TED Talks India: Nayi Baat
Mani Vajipey: How India's local recyclers could solve plastic pollution
玛尼·瓦吉培: 印度当地回收者如何解决塑料污染问题
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印度是世界塑料回收率最高的国家之一，其主要归功于一个庞大的非正式回收者（亦被称为”kabadiwalas“）的网络。创业家玛尼·瓦吉培（Mani Vajipey）探讨了他的工作：将那些非正式回收者的巨大努力组织为一个回收系统——可以让印度终止塑料污染的系统——并同时向世界展现了他是如何做到的。
Mani Vajipey - Entrepreneur
Mani Vajipey has dedicated his life and career to the overhaul of waste management in India. Full bio
Mani Vajipey has dedicated his life and career to the overhaul of waste management in India. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Shah Rukh Khan: Say no to plastic.
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沙·鲁克·罕：对塑料说不。
00:14
The one thing that
all environmental warriors teach us.
all environmental warriors teach us.
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这是所有环保战士教我们的。
00:17
But we begin and end the day
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但是我们几乎每时每刻都在
00:19
with products that have been made
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使用由这个几乎
00:20
from this virtually
indestructible material.
indestructible material.
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坚不可摧的材料制成的众多产品。
00:24
The truth is that our consumption
and disposal of plastic has reached
and disposal of plastic has reached
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真相是，我们对塑料的使用
和处置已经达到了一个
和处置已经达到了一个
00:28
such unsustainable proportions
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难以为继的地步，
以至于我们需要
以至于我们需要
00:30
that we need to address this
using every idea and resource at hand.
using every idea and resource at hand.
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利用身边一切资源和每个想法，
去解决这个问题。
去解决这个问题。
00:34
Please welcome someone who's helping
solve India's waste management issues,
solve India's waste management issues,
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接下来有请
帮助解决印度废品管理问题的
帮助解决印度废品管理问题的
00:39
Mani Vajipey,
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玛尼·瓦吉培，
00:40
recycler and cofounder/CEO
of Banyan Nation.
of Banyan Nation.
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资源回收人，和 Banyan Nation 公司的
共同创始人兼 CEO。
共同创始人兼 CEO。
00:45
(Applause)
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（掌声）
00:53
Mani Vajipey: If recycling
were an Olympic sport,
were an Olympic sport,
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玛尼·瓦吉培：如果回收利用是
一个奥林匹克运动项目，
一个奥林匹克运动项目，
00:56
India would win the gold medal.
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印度将会摘取金牌。
00:58
India has one of the highest rates
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印度是全球塑料回收利用率
01:01
of plastic recycling and recovery
in the entire world.
in the entire world.
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最高的国家之一。
01:05
Higher than the likes of Singapore,
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比新加坡、
01:07
countries in North America
and even countries in Europe.
and even countries in Europe.
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北美国家，
甚至一些欧洲国家都要高。
甚至一些欧洲国家都要高。
01:11
India recovers and recycles
over 60 percent of its plastic waste,
over 60 percent of its plastic waste,
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印度回收利用的
塑料废品超过 60%，
塑料废品超过 60%，
01:15
whereas a developed country,
like United States,
like United States,
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而一些发达国家，譬如美国，
01:18
manages just about 10 percent.
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勉强才到 10%。
01:21
This high rate of collection
is largely possible
is largely possible
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这一极高的回收率
01:24
thanks to the millions
of informal recyclers,
of informal recyclers,
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大多要归功于上百万的
非正式资源回收者，
非正式资源回收者，
01:28
the kabadiwalas, the bhandiwallas
and the raddiwalas
and the raddiwalas
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那些在印度的每个城市、
每个街角的Kabadiwalas，
每个街角的Kabadiwalas，
01:31
that we find at every street corner
across every city in India.
across every city in India.
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bhandiwallas，以及raddiwalas
（印度垃圾分拣工，废品回收者）。
（印度垃圾分拣工，废品回收者）。
01:36
And yet, in spite of such a ubiquitous,
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但是，不论回收者的网络
01:40
extensive and intricate
network of recyclers,
network of recyclers,
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有多普遍广阔、有多错综复杂，
01:44
India's national scenery
is dominated by filth and squalor.
is dominated by filth and squalor.
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印度的国家风景区
依旧被垃圾占领，环境脏乱。
依旧被垃圾占领，环境脏乱。
01:48
And the general perception
is that we don't recycle our plastics.
is that we don't recycle our plastics.
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人们的普遍感受是：
我们没有回收利用我们的塑料。
我们没有回收利用我们的塑料。
01:52
The other thing about plastics in India
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在印度，关于塑料的
另一个现实是，
另一个现实是，
01:54
is that any product
made from recycled plastic
made from recycled plastic
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任何再生塑料的制成品都被看作是
01:58
is considered to be substandard
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低于常规标准的产品，
02:00
and we expect it to be cheaper as well.
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并且我们期望这些产品售价更低。
02:02
What we don't realize is
there are several types of plastics
there are several types of plastics
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我们没有意识到的是，
有一些纯净的原生塑料，
02:06
in their virgin and pure form,
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02:09
if recycled scientifically,
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如果能被科学的回收利用，
02:11
can be recycled several times over
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它们可以被循环使用好几轮
02:14
without any compromise in quality.
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且质量丝毫不打折扣。
02:16
If we can recover and reuse
our discarded plastic,
our discarded plastic,
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如果我们可以回收再利用
被我们丢弃的塑料，
被我们丢弃的塑料，
02:21
then we save a significant
amount of virgin plastic
amount of virgin plastic
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那我们就可以节省很多
原本需要额外生产
和使用的原生塑料。
和使用的原生塑料。
02:23
that we would have otherwise
produced and consumed.
produced and consumed.
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02:26
And this is very important,
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这一点非常重要，
02:28
because virgin plastic
is made from fossil fuels
is made from fossil fuels
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因为原生塑料是由不可再生的
化石燃料制成的，
02:31
that are an exhaustible resource.
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02:34
The more virgin plastic
we produce and consume,
we produce and consume,
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我们生产并使用的原生塑料越多，
02:36
the more plastic waste we have to manage.
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就意味着我们需要处理
的塑料废品越多。
的塑料废品越多。
02:40
Mismanagement of plastic waste
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塑料废品的处理不当
02:42
leads to the leakage of such materials
into our water bodies.
into our water bodies.
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会导致这些材料泄漏于水体。
02:46
It's now common knowledge
that by the year 2050
that by the year 2050
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现在众所周知的是：
到 2050 年，
到 2050 年，
02:49
we'll have more plastics
in our oceans than fish.
in our oceans than fish.
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我们的海洋中
塑料的数量会超过鱼的数量。
塑料的数量会超过鱼的数量。
02:53
About seven years ago,
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大约在 7 年前，
02:55
my friend and cofounder Raj and I,
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我和我的朋友兼共同创始人拉吉
02:58
we decided that we were going to focus
on solving this massive problem.
on solving this massive problem.
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决定着重解决这个大问题。
03:01
We went around the city of Hyderabad,
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我们走访了海得拉巴市，
03:03
talking to local recyclers.
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和当地的回收者交谈。
03:05
Very soon, we found out
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很快，我们发现
03:06
that there were many recyclers
just in Hyderabad alone.
just in Hyderabad alone.
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仅在海得拉巴就有很多回收者。
03:09
We soon realized
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我们在不久后也意识到，
03:11
that the plastic recycling
industry of today
industry of today
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今天的塑料回收行业
03:14
is not very different
from the milk industry
from the milk industry
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和 60、70 年代的牛奶行业
03:16
of the '60s and '70s.
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大同小异。
03:18
Milk in India is produced
by marginal milk farmers,
by marginal milk farmers,
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印度的牛奶是由
只拥有两三头奶牛或水牛的
只拥有两三头奶牛或水牛的
03:22
with two or three cows or buffalos,
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小奶农们生产的，
03:24
who produce five to ten
liters of milk a day.
liters of milk a day.
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他们每天能生产 5 - 10 升牛奶。
03:26
Instead of blindly aping
solutions from the West,
solutions from the West,
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相比盲目效仿西方的解决方案，
03:29
India championed
the milk cooperative model,
the milk cooperative model,
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印度选择了这种牛奶合作模式，
03:32
where thousands of such
small-scale recyclers
small-scale recyclers
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数千的小规模回收者
03:36
were brought together into groups.
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聚集在一起形成团体。
这种规模也带来了创新和投资。
03:39
With scale came innovations
and investments.
and investments.
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03:43
India was transformed
from a milk-deficit nation
from a milk-deficit nation
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于是印度从一个牛奶短缺的国家
03:46
to the world's leading
exporter and producer of milk.
exporter and producer of milk.
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转变为一个世界领先的
牛奶生产国和出口国。
牛奶生产国和出口国。
03:50
It dawned upon us
that India had in the past
that India had in the past
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于是我们逐渐意识到，
印度曾成功解决了更大的问题，
印度曾成功解决了更大的问题，
03:54
solved much larger problems,
like milk deficiency.
like milk deficiency.
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如牛奶短缺问题。
03:58
We only need to look back to our past
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我们只需要回顾过去，
找寻灵感，
04:00
to find inspiration in solving
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来解决我们这个时代
或许可能是最基本的问题，
或许可能是最基本的问题，
04:02
what is perhaps the most
fundamental issue of our times,
fundamental issue of our times,
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即塑料污染。
04:05
that is plastic pollution.
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但是在我们着手此事之前，
04:07
But before we could do this,
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04:09
or before brands
could use recycled plastic,
could use recycled plastic,
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或在那些品牌们可以使用
回收利用塑料之前，
回收利用塑料之前，
我们需要解决两件事，
04:12
we had to solve two things.
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品质和规模。
04:14
Quality and scale.
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04:16
For us, to make a shampoo bottle
from discarded plastics,
from discarded plastics,
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对我们来说，为使用废弃塑料
制作一个洗发水瓶，
制作一个洗发水瓶，
我们需要收集数万吨
被丢弃的塑料。
被丢弃的塑料。
04:21
we had to collect tens of thousands
of tons of discarded plastics.
of tons of discarded plastics.
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为此，我们需要数据。
04:25
For that, we needed data.
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04:27
Raj and I built a simple
data intelligence platform
data intelligence platform
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拉吉和我建立了
一个简单的数据情报平台，
一个简单的数据情报平台，
该平台允许我们在地图上
定位所有回收者，
定位所有回收者，
04:31
that allowed us to map all the recyclers,
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让我们鸟瞰海得拉巴的
每一个回收者。
每一个回收者。
04:33
giving us a bird's eye view
of every recycler in Hyderabad.
of every recycler in Hyderabad.
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结果非常惊人。
04:37
The results were astounding.
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04:39
There were 2,000 kabadiwalas
just in Hyderabad alone.
just in Hyderabad alone.
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仅在海得拉巴，
就有 2 千名的垃圾分拣工。
就有 2 千名的垃圾分拣工。
这说明每平方千米
04:43
That means, for every square kilometer,
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就有 4 名垃圾分拣工
或非正式回收者。
或非正式回收者。
04:45
there were four kabadiwalas
or informal recyclers.
or informal recyclers.
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整个世界没有一个发达国家或城市
04:49
No developed country or city
in the entire world
in the entire world
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04:53
has the luxury of such a brilliant
collection system.
collection system.
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有幸拥有如此出色的收集系统。
04:56
(Applause)
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（掌声）
04:58
Once we had the data,
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一旦我们有了数据，
05:00
the rest was fairly straightforward.
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剩下的就非常直截了当了。
我们开始和非正式回收者
进行交易，
进行交易，
05:01
We started trading
with the informal recyclers,
with the informal recyclers,
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05:05
we started training them
to segregate the materials
to segregate the materials
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我们开始培训他们
如何基于我们质量指标
如何基于我们质量指标
05:08
based on our quality specifications.
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进行材料分类。
在过去的 5 年，
05:11
In the past five years,
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我们在南印度已经
发展了几个这样的团体，
发展了几个这样的团体，
05:12
we've developed several clusters
across South India,
across South India,
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其中包含上千名与我们
05:15
comprising of thousands
of such informal recyclers,
of such informal recyclers,
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直接和远程互动的
非正式回收者。
非正式回收者。
05:18
who interact with us
both directly and digitally.
both directly and digitally.
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05:21
In parallel, we began working
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同时，我们开始着手解决
05:24
on the problem of quality
and purity of material.
and purity of material.
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材料的质量和纯度问题。
在过去的 5 年里，
05:27
So in the past five years,
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我们开发了清洁专利技术，
05:28
we developed a proprietary
cleaning technology
cleaning technology
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05:30
that allows us to eliminate
all contaminants.
all contaminants.
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该技术允许我们消灭
材料上的所有污染物。
材料上的所有污染物。
今天 Banyan 回收的塑料颗粒
05:33
Today, Banyan's recycled granules
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都已通过严格的质量测试，
05:36
have undergone stringent quality testing
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05:39
and have been certified by top
global FMCG and automotive companies.
global FMCG and automotive companies.
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并且被全球顶级快速消费品（FMCG）
和汽车公司授予证书。
和汽车公司授予证书。
在接下来的几个月，
05:44
In the next few months,
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经由非正式回收者收集的
05:46
tens of thousands of discarded plastics
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上万的废弃塑料，
05:50
collected through informal
recycler networks
recycler networks
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将会被再生为高品质塑料颗粒，
05:53
will be converted
into high-quality granules
into high-quality granules
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并送往各个品牌和大型企业
05:55
and sent away to brands
and large companies
and large companies
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来制造机油的外包装瓶、
05:59
to make bottles for engine-oil packaging,
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洗发水瓶，还有乳液瓶。
06:03
for shampoo bottles and for lotions.
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06:05
In the next three years,
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在未来三年，
我们预期，利用回收的塑料可以制造
06:07
we expect that over 500 million
such bottles will be made
such bottles will be made
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06:11
from our recycled plastics.
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超过 5 亿这样的瓶子。
06:12
(Applause)
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（掌声）
但这只是开始。
06:17
But this is just the beginning.
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在未来五年，
06:18
In the next five years,
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我们致力于打造一个
06:20
we aspire to build an India
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有能力 100% 科学地回收
并改造废弃塑料的
并改造废弃塑料的
06:22
where 100 percent of discarded plastics
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06:25
are recycled and
repurposed scientifically --
repurposed scientifically --
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印度。
在那里，塑料废品不再
威胁我们的水体，
威胁我们的水体，
06:28
where plastic waste
no longer threatens our water bodies,
no longer threatens our water bodies,
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以及我们陆地和海洋生物的生存。
06:32
and the very survival
of our terrestrial and marine life.
of our terrestrial and marine life.
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所以下次你去超市的时候，
拿起一瓶洗发水
拿起一瓶洗发水
06:35
So the next time you go to a store
and pick up a shampoo bottle,
and pick up a shampoo bottle,
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看看那个瓶子是不是由
安全可持续的再生塑料制成的。
安全可持续的再生塑料制成的。
06:39
see if that bottle uses safe
and sustainable recycled plastic.
and sustainable recycled plastic.
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这不仅只是为了帮助地球，
06:43
That's not only just
going to help the Earth
going to help the Earth
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也是在奖赏那些街角回收者所做的
06:45
but also reward the street corner recycler
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一切重要的工作。
06:48
for his all-important work.
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这将会迫使品牌们
06:50
Now that will compel brands
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在他们的主流产品和应用上
06:52
to use more and more recycled plastic
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06:54
for their mainstream products
and applications.
and applications.
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使用更多的再生塑料。
我们的传统和文化
蕴含着很多古老的智慧。
蕴含着很多古老的智慧。
06:58
Our tradition and our culture
has a lot of ancient wisdom.
has a lot of ancient wisdom.
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我们千万不要破坏地球，
07:02
Let's not destroy the only planet we have.
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我们唯一的家。
07:05
The only home we have.
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谢谢。
07:07
Thank you.
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07:09
(Applause)
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（掌声）
07:14
SRK: Thank you, Mani.
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沙：谢谢，玛尼。
07:16
When I was young, I used to --
(sings in Hindi).
(sings in Hindi).
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我年轻时，我曾经——
（用印度语唱歌）
（用印度语唱歌）
我们几乎都不知道，
我们这个国家
我们这个国家
07:20
How little do we know sometimes
that we are, as a nation,
that we are, as a nation,
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07:23
the biggest recycler
of plastics and waste,
of plastics and waste,
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是最大的塑料和废弃物品的
回收利用者，
回收利用者，
不仅是塑料，
07:26
if not just plastic,
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我们国人竟然自己都不知道。
07:28
and we didn't know this
about our own country.
about our own country.
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玛：我可以说件很酷的事吗？
07:30
MV: May I say something really cool?
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07:32
Cities like New York and Paris today
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今天像纽约和巴黎这样的城市
正想要投放反向自动贩卖机，
07:34
are looking to put out
reverse vending machines
reverse vending machines
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就是让人们把垃圾放进去，
07:37
so that people can go
and put trash in that
and put trash in that
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07:40
and then they can get some cash.
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以换取现金的机器。
07:42
For the past several decades,
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在过去的几十年里，
我们整个国家以及垃圾分拣者，
07:43
the entire country and the kabadiwalas,
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还有废品回收者，
我们一直在做这件事。
我们一直在做这件事。
07:45
and the bhandiwallas,
we have been doing that.
we have been doing that.
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我很确信，在 3 - 5 年内，
07:48
I'm very positive
that in three to five years,
that in three to five years,
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你会发现塑料正被回收，
07:50
you'll wake up, you know
that the plastic is being recycled,
that the plastic is being recycled,
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你去取包裹时，
07:54
you're going to pick up a packaging,
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就知道包裹上会有一个标识：
07:56
you know that the package
actually has a mark
actually has a mark
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07:58
that uses recycled plastics,
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使用再生塑料。
07:59
so I'm super optimistic about this.
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我对这抱有非常积极的态度，
即使作为一名企业家。
08:01
Even as an entrepreneur.
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（掌声）
08:03
(Applause)
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08:06
SRK: When I see a youngster
do what he has done and achieved,
do what he has done and achieved,
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沙：当我看到一个年轻人
在做事并获得成就时，
在做事并获得成就时，
我希望这也能成为鼓舞他人
08:09
I want that part to also be
a source of encouragement
a source of encouragement
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继续传承的力量。
08:12
for people to take over.
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那么告诉我，你能挣很多钱吗？
08:13
So tell me, are you making a lot of money?
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玛尼：塑料循环
当前如此夺目的原因是
当前如此夺目的原因是
08:15
MV: What's so brilliant
about plastic recycling now is
about plastic recycling now is
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这是一个时机已到的想法。
08:18
it's an idea whose time has come.
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08:20
And we're very fortunate to have signed
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我们很幸运地已经
08:22
a really big, multimillion-dollar contract
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与一些顶级快速消费品公司（FMCG）
08:25
with some of the top FMCG companies.
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签署了一个几百万美金的合同。
08:27
So we are at the inflection
point in India.
point in India.
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所以在印度，我们正处于转折点。
而且——
08:30
And --
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沙：告诉我们，究竟多少钱？
08:31
SRK: Tell us the money,
money, money, Mani.
money, money, Mani.
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玛尼：（笑声）
08:34
MV: (Laughs)
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沙：给个数字，这能鼓励大家，
08:35
SRK: Give the figure,
it will encourage people,
it will encourage people,
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不是出于贪婪，
不为任何原因……
不为任何原因……
08:37
it's not for greed,
it's not for any of the reasons ...
it's not for any of the reasons ...
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08:39
Say to them.
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告诉他们。
做这个能赚不少钱，没错。
08:41
They are making good money, yeah.
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08:42
(Applause)
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（掌声）
08:44
MV: For us, to build
these systems in place,
these systems in place,
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玛：对我们来说，
为了开发和部署这些系统，
为了开发和部署这些系统，
08:46
we need investors
who will back us to develop --
who will back us to develop --
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我们需要投资人
来支持我们开发——
来支持我们开发——
08:51
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
08:54
(Applause)
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（掌声）
08:59
SRK: You have to be like Mani
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沙：你们得学学玛尼，
我问“你赚多少钱？”
09:00
that I'm asking, "How much you're making?"
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他已经在利用我赚钱了。
09:02
he's already making it off me.
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我可能看着傻，但我并不傻。
09:04
But I may look stupid, but I'm not.
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09:07
I totally and completely believe
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我完完全全相信
09:09
in the concept of recycling plastic,
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回收塑料的概念，
09:11
and I'm going to help Mani
with my first investment
with my first investment
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而且我将用自己的
第一笔投资来帮助玛尼。
第一笔投资来帮助玛尼。
09:15
that all the plastic bottles
that we have at shootings,
that we have at shootings,
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这些在我们拍摄现场的
所有塑料瓶，
所有塑料瓶，
09:19
in every shooting of mine,
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以及我每一个
拍摄现场的塑料瓶，
拍摄现场的塑料瓶，
09:20
I'm going to send it
to his company to recycle,
to his company to recycle,
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我都会把它们送到玛尼的公司
去回收再利用，
去回收再利用，
09:24
starting from these four.
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从这四个开始。
09:25
Thank you very much, Mani.
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非常感谢，玛尼。
09:27
(Applause)
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（掌声）
09:28
MV: Thank you so much.
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玛：非常感谢。
09:30
SRK: Big round of applause for Mani.
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沙：热烈掌声给予玛尼。
09:32
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mani Vajipey - EntrepreneurMani Vajipey has dedicated his life and career to the overhaul of waste management in India.
Why you should listen
Mani Vajipey is the cofounder and CEO of Banyan Nation, a technology-driven recycling company that is changing the way India looks at plastics, recycling and waste management. Banyan Nation was founded in 2013 and is headquartered in Hyderbad. Vajipey holds dual MBAs from UC Berkeley (Haas) and Columbia Business Schools, an MS Degree in Electrical Engineering from University of Delaware and a BTech Electrical Engineering from NIT, Warangal.
Mani Vajipey | Speaker | TED.com