TED@IBM
Charity Wayua: A few ways to fix a government
Charity Wayua: 改革政府的几个方法
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Charity Wayua 用她作为癌症研究者的技能来治疗一位看上去并不像病人的：她自己的国家，肯尼亚政府。她分享了自己如何帮助她的政府大幅度的加快了创业的速度，改革了经济健康发展的重要一步，随之，吸引了新的投资并被世界银行认可为最佳改革国家之一。
Charity Wayua - Public sector researcher
IBM's Charity Wayua is a research manager in Nairobi, Kenya, where she leads the company's public sector research team. Full bio
IBM's Charity Wayua is a research manager in Nairobi, Kenya, where she leads the company's public sector research team. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Growing up in Kenya,
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在肯尼亚长大，
00:14
I knew I always wanted
to study biochemistry.
to study biochemistry.
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我一直都想学习生物化学。
00:19
See, I had seen the impact of the high
prevalence of diseases like malaria,
prevalence of diseases like malaria,
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我见过疟疾(一种寄生虫传染病) 等广泛传播的疾病带来的影响，
00:24
and I wanted to make medicines
that would cure the sick.
that would cure the sick.
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我就想制药来治疗这种病。
00:27
So I worked really hard,
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所以我努力学习，
00:29
got a scholarship to the United States,
where I became a cancer researcher,
where I became a cancer researcher,
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公费留学，成为了一个癌症研究者，
00:32
and I loved it.
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我爱我的工作。
00:34
For someone who wants to cure diseases,
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对于一个想治疗他人的人来说，
00:36
there is no higher calling.
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这是最高的使命。
00:39
Ten years later, I returned
to Kenya to do just that.
to Kenya to do just that.
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十年后，我回到肯尼亚去完成我最初的梦想。
00:43
A freshly minted PhD,
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一个刚毕业的博士生，
00:45
ready to take on this horrific illness,
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准备好去面对这个在肯尼亚相当于死刑的，可怕的疾病。
00:47
which in Kenya was almost
certainly a death sentence.
certainly a death sentence.
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但是
00:51
But instead of landing a job
in a pharmaceutical company
in a pharmaceutical company
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我没有在制药厂工作，
00:54
or a hospital,
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也没有在医院，
00:56
I found myself drawn
to a different kind of lab,
to a different kind of lab,
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而是，我发现自己被一种不一样的实验室吸引了，
00:59
working with a different
kind of patient --
kind of patient --
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面对一种不同的病人，
01:01
a patient whose illness was so serious
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一个病入膏肓的人，
01:04
it impacted every single
person in my country;
person in my country;
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一个影响了我国每个人的人，
01:07
a patient who needed to get healthy fast.
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拯救他是当务之急。
01:10
That patient was my government.
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这个病人就是我的政府。
01:14
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:16
See, many of us will agree that lots
of governments are unhealthy today.
of governments are unhealthy today.
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你看，很多人都同意当今好多政府都并不健康
01:20
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:22
(Applause)
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（掌声）
01:28
And Kenya was no exception.
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肯尼亚也是一样。
01:30
When I returned to Kenya in 2014,
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2014年当我回到肯尼亚的时候，
01:33
there was 17 percent youth unemployment.
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青年失业率是17%。
01:36
And Nairobi, the major business hub,
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在商业中心内罗毕，
01:39
was rated 177th on the quality
of living index.
of living index.
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生活质量指数排名只有到第177位。
01:43
It was bad.
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情况很糟糕。
01:46
Now, an economy is only as healthy
as the entities that make it up.
as the entities that make it up.
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现在，只有所有的组成体都健康，经济才会健康。
01:51
So when government --
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所以当组织里最重要的实体 --
01:52
one of its most vital entities --
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政府
01:54
is weak or unhealthy,
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虚弱或者不健康的时候，
01:55
everyone and everything suffers.
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所有的事情和人都会遭受苦难。
01:58
Sometimes you might
put a Band-Aid in place
put a Band-Aid in place
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有时候你会贴一个创可贴
02:01
to try and temporarily stop the pain.
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去暂时止住疼痛。
02:04
Maybe some of you here have participated
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可能你们中的某些人也参与过
02:06
in a Band-Aid operation
to an African country --
to an African country --
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在非洲国家的“创可贴”行动 --
02:09
setting up alternative schools,
building hospitals, digging wells --
building hospitals, digging wells --
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例如建学校，建医院，挖井 --
02:14
because governments there
either weren't or couldn't provide
either weren't or couldn't provide
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因为那里的政府没有提供或者没有能力提供
02:17
the services to their citizens.
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这些服务给他们的公民。
02:19
We all know this is a temporary solution.
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我们都知道这只是暂时的解决办法。
02:23
There are just some things
Band-Aids can't fix,
Band-Aids can't fix,
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有很多事情是“创可贴”解决不了的，
02:27
like providing an environment
where businesses feel secure
where businesses feel secure
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例如给商业提供一个稳定的环境，
02:31
that they'll have an equal opportunity
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让他们可以有一个平等的机会
02:33
to be able to run and start
their businesses successfully.
their businesses successfully.
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得以成功地开始和运行他们的业务。
02:36
Or there are systems in place
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或者是提供适当的系统
02:38
that would protect the private
property that they create.
property that they create.
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去保护他们创造的私人财产。
02:41
I would argue,
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我认为，
02:42
only government is capable of creating
these necessary conditions
these necessary conditions
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只有政府才有能力创造这些必要的条件，
02:46
for economies to thrive.
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促进经济繁荣。
02:48
Economies thrive when business are able
to quickly and easily set up shop.
to quickly and easily set up shop.
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当企业可以便捷地建立起店铺的时候
经济才会繁荣。
经济才会繁荣。
02:53
Business owners create new sources
of income for themselves,
of income for themselves,
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业主们创造新的挣钱资源，
02:56
new jobs get added into the economy
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新的工作岗位就会产生，
02:59
and then more taxes are paid
to fund public projects.
to fund public projects.
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然后会有更多的税可以用来建设公共设施。
03:03
New business is good for everyone.
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新的商业对每个人都有好处。
03:06
And it's such an important measure
of economic growth,
of economic growth,
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衡量经济成长也至关重要，
03:09
the World Bank has a ranking called
the "Ease of Doing Business Ranking,"
the "Ease of Doing Business Ranking,"
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世界银行有一个排名叫做“轻松做商业排名”
03:13
which measures how easy
or difficult it is to start a business
or difficult it is to start a business
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用来测量在所有国家里
03:16
in any given country.
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创业的难易程度。
03:17
And as you can imagine,
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大家可以想象到，
03:20
starting or running a business
in a country with an ailing government --
in a country with an ailing government --
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在一个不健康的政府下创业，
03:24
almost impossible.
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基本是不可能的。
03:26
The President of Kenya knew this,
which is why in 2014,
which is why in 2014,
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肯尼亚的总统知道这个情况，所以在2014年的时候，
03:30
he came to our lab and asked
us to partner with him
us to partner with him
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他来到了我们的实验室要求合作
03:33
to be able to help Kenya
to jump-start business growth.
to jump-start business growth.
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来帮助肯尼亚启动商业发展。
03:37
He set an ambitious goal:
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他定了一个非常有野心的目标：
03:39
he wanted Kenya to be ranked top 50
in this World Bank ranking.
in this World Bank ranking.
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他想让肯尼亚进入世界银行排名前50.
03:45
In 2014 when he came,
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但当他2014年来的时候，
03:47
Kenya was ranked 136 out of 189 countries.
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在189个国家里，肯尼亚排名136.
03:52
We had our work cut out for us.
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他给了我们很大的工作量。
03:55
Fortunately, he came to the right place.
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幸运的是，他来到对了地方。
03:58
We're not just a Band-Aid kind of team.
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我们并不只是个“创可贴”队伍。
04:00
We're a group of computer scientists,
mathematicians, engineers
mathematicians, engineers
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我们队伍里有电脑科学家，数学家，工程师，
04:04
and a cancer researcher,
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和一个癌症研究者。
04:06
who understood that in order
to cure the sickness
to cure the sickness
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我们明白要拯救一个像政府一样
04:08
of a system as big as government,
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庞大的系统，
04:10
we needed to examine the whole body,
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我们需要整体的检测，
04:13
and then we needed to drill down
all the way from the organs,
all the way from the organs,
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从大的器官开始，
04:16
into the tissues,
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到小的组织，
04:17
all the way to single cells,
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再到单片细胞，
04:19
so that we could properly
make a diagnosis.
make a diagnosis.
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才能够给出一个合理的诊断。
04:22
So with our marching orders
from the President himself,
from the President himself,
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接受了总统本人的指令，
04:25
we embarked on the purest
of the scientific method:
of the scientific method:
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我们以最纯粹的科学研究手段开始：
04:28
collecting data --
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收集信息 --
04:29
all the data we could get our hands on --
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收集所有我们能接触到的信息--
04:32
making hypotheses,
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做出假设，
04:33
creating solutions,
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得出解决方法，
04:34
one after the other.
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一个接一个。
04:36
So we met with hundreds of individuals
who worked at government agencies,
who worked at government agencies,
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我们跟上百个在政府机关工作的人见了面，
04:40
from the tax agency, the lands
office, utilities company,
office, utilities company,
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从税务局，地政处，公用事业公司，
04:44
the agency that's responsible
for registering companies,
for registering companies,
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到负责注册公司的机关。
04:48
and with each of them, we observed
them as they served customers,
them as they served customers,
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我们观察了每一个人是如何对待客户的，
04:51
we documented their processes --
most of them were manual.
most of them were manual.
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记录了整个处理过程 -- 大部分都是手工。
04:57
We also just went back and looked at
a lot of their previous paperwork
a lot of their previous paperwork
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我们还看了很多他们以前的文件，
05:00
to try and really understand;
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努力去理解，
05:03
to try and diagnose what bodily
malfunctions had occurred
malfunctions had occurred
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努力地诊断把使我们世界银行排名排到136名的
05:06
that lead to that 136th spot
on the World Bank list.
on the World Bank list.
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出问题的环节。
05:10
What did we find?
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我们找到了什么？
05:11
Well, in Kenya it was taking 72 days
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在肯尼亚，一个创业者想要注册他的产权，
05:16
for a business owner
to register their property,
to register their property,
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需要72天。
05:19
compared to just one day in New Zealand,
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然而在世界银行排名第二的新西兰，
05:21
which was ranked second
on the World Bank list.
on the World Bank list.
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只需要1天。
05:24
It took 158 days to get
a new electric connection.
a new electric connection.
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得到供电需要158天。
05:29
In Korea it took 18 days.
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在韩国只需要18天。
05:32
If you wanted to get a construction permit
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如果你想要一个建筑许可证，
05:35
so you could put up a building,
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去盖一幢楼，
05:36
in Kenya, it was going
to take you 125 days.
to take you 125 days.
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在肯尼亚，这个过程要125天。
05:40
In Singapore, which is ranked first,
that would only take you 26 days.
that would only take you 26 days.
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在排名第一的新加坡，只需要26天。
05:45
God forbid you had to go to court
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更别提如果你需要去法院寻求帮助
05:47
to get help in being able to settle
a dispute to enforce a contract,
a dispute to enforce a contract,
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来解决一个合同执行方面的争议，
05:51
because that process alone
would take you 465 days.
would take you 465 days.
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光是单单这一个过程就需要465天。
05:57
And if that wasn't bad enough,
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如果这还不算糟，
06:00
you would lose 40 percent
of your claim in just fees --
of your claim in just fees --
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只是费用方面，你会失去40%的索赔
06:04
legal fees, enforcement fees, court fees.
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法务费用，执行费用，法院费用。
06:09
Now, I know what you're thinking:
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我知道你在想什么：
06:12
for there to exist such inefficiencies
in an African country,
in an African country,
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有这么一个没效率的非洲国家存在，
06:16
there must be corruption.
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肯定是因为腐败。
06:18
The very cells that run the show
must be corrupt to the bone.
must be corrupt to the bone.
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运行这个国家的点点滴滴肯定都腐败到了骨子里。
06:22
I thought so, too, actually.
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我其实也这么认为过。
06:24
When we started out,
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当我们刚开始这个项目的时候，
06:26
I thought I was going to find
so much corruption,
so much corruption,
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我以为我会找到很多腐败的证据，
06:29
I was literally going to either die
or get killed in the process.
or get killed in the process.
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我真的以为在这个过程中我会死掉或者被暗杀。
06:33
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
06:36
But when we dug deeper,
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但当我们挖的更深，
06:38
we didn't find corruption
in the classic sense:
in the classic sense:
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我们并没有找到传统意义上的腐败：
06:42
slimy gangsters lurking in the darkness,
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谄媚的黑帮潜伏在黑暗中，
06:45
waiting to grease the palms
of their friends.
of their friends.
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等着去贿赂他们的朋友。
06:48
What we found was an overwhelming
sense of helplessness.
sense of helplessness.
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我们找到的其实是沉重的的无助感。
06:53
Our government was sick,
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我们的政府不健康，
06:54
because government
employees felt helpless.
employees felt helpless.
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是因为政府的员工感到无助，
06:58
They felt that they were not
empowered to drive change.
empowered to drive change.
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他们觉得自己没有能力做出任何改变。
07:02
And when people feel stuck and helpless,
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然而当人们觉得深陷泥潭，无能为力的时候，
07:06
they stop seeing their role
in a bigger system.
in a bigger system.
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他们在庞大的系统里迷失了自我。
07:10
They start to think the work they do
doesn't matter in driving change.
doesn't matter in driving change.
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他们开始觉得自己做的事情不会带来任何改变。
07:14
And when that happens,
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当这种现象发生的时候，
07:16
things slow down,
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所有事情就会慢下来，
07:18
fall through the cracks
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被忽略，
07:19
and inefficiencies flourish.
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效率越来越低。
07:23
Now imagine with me,
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现在跟我一起想象，
07:24
if you had a process
you had to go through --
you had to go through --
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如果你有一个必须经历的过程 --
07:28
had no other alternative --
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没有别的选择--
07:30
and this process was inefficient, complex
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然后这个过程非常的复杂且低效
07:34
and very, very slow.
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非常非常慢。
07:35
What would you do?
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你会怎么做？
07:38
I think you might start by trying
to find somebody to outsource it to,
to find somebody to outsource it to,
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我觉得你可能会找一些外援
07:41
so that they can just
take care of that for you.
take care of that for you.
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然后他们就可以帮你解决。
07:44
If that doesn't work,
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如果这也行不通，
07:47
maybe you'd consider paying somebody
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你可能会考虑付钱给一些人
07:49
to just "unofficially" take care
of it on your behalf --
of it on your behalf --
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去“非正式”的替你解决这个问题 --
07:52
especially if you thought
nobody was going to catch you.
nobody was going to catch you.
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尤其是当你觉得没人会抓你的时候。
07:56
Not out of malice or greed,
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并不是出于恶意或者贪心，
07:59
just trying to make sure that you get
something to work for you
something to work for you
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只是想要确保问题可以被解决，
08:02
so you can move on.
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然后你可以不用再担心。
08:03
Unfortunately, that
is the beginning of corruption.
is the beginning of corruption.
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不幸的是，这就是腐败的开端。
08:07
And if left to thrive and grow,
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当它开始发展，
08:09
it seeps into the whole system,
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浸入系统的每个角落，
08:11
and before you know it,
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然后在你意识到之前，
08:12
the whole body is sick.
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整个系统就已经不健康了。
08:16
Knowing this,
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得知这些，
08:17
we had to start by making sure
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我们就得开始确保跟我们一起工作的每一个人
08:19
that every single stakeholder
we worked with had a shared vision
we worked with had a shared vision
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在我们想要做的事情上
08:24
for what we wanted to do.
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都有同样的想法。
08:26
So we met with everyone,
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所以我们跟所有人见了面，
08:28
from the clerk whose sole job
is to remove staples
is to remove staples
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从在文具店工作的，唯一工作内容就是把订书针从申请表上除掉的店员
08:31
from application packets,
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-
08:33
to the legal drafters
at the attorney general's office,
at the attorney general's office,
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到在总检察长办公室里的法律文件起草人，
08:37
to the clerks who are responsible
for serving business owners
for serving business owners
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到负责接待商业老板的政府人员。
08:40
when they came to access
government services.
government services.
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当他们来接触政府服务时
08:43
And with them,
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和他们一起，
08:44
we made sure that they understood
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我们确保他们理解
08:46
how their day-to-day actions
were impacting our ability as a country
were impacting our ability as a country
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自己每一天做的事情是怎样影响了整个国家的
08:51
to create new jobs
and to attract investments.
and to attract investments.
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创造新工作岗位和吸引投资的能力。
08:54
No one's role was too small;
everyone's role was vital.
everyone's role was vital.
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没有人的角色不重要；每个人都至关重要。
09:00
Now, guess what we started to see?
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现在来猜猜我们开始看到了什么？
09:02
A coalition of government employees
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激动地迎接改变
09:05
who are excited and ready to drive change,
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政府工作人员们
09:07
began to grow and form.
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的联盟开始形成并逐渐扩大。
09:09
And together we started
to implement changes
to implement changes
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我们一起开始做出
09:12
that impacted the service
delivery of our country.
delivery of our country.
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可以影响国家服务能力的改变。
09:16
The result?
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结果呢？
09:18
In just two years,
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在短短两年里，
09:20
Kenya's ranking moved from 136 to 92.
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肯尼亚的排名从136提升到了92.
09:25
(Applause)
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（掌声）
09:32
And in recognition of the significant
reforms we've been able to implement
reforms we've been able to implement
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为了认可我们的重大改革，
09:36
in such a short time,
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在如此短的时间里，
09:38
Kenya was recognized
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肯尼亚连续两年
09:40
to be among the top three
global reformers in the world
global reformers in the world
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被列为全世界排名前三的
09:44
two years in a row.
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改革国家
09:46
(Applause)
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（掌声）
09:53
Are we fully healthy?
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我们完完全全健康了么
09:55
No.
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没有。
09:57
We have some serious work still to do.
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我们还有很重要的工作要做。
我想把这两年比作一个减肥项目。
10:00
I like to think about these two years
like a weight-loss program.
like a weight-loss program.
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10:04
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:06
It's that time after months
of hard, grueling work at the gym,
of hard, grueling work at the gym,
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当在健身房里努力，严格的运动好几个月后，
10:10
and then you get your first
time to weigh yourself,
time to weigh yourself,
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你第一次上了称，
10:12
and you've lost 20 pounds.
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发现减掉了20磅。
10:15
You're feeling unstoppable.
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你觉得自己势不可挡。
10:18
Now, some of you may think
this doesn't apply to you.
this doesn't apply to you.
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可能你们有些人不能感同身受。
10:23
You're not from Kenya.
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你不是肯尼亚来的。
10:24
You don't intend to be an entrepreneur.
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你不想当一个创业者。
10:26
But think with me for just a moment.
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但你想想，
10:29
When is the last time
you accessed a government service?
you accessed a government service?
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你上次什么时候用过政府的服务？
10:33
Maybe applied for your driver's license,
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可能是申请驾照，
10:36
tried to do your taxes on your own.
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尝试自己报税。
10:42
It's easy in this political
and global economy
and global economy
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在这个金融政治全球化的世界里，
10:45
to want to give up when we think
about transforming government.
about transforming government.
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政府的改革往往半途而废。
10:49
We can easily resign to the fact
or to the thinking
or to the thinking
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我们很容易就向一些事实或者想法投降，
10:52
that government is too inefficient,
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类似 政府效率太低 ，
10:55
too corrupt,
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太腐败，
10:56
unfixable.
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无法修复。
10:58
We might even rarely get
some key government responsibilities
some key government responsibilities
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我们甚至不清楚政府的重要职责
11:01
to other sectors,
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对别的机构，
11:03
to Band-Aid solutions,
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对”创可贴“解决方法，
11:04
or to just give up and feel helpless.
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或者就直接放弃或者感到无助。
11:08
But just because a system is sick
doesn't mean it's dying.
doesn't mean it's dying.
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但是机构不健康并不代表不可修复。
11:12
We cannot afford to give up
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当修复政府的挑战来临时，
11:15
when it comes to the challenges
of fixing our governments.
of fixing our governments.
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我们不能直接放弃。
11:19
In the end,
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最后，
11:22
what really makes a government healthy
is when healthy cells --
is when healthy cells --
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能让政府健康的只有当健康的成分--
11:26
that's you and I --
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你和我--
11:29
get to the ground,
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脚踏实地，
11:31
roll up our sleeves,
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卷起袖子，
11:32
refuse to be helpless
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拒绝无助，
11:34
and believe that sometimes,
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去相信，
11:36
all it takes is for us
to create some space
to create some space
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我们所需做的就是创造更大的空间，
11:40
for healthy cells to grow and thrive.
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让健康的成分去生根发芽，繁荣昌盛。
11:42
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
11:43
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charity Wayua - Public sector researcherIBM's Charity Wayua is a research manager in Nairobi, Kenya, where she leads the company's public sector research team.
Why you should listen
Dr. Charity Wayua creates commercially viable innovative solutions to address inefficiencies in the delivery of government services with the aim of creating an environment where businesses thrive. Wayua and her team work closely with the government and private sector to co-create various public sector solutions that make the delivery of government services to businesses more efficient and effective. The World Bank ranked Kenya the third most reformed country on its "Ease of Doing Business" ranking two years in a row, moving up 44 places in rank in just two years in part due to the work of Wayua's team.
Charity Wayua | Speaker | TED.com