TEDGlobal>London
Rodrigo Bijou: Governments don't understand cyber warfare. We need hackers
Rodrigo Bijou: 政府无法理解网络战争。我们需要电脑黑客
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互联网改变了战争的前线，并且把政府抛在了身后。安全问题研究员Rodrigo Bijou说到，现代战争在线上进行，在非国家组织、社会活动家和私有集团之间进行。数字化为招聘和激进化恐怖分子提供了优渥的土壤。同时，严格的监管措施也足够成熟。Bijou 呼吁政府停止使用监控程序并且关闭程式的“后门”--他同时也大力提倡个人参与进来。
Rodrigo Bijou - Security researcher
Rodrigo Bijou's work focuses on the cross section of intelligence, data science and information security. Full bio
Rodrigo Bijou's work focuses on the cross section of intelligence, data science and information security. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
In 2008, Burhan Hassan, age 17,
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2008年，一个17岁
名叫伯翰 哈赛的孩子
名叫伯翰 哈赛的孩子
00:16
boarded a flight from Minneapolis
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搭乘上了一架从明尼阿波利斯
00:18
to the Horn of Africa.
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到非洲之角的飞机
00:21
And while Burhan was the youngest recruit,
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虽然伯翰是新兵中最年轻的
00:23
he was not alone.
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但他并不孤独
00:25
Al-Shabaab managed to recruit
over two dozen young men
over two dozen young men
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“青年党”要招募大概二十多个
年轻人
年轻人
00:28
in their late teens and early 20s
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这些年轻人在他们的青少年晚期和20岁早期
00:31
with a heavy presence
on social media platforms like Facebook.
on social media platforms like Facebook.
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他们在像脸书这样的社交媒体平台上
频频露脸
频频露脸
00:35
With the Internet and other technologies,
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有了网络和其他的科技
00:37
they've changed our everyday lives,
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他们改变了我们每天的生活
00:39
but they've also changed
recruitment, radicalization
recruitment, radicalization
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但是他们也改变了
招募新兵，激进化的活动
招募新兵，激进化的活动
00:43
and the front lines of conflict today.
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以及当今战争冲突的前线
00:47
What about the links connecting Twitter,
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那么关于连接维特
00:50
Google and protesters
fighting for democracy?
fighting for democracy?
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谷歌和那些民主斗士之间
的联系
的联系
00:54
These numbers represent
Google's public DNS servers,
Google's public DNS servers,
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这些数字代表谷歌的
公共DNS服务器
公共DNS服务器
00:58
effectively the only
digital border crossing
digital border crossing
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这是唯一有效的数字边境
01:00
protesters had and could use
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抗议者们所拥有的
以及可以使用的
以及可以使用的
01:02
to communicate with each other,
to reach the outside world
to reach the outside world
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来互相沟通
来与外面的世界连接
来与外面的世界连接
01:05
and to spread viral awareness
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以及对他们国内发生的事情
01:07
of what was happening
in their own country.
in their own country.
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进行快速意识的传播
01:10
Today, conflict is essentially borderless.
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现在，冲突实际上是没有边境的
01:13
If there are bounds to conflict today,
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如果今天还有冲突的边境
01:16
they're bound by digital,
not physical geography.
not physical geography.
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那也是以数字为边界
而不是以自然地理的边界
而不是以自然地理的边界
01:20
And under all this is a vacuum of power
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而且在那所有之下的
是权力的真空地带
是权力的真空地带
01:23
where non-state actors, individuals
and private organizations
and private organizations
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在那里非国家组织，个人
和私人组织
和私人组织
01:27
have the advantage over slow, outdated
military and intelligence agencies.
military and intelligence agencies.
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比迟钝的，过时的
军事情报机构有优势
军事情报机构有优势
01:33
And this is because,
in the digital age of conflict,
in the digital age of conflict,
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这是因为
在数字化冲突的时代
在数字化冲突的时代
01:36
there exists a feedback loop
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存在着一种反馈回路
01:38
where new technologies,
platforms like the ones I mentioned,
platforms like the ones I mentioned,
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在这种回路中新的技术
像我刚才提到的平台
像我刚才提到的平台
01:41
and more disruptive ones,
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以及那些更具破坏性的平台
01:42
can be adapted, learned, and deployed
by individuals and organizations
by individuals and organizations
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可以很好地被个人和组织
适应，学习和运用
适应，学习和运用
01:47
faster than governments can react.
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比政府的反应还要快
01:51
To understand the pace
of our own government thinking on this,
of our own government thinking on this,
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为了了解我们政府
对这个问题考虑的情况
对这个问题考虑的情况
01:55
I like to turn to something aptly named
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我想要给大家介绍一个恰当命名的
01:57
the Worldwide Threat Assessment,
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全球威胁评估
02:01
where every year the Director
of National Intelligence in the US
of National Intelligence in the US
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在那里每年
美国国家情报局局长
美国国家情报局局长
02:04
looks at the global threat landscape,
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观察全球范围内的威胁局面
02:07
and he says, "These are the threats,
these are the details,
these are the details,
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然后他说，“这些是威胁
这些是细节
这些是细节
02:10
and this is how we rank them."
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这是我们如何把危险分级的”
02:13
In 2007, there was absolutely
no mention of cyber security.
no mention of cyber security.
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在2007年，绝对没有人提到
网络安全问题
网络安全问题
02:16
It took until 2011,
when it came at the end,
when it came at the end,
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这种情况一直持续到2011年
网络安全终于开始被重视
网络安全终于开始被重视
02:20
where other things, like West
African drug trafficking, took precedence.
African drug trafficking, took precedence.
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但当时在网络上, 其它事情
比如西非的毒品交易，占据优势
比如西非的毒品交易，占据优势
02:24
In 2012, it crept up, still behind things
like terrorism and proliferation.
like terrorism and proliferation.
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2012年，网络安全讨论开始升温
但仍然落后于恐怖主义和核扩散问题
但仍然落后于恐怖主义和核扩散问题
02:29
In 2013, it became the top threat,
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在2013年，这成为了最大的威胁
02:31
in 2014 and for the foreseeable future.
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在2014年以及接下来可以预见的未来
02:36
What things like that show us
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这样的事情告诉我们
02:37
is that there is
a fundamental inability today
a fundamental inability today
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今天在政府方面
去适应和学习数字化冲突
去适应和学习数字化冲突
02:40
on the part of governments
to adapt and learn in digital conflict,
to adapt and learn in digital conflict,
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存在着一个
很基本的无能
很基本的无能
02:46
where conflict can be immaterial,
borderless, often wholly untraceable.
borderless, often wholly untraceable.
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在那里冲突可以是无形的
无边界的，经常完全难以捉摸
无边界的，经常完全难以捉摸
02:51
And conflict isn't just online to offline,
as we see with terrorist radicalization,
as we see with terrorist radicalization,
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而且冲突不仅仅是从线上到线下
就像我们看到的恐怖主义激进化活动
就像我们看到的恐怖主义激进化活动
02:56
but it goes the other way as well.
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它也可以是从线下到线上的
02:59
We all know the horrible events
that unfolded in Paris this year
that unfolded in Paris this year
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大家都知道今年在巴黎发生的
那些恐怖事件
那些恐怖事件
03:03
with the Charlie Hebdo terrorist attacks.
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查理周刊遭到恐怖袭击
03:05
What an individual hacker or a small group
of anonymous individuals did
of anonymous individuals did
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个人黑客或者匿名者小团体所做的
03:09
was enter those social media conversations
that so many of us took part in.
that so many of us took part in.
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是进入到那些我们很多人都会
参与的社交媒体对话里
参与的社交媒体对话里
03:14
#JeSuisCharlie.
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#我是查理这个话题
03:16
On Facebook, on Twitter, on Google,
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在脸书，推特，谷歌上
03:18
all sorts of places where millions
of people, myself included,
of people, myself included,
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在各种平台上
数百万的人们，也包括我自己
数百万的人们，也包括我自己
03:22
were talking about the events
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都在谈论这次事件
03:23
and saw images like this,
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然后看到了这样的照片
03:25
the emotional, poignant image of a baby
with "Je suis Charlie" on its wrist.
with "Je suis Charlie" on its wrist.
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在这张令人百感交集的照片上
婴儿的手腕上套着“我是查理”的字样
婴儿的手腕上套着“我是查理”的字样
03:30
And this turned into a weapon.
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这变成了一件武器
03:32
What the hackers did
was weaponize this image,
was weaponize this image,
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黑客们所做的
是把这张照片武装了起来
是把这张照片武装了起来
03:34
where unsuspecting victims,
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那些毫无戒心的受害者
03:36
like all of us in those conversations,
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就像在这个话题中的我们所有人
03:38
saw this image, downloaded it
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看到了这张图片，下载下来
03:41
but it was embedded with malware.
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但这张图片是被植入了恶意程序的
03:43
And so when you downloaded this image,
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当你下载了这张图片的时候
03:45
it hacked your system.
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你的系统就被黑客攻击了
03:47
It took six days to deploy
a global malware campaign.
a global malware campaign.
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部署全球黑客活动花了6天的时间
03:52
The divide between physical
and digital domains today
and digital domains today
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今天地理领域和数字领域的区别
03:55
ceases to exist,
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已经不复存在了
03:56
where we have offline attacks
like those in Paris
like those in Paris
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在那里我们遭到了线下的袭击
就像那些在巴黎的人们
就像那些在巴黎的人们
03:59
appropriated for online hacks.
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这样的袭击演变成了线上的黑客攻击
04:03
And it goes the other way as well,
with recruitment.
with recruitment.
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从线上到线下也同样如此
比如那个招募新兵活动
比如那个招募新兵活动
04:05
We see online radicalization of teens,
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我们在网上看到激进化的青年人
04:08
who can then be deployed globally
for offline terrorist attacks.
for offline terrorist attacks.
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这些青年人会被全球部署
在线下进行恐怖袭击活动
在线下进行恐怖袭击活动
04:13
With all of this, we see that there's
a new 21st century battle brewing,
a new 21st century battle brewing,
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综合所有这些，我们可以看到
21世纪新的战斗已经打响
21世纪新的战斗已经打响
04:18
and governments
don't necessarily take a part.
don't necessarily take a part.
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而政府不见得会介入进来
04:21
So in another case,
Anonymous vs. Los Zetas.
Anonymous vs. Los Zetas.
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举另一个例子
匿名者 VS 洛斯哲塔斯
匿名者 VS 洛斯哲塔斯
04:26
In early September 2011 in Mexico,
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2011年九月初，在墨西哥
04:29
Los Zetas, one of the most
powerful drug cartels,
powerful drug cartels,
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“洛斯哲塔斯”是最有势力的
贩毒集团之一
贩毒集团之一
04:32
hung two bloggers with a sign that said,
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对两个写博客的人处以了绞刑
并展示着标语：
并展示着标语：
04:34
"This is what will happen
to all Internet busybodies."
to all Internet busybodies."
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“所有在网络上爱管闲事的人
都会遭到这样的下场”
都会遭到这样的下场”
04:39
A week later, they beheaded a young girl.
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一周后，他们把一个年轻女孩斩首了
04:41
They severed her head,
put it on top of her computer
put it on top of her computer
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他们割下了她的头
放在了她的电脑上面
放在了她的电脑上面
04:44
with a similar note.
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也写了同样的标语
04:45
And taking the digital counteroffensive
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他们还进行了数字化的反攻
04:48
because governments couldn't even
understand what was going on or act,
understand what was going on or act,
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因为政府甚至都不知道
发生了什么或者该怎么做
发生了什么或者该怎么做
04:51
Anonymous, a group we might not associate
as the most positive force in the world,
as the most positive force in the world,
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“匿名者”，一个我们可能不会和
这个世界上最正义力量联系在一起的团体
这个世界上最正义力量联系在一起的团体
04:55
took action,
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开始行动了
04:56
not in cyber attacks, but threatening
information to be free.
information to be free.
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他们不是进行网络攻击
而是威胁公开信息
而是威胁公开信息
05:01
On social media, they said,
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在社交媒体上，他们说
05:03
"We will release information
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“我们会释放信息
05:05
that ties prosecutors and governors
to corrupt drug deals with the cartel."
to corrupt drug deals with the cartel."
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这些信息关系到检察官和政府公务人员
和贩毒集团进行贪腐的毒品交易”
和贩毒集团进行贪腐的毒品交易”
05:10
And escalating that conflict,
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事态冲突升级了
05:13
Los Zetas said, "We will kill 10 people
for every bit of information you release."
for every bit of information you release."
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洛斯哲塔斯说，“你们每发一条信息
我们就杀10个人”
我们就杀10个人”
05:19
And so it ended there because
it would become too gruesome to continue.
it would become too gruesome to continue.
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所以这此事件也随之结束了
因为如果再继续下去太可怕了
因为如果再继续下去太可怕了
05:25
But what was powerful about this
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但在这件事情中不可忽视的
05:28
was that anonymous individuals,
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是那些匿名者
05:31
not federal policia,
not military, not politicians,
not military, not politicians,
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他们并不是联邦警察
不是军人，也不是政客
不是军人，也不是政客
05:34
could strike fear deep into the heart
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却可以沉重地打击到
05:39
of one of the most powerful,
violent organizations in the world.
violent organizations in the world.
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这个世界上最有势力的
最暴力组织之一的内心深处
最暴力组织之一的内心深处
05:44
And so we live in an era
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那么我们生活在这样一个
05:46
that lacks the clarity
of the past in conflict,
of the past in conflict,
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缺乏对过去的冲突
有明晰认知的时代
有明晰认知的时代
05:50
in who we're fighting,
in the motivations behind attacks,
in the motivations behind attacks,
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我们不了解我们在与谁斗争
不了解袭击背后的动机
不了解袭击背后的动机
05:53
in the tools and techniques used,
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不了解他们使用的武器和技术
05:55
and how quickly they evolve.
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以及他们发展得有多快
05:58
And the question still remains:
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而且问题仍然存在
06:00
what can individuals,
organizations and governments do?
organizations and governments do?
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个人，组织和政府
能做些什么呢
能做些什么呢
06:05
For answers to these questions,
it starts with individuals,
it starts with individuals,
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对于这些问题的答案
从个人方面开始
从个人方面开始
06:08
and I think peer-to-peer security
is the answer.
is the answer.
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我认为对等网络安全性
是这些问题的答案
是这些问题的答案
06:12
Those people in relationships
that bought over teens online,
that bought over teens online,
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对于那些在线上
收买年轻激进分子的人来说
收买年轻激进分子的人来说
06:16
we can do that with peer-to-peer security.
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我们可以运用
对等网络安全
对等网络安全
06:18
Individuals have more power
than ever before
than ever before
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个人现在在影响
国家和国际安全方面
国家和国际安全方面
06:21
to affect national
and international security.
and international security.
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和以前相比更有影响力
06:25
And we can create those positive
peer-to-peer relationships
peer-to-peer relationships
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我们可以创造积极的
对等关系
对等关系
06:28
on and offline,
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在线上和线下
06:30
we can support and educate the next
generation of hackers, like myself,
generation of hackers, like myself,
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我们可以支持和培养
下一代的黑客，比如我
下一代的黑客，比如我
06:35
instead of saying, "You can either be
a criminal or join the NSA."
a criminal or join the NSA."
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而不是说，“你要不就加入国家安全局
要不就是个罪犯”
要不就是个罪犯”
06:39
That matters today.
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这在今天是很关键的
06:41
And it's not just individuals --
it's organizations, corporations even.
it's organizations, corporations even.
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而且这也不仅仅在个人方面--
是组织，甚至是企业
是组织，甚至是企业
06:47
They have an advantage
to act across more borders,
to act across more borders,
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因为他们在跨越界限方面
很有优势
很有优势
06:49
more effectively and more rapidly
than governments can,
than governments can,
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他们比政府的行动
更加快速和有效
更加快速和有效
06:53
and there's a set
of real incentives there.
of real incentives there.
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并且这里有一系列
真实的动机
真实的动机
06:57
It's profitable and valuable
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在数字化时代
06:59
to be seen as trustworthy
in the digital age,
in the digital age,
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能被人觉得值得信赖
是很值的
是很值的
07:02
and will only be more so
in future generations to come.
in future generations to come.
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并且在未来的后代
也只会越来越值
也只会越来越值
07:06
But we still can't ignore government,
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但我们仍然不能忽视政府作用
07:08
because that's who we turn to
for collective action
for collective action
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因为政府是我们指望
采取集体行动
采取集体行动
07:11
to keep us safe and secure.
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来保卫我们安全的人
07:16
But we see where that's gotten us so far,
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但我们看到的是到目前为止
07:19
where there's an inability to adapt
and learn in digital conflict,
and learn in digital conflict,
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政府在适应和学习数字化冲突方面
是毫无能力的
是毫无能力的
07:22
where at the highest levels of leadership,
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那些最高层领导人
07:25
the Director of the CIA,
Secretary of Defense,
Secretary of Defense,
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比如中情局局长和国防部长
07:28
they say, "Cyber Pearl Harbor will happen."
"Cyber 9/11 is imminent."
"Cyber 9/11 is imminent."
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他们说，“网络珍珠港事件会发生”
“网络911事件也即将来临”
“网络911事件也即将来临”
07:35
But this only makes us
more fearful, not more secure.
more fearful, not more secure.
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但这样的言论只会使我们
更加恐惧，而不是感到更安全
更加恐惧，而不是感到更安全
07:39
By banning encryption in favor
of mass surveillance and mass hacking,
of mass surveillance and mass hacking,
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当然了，通过禁止加密来达到
大量监视和大量黑客
大量监视和大量黑客
07:42
sure, GCHQ and the NSA can spy on you.
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英国政府通讯总部
和美国国家安全局可以监视你
和美国国家安全局可以监视你
07:46
But that doesn't mean
that they're the only ones that can.
that they're the only ones that can.
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但这不意味着他们是唯一可以
做到这一点的人
做到这一点的人
07:49
Capabilities are cheap, even free.
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获得这样的能力很便宜，甚至免费
07:51
Technical ability
is rising around the world,
is rising around the world,
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全世界的技术能力
在增强
在增强
07:54
and individuals and small groups
have the advantage.
have the advantage.
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个人和小团体有优势
07:59
So today it might just be
the NSA and GCHQ,
the NSA and GCHQ,
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所以，今天或许只有美国国家安全局
和英国政府通讯总部监视你
和英国政府通讯总部监视你
08:02
but who's to say that the Chinese
can't find that backdoor?
can't find that backdoor?
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但谁能保证中国人
不会找到系统的后门呢
不会找到系统的后门呢
08:06
Or in another generation,
some kid in his basement in Estonia?
some kid in his basement in Estonia?
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或者是在下一代
某个爱沙尼亚少年在他的地下室
某个爱沙尼亚少年在他的地下室
08:10
And so I would say that it's
not what governments can do,
not what governments can do,
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所以，我认为这不是关于
政府能够做什么
政府能够做什么
08:15
it's that they can't.
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是关于他们不能做什么
08:17
Governments today
need to give up power and control
need to give up power and control
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现今的政府需要
放弃权力和控制力
放弃权力和控制力
08:22
in order to help make us more secure.
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来让我们更加安全
08:25
Giving up mass surveillance and hacking
and instead fixing those backdoors
and instead fixing those backdoors
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放弃大范围的监控和黑客行为
修补系统的后门和漏洞
修补系统的后门和漏洞
08:29
means that, yeah, they can't spy on us,
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这意味着
是的，政府不能监视我们
是的，政府不能监视我们
08:32
but neither can the Chinese
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但是中国人也不能
08:33
or that hacker in Estonia
a generation from now.
a generation from now.
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或是那个爱沙尼亚的
下一代年轻人
下一代年轻人
08:37
And government support
for technologies like Tor and Bitcoin
for technologies like Tor and Bitcoin
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并且，政府支持
Tor浏览器和比特币等技术
Tor浏览器和比特币等技术
08:40
mean giving up control,
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意味着他们正在放松控制权
08:42
but it means that developers, translators,
anybody with an Internet connection,
anybody with an Internet connection,
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但这也意味着开发者，翻译者
以及任何拥有网路连接的人
以及任何拥有网路连接的人
08:46
in countries like Cuba, Iran and China,
can sell their skills, their products,
can sell their skills, their products,
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在一些像是古巴，伊朗和中国这样的国家
能销售他们的技能，他们的产品
能销售他们的技能，他们的产品
08:50
in the global marketplace,
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在全球市场中
08:52
but more importantly sell their ideas,
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但是更重要的是兜售他们的想法
08:54
show us what's happening
in their own countries.
in their own countries.
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向我们展示在他们自己的国家
正在发生什么
正在发生什么
08:58
And so it should be not fearful,
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所以这不应该是可怕的
09:00
it should be inspiring
to the same governments
to the same governments
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这应该对上个世纪
同样的政府
同样的政府
09:02
that fought for civil rights,
free speech and democracy
free speech and democracy
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那些为争取公民权利
自由言论和民主制度
自由言论和民主制度
09:05
in the great wars of the last century,
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激烈斗争的政府有所激励
09:07
that today, for the first time
in human history,
in human history,
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直到今天
人类史上的第一次
人类史上的第一次
09:10
we have a technical opportunity
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我们有一个技术机会
09:13
to make billions of people
safer around the world
safer around the world
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能使全球数亿人生活得更安全
09:15
that we've never had before
in human history.
in human history.
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在人类历史上
这是首次
这是首次
09:18
It should be inspiring.
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这应该非常令人振奋
09:21
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rodrigo Bijou - Security researcherRodrigo Bijou's work focuses on the cross section of intelligence, data science and information security.
Why you should listen
Rodrigo Bijou is an information security researcher with a background in threat intelligence, security analytics and privacy technology. Named a Global Privacy Scholar by the International Association of Privacy Professionals, he is also currently a Watson Fellow exploring “Trust in Technology.”
Bijou previously worked as a consultant to the finance and technology industries and at companies such as Palantir. When not hacking data directly, Rodrigo can be found writing policy analysis in outlets such as IHS Jane’s Intelligence Review and the Harvard Law Review.
Rodrigo Bijou | Speaker | TED.com