TED2016
Franz Freudenthal: A new way to heal hearts without surgery
Franz Freudenthal: 无创治疗心脏疾病的新方法
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在医学发现与原住民文化的共同影响下，儿科心脏专家Franz Freudenthal发现了一种可以为全球患儿进行心脏修复的器材，而这一器材的灵感竟来自于传统玻利维亚的纺织业。他说：“当下，只要有梦想，就可以用最简单的手段解决最复杂的问题。”
Franz Freudenthal - Pediatric cardiologist
With his unique inventions (including a device knitted from threads of high-tech alloy by indigenous craftswomen), Franz Freudenthal saves children from congenital heart defects. Full bio
With his unique inventions (including a device knitted from threads of high-tech alloy by indigenous craftswomen), Franz Freudenthal saves children from congenital heart defects. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The most complex problems in our time
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现如今，只要有梦想，
就可以用最简单的手段解决
00:16
can be solved with simple techniques,
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00:19
if we are able to dream.
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最复杂的问题。
00:22
As a child, I discovered
that creativity is the key
that creativity is the key
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在孩童时期，我发现
让梦想照进现实的关键，
让梦想照进现实的关键，
在于创造力。
00:27
to cross from dreams to reality.
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00:33
I learned this from my grandmother,
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我是从我的外祖母，
Ruth Tichauer博士
Ruth Tichauer博士
00:35
Dr. Ruth Tichauer,
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那里学到的，
00:38
a Jewish refugee that settled
in the heart of the Andes.
in the heart of the Andes.
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她是居住在安第斯山脉深处的
一位犹太难民。
一位犹太难民。
00:43
That is how I grew up:
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在我成长的一路上，
外祖母总是鼓励我超越自己的极限。
00:46
encouraged to see beyond any limitation.
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00:50
So part of my education
included helping her
included helping her
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我的一部分教育来自于
在遥远的当地部落
在遥远的当地部落
帮她做事的经历。
00:54
in remote, indigenous communities.
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00:57
I cherish those memories,
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我非常珍惜这些经历，
因为它们帮我了解了城市以外的生活，
01:00
because they helped me
to understand life outside the city,
to understand life outside the city,
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01:07
a life with a lot of possibilities,
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那种生活有无限可能，
没有语言或文化的障碍。
01:10
without barriers, as language or culture.
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01:13
During those trips, my grandmother
used to recite a Kipling poem:
used to recite a Kipling poem:
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在那些旅途当中，
外祖母曾经背过吉普林的一首诗：
外祖母曾经背过吉普林的一首诗：
01:18
"Something hidden. Go and find it.
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“出发吧，去寻觅隐藏的宝藏。
去山川背后寻找。
01:22
Go and look behind the Mountains.
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那些宝藏遗失在山川背后，
01:24
Something lost behind the mountains.
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正在等待你的发掘。出发吧！”
01:28
Lost and waiting for you. Go!"
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01:33
In the coming years,
I became a medical student.
I became a medical student.
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后来几年，我去了医学院读书。
01:38
One of every hundred
children born worldwide
children born worldwide
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我得知，世界上每一百个
新生儿中就会有一个
新生儿中就会有一个
01:43
has some kind of heart disease.
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患有某种心脏疾病。
01:47
There's a part of this problem
I think I can solve --
I think I can solve --
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我认为这是个我有能力
去帮助治愈的疾病——
去帮助治愈的疾病——
事实上，我一生都致力于这项研究。
01:52
the part of this problem
I have spent my life working on.
I have spent my life working on.
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01:59
The problem starts
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这个疾病产生于
怀孕期间。
02:02
during pregnancy.
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02:04
The fetus needs to survive
inside the mother.
inside the mother.
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胎儿是否能够在母亲腹中存活，
02:08
Survival depends on communication
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取决于血液在
02:13
between the systemic
and the pulmonary blood.
and the pulmonary blood.
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体循环与肺循环间的交换。
02:16
At the moment of birth,
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胎儿出生时，
02:19
this communication needs to stop.
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这一交换必须停止。
02:22
If it doesn't close, the baby
has a hole in the heart.
has a hole in the heart.
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如果未能停止，
婴儿就会出现先天性心脏缺损。
婴儿就会出现先天性心脏缺损。
02:27
It is caused by prematurity
and genetic conditions.
and genetic conditions.
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这个问题多由早产及遗传因素引发。
02:32
But what we know today
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但如今我们发现，
缺氧也会引发这一疾病。
02:35
is that a lack of oxygen
is also one of the causes.
is also one of the causes.
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02:41
As you can see in the chart,
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在图中可以看到，
02:43
the frequency of this kind of hole
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随着海拔的增高，
这种病出现的频率也大幅增加。
02:48
dramatically increases with altitude.
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02:52
Video: (Baby crying)
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视频：（婴儿哭声）
02:56
When you look at patients
with this condition,
with this condition,
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先天性心脏缺损的患者
难以正常呼吸。
02:59
they seem desperate to breathe.
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03:02
To close the hole, major surgery
used to be the only solution.
used to be the only solution.
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过去，我们只能通过大手术
来修复这一缺损。
来修复这一缺损。
03:08
One night, my friend Malte,
were camping in the Amazon region.
were camping in the Amazon region.
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有一天，我和我朋友Malte
在亚马逊流域露营。
在亚马逊流域露营。
03:14
The only thing that would not burn
in the fire was a green avocado branch.
in the fire was a green avocado branch.
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我们发现唯一不能被火点燃的
东西是绿鳄梨的树枝。
东西是绿鳄梨的树枝。
03:21
Then came a moment of inspiration.
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这时我们有了一个灵感。
03:24
So we used the branch as a mold
for our first invention.
for our first invention.
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我们利用这种枝条设计出了
一个器材雏形。
一个器材雏形。
它可以修补儿童心脏上的缺损。
03:29
The holes in children's hearts
can be closed with it.
can be closed with it.
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03:32
A coil is a piece of wire
wrapped onto itself.
wrapped onto itself.
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这是一种螺旋体缠绕的结构。
03:37
It maybe doesn't look so fancy to you now,
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也许对你们而言这并不稀奇，
但它却是我们修补心脏的
03:40
but that was our first successful attempt
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03:44
to create a device for this major problem.
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首次成功尝试。
03:49
In this video, we can see
how a very tiny catheter
how a very tiny catheter
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这个视频演示了微型导管将螺旋体
03:52
takes the coil to the heart.
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植入心脏的过程。
03:55
The coil then closes the hole.
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之后，螺旋体修补了漏洞。
经由这一灵感启发，
03:57
After that moment of inspiration,
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我们通过相当长时间的努力，
04:00
there came a very long time of effort
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04:06
developing a prototype.
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研发出了一种器材原型。
我们在实验室里进行了
上千小时的体外实验及研究。
上千小时的体外实验及研究。
04:08
In vitro and in vivo studies took
thousands of hours of work in the lab.
thousands of hours of work in the lab.
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这种螺旋体一旦成功植入，
就能挽救生命。
就能挽救生命。
04:15
The coil, if it works, can save lives.
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04:20
I returned from Germany to Bolivia,
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我从德国返回波利尼亚，
想着无论我们去哪，
04:22
thinking that wherever we go,
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都有机会实现重大突破。
04:25
we have the opportunity
to make a difference.
to make a difference.
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04:29
With my wife and partner,
Dr. Alexandra Heath,
Dr. Alexandra Heath,
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我和我妻子，也是我的合作伙伴
Alexandra Heath博士
Alexandra Heath博士
一起开始接诊。
04:33
we started to see patients.
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04:35
After successfully treating
patients with our coil,
patients with our coil,
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在成功地用螺旋体治愈患者后，
我们感到非常激动。
04:39
we felt really enthusiastic.
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04:42
But we live in a place
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但我们住在
04:46
that is 12,000 feet high.
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海拔3600多米的地方。
04:51
And,
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而且，
那里的病人们需要一种特别的器材
来解决他们的心脏问题。
来解决他们的心脏问题。
04:54
the patients there need a special device
to solve their heart condition.
to solve their heart condition.
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04:59
The hole in altitude
patients is different,
patients is different,
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高海拔地区病人的心脏缺损
不同于其他地区，
不同于其他地区，
05:02
because the orifice
between the arteries is larger.
between the arteries is larger.
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因为他们的动脉孔径更大。
05:06
Most patients cannot afford
to be treated on time,
to be treated on time,
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绝大多数患者因得不到及时治疗，
最终不幸去世。
05:11
and they die.
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05:13
The first coil could successfully treat
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我们的第一代螺旋体只能成功救治
玻利维亚一半的患者。
05:17
only half of the patients in Bolivia.
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05:23
The search started again.
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于是我们又从零开始
05:26
We went back to the drawing board.
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寻找新的材料。
05:31
After many trials,
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多次试验无果后，
我在外祖母在山区的
原住民朋友的帮助下，
原住民朋友的帮助下，
05:33
and with the help of my grandmother's
indigenous friends in the mountains,
indigenous friends in the mountains,
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获得了一种新的器材。
05:38
we obtained a new device.
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05:40
For centuries, indigenous women
told stories by weaving complex patterns
told stories by weaving complex patterns
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几个世纪以来，原住民妇女
在织布机上织出了
在织布机上织出了
05:46
on looms,
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各种复杂的图案，
05:48
and an unexpected skill
helped us for the new device.
helped us for the new device.
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我们从这种传统织布工艺上得出灵感。
05:53
We take this traditional method of weaving
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我们用这种纺织方法
05:56
and make a design made by a smart material
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加工出了一种智能材料，
06:00
that records shape.
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具有形状记忆的特性。
06:03
It seems this time,
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看起来这次，
06:05
the weaving allows us
to create a seamless device
to create a seamless device
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织布技术似乎帮我们
造出了一种无缝器材，
造出了一种无缝器材，
06:10
that doesn't rust
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它不会生锈，
06:13
because it's made of only one piece.
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因为它是一体化的，没有接缝。
06:17
It can change by itself
into very complex structures
into very complex structures
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它可以通过一种花费了
数十年才研发出的方法
数十年才研发出的方法
改变自身形状，变成极为复杂的结构。
06:21
by a procedure that took
decades to develop.
decades to develop.
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06:26
As you can see, the device enters the body
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我们可以看到，这种器材无需
大型切口就可以进入人体。
06:29
through the natural channels.
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06:32
Doctors have only to close
the catheter through the hole.
the catheter through the hole.
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医生只需要在穿过
心脏缺损的部分后关闭导管。
心脏缺损的部分后关闭导管。
06:36
Our device expands, places itself
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我们的这种器材会
自动膨大并找准位置，
自动膨大并找准位置，
紧接着修复心脏缺损。
06:38
and closes the hole.
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06:42
We have this beautiful delivery system
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这种放置方式极为简单，
06:45
that is so simple to use
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06:47
because it works by itself.
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因为它可以自动完成，
06:50
No open surgery was necessary.
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我们不再需要创伤性手术。
06:55
(Applause)
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（掌声）
07:04
As doctors, we fight with diseases
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我们医生与疾病抗争，
有的疾病就算能治愈 ，
07:06
that take a long time
and effort to heal -- if they do.
and effort to heal -- if they do.
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也需要花费很长时间、很多努力。
07:11
This is the child from before,
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这是之前那个患儿
手术后的影像资料，
07:14
after the procedure.
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我们可以看到——
07:15
As you can see --
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（掌声）
07:17
(Applause)
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07:22
As you can see,
once the device is in place,
once the device is in place,
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我们可以看到，这种器材一旦放入，
患者的治愈率就可以达到100%。
07:25
the patient is 100 percent healed.
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07:28
From start to finish,
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从手术开始到结束，
07:30
the whole procedure takes only 30 minutes.
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只需要短短30分钟。
这从医疗及普通人的角度
来说都非常令人振奋。
来说都非常令人振奋。
07:35
That's very rewarding from the medical
and human point of view.
and human point of view.
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我们可以骄傲地说，
之前的一些患者现在也成为了
之前的一些患者现在也成为了
07:40
We are so proud that some
of our former patients
of our former patients
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07:47
are part of our team --
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我们团队的一员——
07:50
a team, thanks to added close interaction
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非常感谢患者与我们的
密切合作。
07:54
with patients that work with us.
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07:57
Together, we have only one idea:
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我们只有一个想法：
最好的解决方案必须足够简单。
08:01
the best solutions need to be simple.
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08:05
We lost the fear
of creating something new.
of creating something new.
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我们不再害怕创造新的东西。
08:09
The path, it's not easy.
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这一路走来并不容易。
08:12
Many obstacles arise all the time.
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我们遇到了很多阻碍。
08:15
But we receive strength from our patients.
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但我们从患者的身上汲取到了力量。
他们的坚忍与勇气
08:19
Their resilience and courage
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08:24
inspire our creativity.
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激励着我们去探索、创造。
08:27
Our goal is to make sure
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我们的目标是
确保没有孩子因为费用和条件的限制
08:30
that no child is left behind,
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而得不到及时的治疗。
08:34
not because of cost or access.
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08:39
So we have to start a foundation
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所以我们成立了一个
08:42
with a one-to-one model.
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一对一模式的基金会。
08:45
We will give one device for free
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我们为每个患儿免费提供这种器材，
08:49
to make sure that every child is treated.
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以确保他们都能够得到治疗。
08:53
We are in many countries now,
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目前这一基金会在很多国家同时运营，
08:56
but we need to be everywhere.
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但我们需要它进一步扩大至全世界。
09:00
This whole thing began
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所有的这些事情都起源于
一个几乎不可能的期望，
09:03
with one impossible idea
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但我们仍要继续实现它，那就是：
09:06
as will continue it, really:
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09:10
No child is left behind.
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让每朵鲜花都有绽放的权力！
（不放弃每一个孩子）
（不放弃每一个孩子）
09:15
Muchas gracias.
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非常感谢（西班牙语）。
（掌声）
09:17
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Franz Freudenthal - Pediatric cardiologistWith his unique inventions (including a device knitted from threads of high-tech alloy by indigenous craftswomen), Franz Freudenthal saves children from congenital heart defects.
Why you should listen
In his quest to understand the complexities of congenital heart disease, Bolivian-German physician and inventor Franz Freudenthal creates and produces sophisticated devices aimed at improving the lives of patients, especially children that will carry this device inside their heart for the rest of their lives.
His most heralded invention, the Nit Occlud, closes a hole in the heart or arteries and restores basic heart functionality. Freudenthal works with top scientists and universities from Europe and North and South America; however, his heart is in Bolivia, where he works with a team of engineers and highly skilled laborers and dreams of healthy children.
Franz Freudenthal | Speaker | TED.com