the early 1980s,
in the early 1980s,
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3539
1980年初，在去弗罗里达出差的路上，
博尼卡让一位校友把他
送到坦帕的海德公园。
送到坦帕的海德公园。
10:42
Bonica got a former student to drive
him to the Hyde Park area in Tampa.
him to the Hyde Park area in Tampa.
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5332
10:49
They drove past palm trees
and pulled up to an old mansion,
and pulled up to an old mansion,
175
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4144
他们穿过许多棕榈树，
在一所老别墅前停下，
在一所老别墅前停下，
车库里藏着巨大的银色榴弹加农炮。
10:53
with giant silver howitzer cannons
hidden in the garage.
hidden in the garage.
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4610
10:58
The house belonged to the Zacchini family,
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2939
这房子属于萨奇尼家族，
一个类似美国皇家马戏团的家族。
11:01
who were something like
American circus royalty.
American circus royalty.
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2972
11:06
Decades earlier, Bonica had watched them,
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2573
几十年前，博尼卡曾见过他们
穿着银色的表演服和护目镜，
11:08
clad in silver jumpsuits and goggles,
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2887
进行着他们的拿手表演：人肉炮弹。
11:11
doing the act they pioneered --
the Human Cannonball.
the Human Cannonball.
181
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3768
11:16
But now they were like him: retired.
182
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3075
但是他们现在跟他一样：退休了。
11:21
That generation is all dead
now, including Bonica,
now, including Bonica,
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3571
那一代人已经逝去了，包括博尼卡，
所以没有人知道当时他们说了些什么。
11:24
so there's no way to know exactly
what they said that day.
what they said that day.
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2943
11:28
But still, I love imagining it.
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2000
但是我依然忍不住要去想象。
11:31
The strongman and the human
cannonballs reunited,
cannonballs reunited,
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3253
“大力士”和“人肉炮弹”重聚了，
展示彼此的旧伤新疤。
11:34
showing off old scars, and new ones.
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2453
11:37
Maybe Bonica gave them medical advice.
188
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也许博尼卡会给他们医疗建议。
也许他会把之后在口述历史中的
内容告诉他们，
内容告诉他们，
11:40
Maybe he told them what he later
said in an oral history,
said in an oral history,
189
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5326
那段在马戏团摔跤的时光
造就了他现在的人生。
造就了他现在的人生。
11:45
which is that his time in the circus
and wrestling deeply molded his life.
and wrestling deeply molded his life.
190
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5906
11:53
Bonica saw pain close up.
191
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2684
博尼卡近距离接触过疼痛。
11:57
He felt it. He lived it.
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2000
感受着伴随着他一生的疼痛。
12:00
And it made it impossible
for him to ignore in others.
for him to ignore in others.
193
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4017
而这使他无法无视别人的痛苦。
12:05
Out of that empathy, he spun
a whole new field,
a whole new field,
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3114
出于那种同情，
他推动了一个新的领域，
他推动了一个新的领域，
为研制针对缓解疼痛的药物
12:08
played a major role in getting
medicine to acknowledge pain
medicine to acknowledge pain
195
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3112
做出了巨大贡献。
12:11
in and of itself.
196
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1252
12:14
In that same oral history,
197
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1912
在同一段口述历史中，
博尼卡认为，疼痛
12:16
Bonica claimed that pain
198
724563
2509
是人类最复杂的经历。
12:19
is the most complex human experience.
199
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4257
12:24
That it involves your past life,
your current life,
your current life,
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3814
它包含了你过去的生活，
你现在的生活，
你现在的生活，
你的社会关系，你的家人。
12:28
your interactions, your family.
201
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2190
12:31
That was definitely true for Bonica.
202
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2555
这一点对博尼卡而言毋庸置疑。
12:34
But it was also true for my mom.
203
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但同样也适用于我的母亲。
12:40
It's easy for doctors to see my mom
204
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3299
医生们可以轻而易举地把我妈妈当成
老病号来看待，
12:43
as a kind of professional patient,
205
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3262
她整天整天地呆在诊所的等候室。
12:46
a woman who just spends her days
in waiting rooms.
in waiting rooms.
206
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3818
12:51
Sometimes I get stuck seeing her
that same way.
that same way.
207
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2891
有时候我也不禁会这样想。
12:57
But as I saw Bonica's pain --
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765076
1967
但当我看到博尼卡的痛苦——
作为他传奇一生的见证——
12:59
a testament to his fully lived life --
209
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4532
我想起了我母亲所遭受的一切痛苦。
13:03
I started to remember all the things
that my mom's pain holds.
that my mom's pain holds.
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4507
13:10
Before they got swollen and arthritic,
211
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3768
在她的手指患上关节炎，
肿到无法工作之前，
13:14
my mom's fingers clacked away
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3315
她一直在医院的人力资源部忙碌着。
13:17
in the hospital H.R. department
where she worked.
where she worked.
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2898
13:21
They folded samosas for our entire mosque.
214
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4088
她用一双手为整个清真寺
折过印度咖喱角。
折过印度咖喱角。
13:26
When I was a kid, they cut my hair,
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3701
当我还是孩子的时候，
这双手为我剪过头发，
这双手为我剪过头发，
为我擦过鼻子，
13:30
wiped my nose,
216
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2452
还帮我系过鞋带。
13:32
tied my shoes.
217
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13:41
Thank you.
218
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1325
谢谢大家。
（掌声）
13:43
(Applause)
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6819
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Latif Nasser - Radio researcherLatif Nasser is the director of research at Radiolab, where he has reported on such disparate topics as culture-bound illnesses, snowflake photography, sinking islands and 16th-century automata.
Why you should listen
The history of science is "brimming with tales stranger than fiction," says Latif Nasser, who wrote his PhD dissertation on the Tanganyika Laughter Epidemic of 1962. A writer and researcher, Nasser is now the research director at Radiolab, a job that allows him to dive into archives, talk to interesting people and tell stories as a way to think about science and society.
Latif Nasser | Speaker | TED.com