TEDGlobal 2011
Karen Tse: How to stop torture
Karen Tse: 如何停止酷刑
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政治犯不是唯一被酷刑折磨的一群 -- 司法酷刑絕大多數發生在普通個案中， 即使在一些「運作正常」的法律制度下也一樣。社會運動人士Karen Tse展現我們如何並且應該站出來，結束一般酷刑的使用。
Karen Tse - Anti-torture activist
In too many countries, it's still normal to torture prisoners for confessions and information. Karen Tse works to end that. Full bio
In too many countries, it's still normal to torture prisoners for confessions and information. Karen Tse works to end that. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
In 1994, I walked into a prison in Cambodia,
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在1994年，我走進了柬埔寨的一個監獄，
00:20
and I met a 12-year-old boy
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遇到了一個12歲的男孩,
00:23
who had been tortured
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他被嚴刑拷打
00:25
and was denied access to counsel.
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還被禁止獲得律師協助。
00:27
And as I looked into his eyes, I realized
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我看著他的眼睛，我意識到，
00:29
that for the hundreds of letters I had written
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我為政治犯寫了的
00:31
for political prisoners, that I would never have
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數以百計的信件，但我不會
00:34
written a letter for him,
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為他寫信，
00:36
because he was not a 12-year-old boy who
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因為他不是一個
00:38
had done something important for anybody.
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做了什麼重要事蹟的12歲男孩。
00:40
He was not a political prisoner.
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他不是一個政治犯。
00:42
He was a 12-year-old boy who had
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他是一個偷了一輛自行車的
00:44
stolen a bicycle.
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12歲男孩。
00:46
What I also realized at that point was that
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在那一刻我也意識到的是，
00:48
it was not only Cambodia, but
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不僅是柬埔寨，
00:50
of the 113
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但在113個
00:52
developing countries that torture,
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發展中國家有酷刑的，
00:54
93 of these countries have all passed laws
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其中有93個國家都有立法，
00:57
that say you have a right to a lawyer
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宣稱你有權利尋求一個律師，
00:59
and you have a right not to be tortured.
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你有不接受嚴刑的權力。
01:02
And what I recognized was that there was an
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我意識到的是，有一個
01:04
incredible window of opportunity for us
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令人難以置信的機會，
01:06
as a world community to come together
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讓我們作為國際社會集合在一起，
01:09
and end torture as an investigative tool.
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終結那些作為調查工具的酷刑。
01:12
We often think of torture as being
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我們通常認為酷刑是作為
01:14
political torture or reserved for
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政治酷刑或只是針對
01:16
just the worst, but, in fact,
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最壞的人，但其實
01:19
95 percent of torture today
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今天95％的酷刑，
01:21
is not for political prisoners.
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並不是施加在政治犯身上。
01:23
It is for people who are
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它被施加在那些活在
01:25
in broken-down legal systems,
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不健全的法律制度裡的人們身上，
01:27
and unfortunately because torture is
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而且不幸的是，因為酷刑是
01:29
the cheapest form of investigation --
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最便宜的調查形式 --
01:31
it's cheaper than having a legal system,
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它比的法律制度便宜，
01:33
cheaper than having a lawyer
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比動用律師
01:35
and early access to counsel --
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和早期的法律顧問還便宜 --
01:37
it is what happens most of the time.
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所以大多數的情況下，酷刑便會發生。
01:39
I believe today that it is possible for us
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我相信我們今天作為一個國際社會，
01:41
as a world community, if we make a decision,
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如果我們作出決定，是有可能集合在一起，
01:44
to come together and end torture
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在我們的有生之年結束
01:46
as an investigative tool in our lifetime,
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以酷刑作為的調查工具，
01:49
but it will require three things.
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但它需要三樣東西。
01:51
First is the training, empowerment,
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首先是培訓，授權，
01:54
and connection of defenders worldwide.
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並連結全世界的辯護律師。
01:57
The second is insuring that there is
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第二個是要確保
02:00
systematic early access to counsel.
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有一套提供早期法律顧問的制度。
02:03
And the third is commitment.
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第三是承諾。
02:06
So in the year 2000,
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在2000年，
02:08
I began to wonder,
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我開始在想，
02:11
what if we came together?
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如果我們集合一起會怎樣？
02:14
Could we do something
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我們能為這93個國家
02:16
for these 93 countries?
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做些什麼嗎？
02:18
And I founded International Bridges to Justice
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我成立了〈國際司法橋樑組織〉,
02:20
which has a specific mission of
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它有一個明確的任務，就是要
02:22
ending torture as an investigative tool
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終結以酷刑作為調查工具，
02:25
and implementing due process rights
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以及在這93個國家裡建置
02:27
in the 93 countries by placing trained lawyers
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一套正當程序的權利， 其作法是透過
02:30
at an early stage in police stations
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在警察局裡以及在法院上，
02:32
and in courtrooms.
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安排訓練有素的律師。
02:34
My first experiences, though, did come
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我的第一次經驗，
02:36
from Cambodia, and at the time I remember
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是來自柬埔寨，當時我記得
02:39
first coming to Cambodia and there were,
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第一次到柬埔寨，於1994年，
02:41
in 1994, still less than
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在全國尚有
02:43
10 attorneys in the country because
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不到10個律師，因為其他的律師
02:45
the Khmer Rouge had killed them all.
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全都被赤柬殺害了。
02:47
And even 20 years later, there was only
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甚至在20年後，國家依然
02:49
10 lawyers in the country, so consequently
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僅有10個律師，所以
02:51
you'd walk into a prison and
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當你走進一所監獄時
02:53
not only would you meet 12-year-old boys,
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你不僅能遇到12歲的男孩，
02:55
you'd meet women and you'd say,
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你還會遇到婦女，而當你問她們：
02:57
"Why are you here?" Women would say,
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「為什麼你在這裡呢？」她們會說：
02:59
"Well I've been here for 10 years because
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「嗯，我在這裡已經10年，
03:01
my husband committed a crime, but they can't find him."
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因為我的丈夫犯了罪，但他們無法找到他。」
03:03
So it's just a place where there was no rule of law.
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所以它只是一個沒有法治的地方。
03:06
The first group of defenders came together
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我還記得, 第一批辯護律師
03:08
and I still remember, as I was training, I said,
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聚集一起，當時我在做培訓工作，我就說：
03:10
"Okay, what do you do for an investigation?"
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「好吧，你會怎樣做一個調查？」
03:12
And there was silence in the class, and finally
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全班沉默着，
03:14
one woman stood up, [inaudible name],
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最後一個女人站了起來，[聽不清楚的名字]，
03:16
and she said "Khrew," which means "teacher."
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她說：「Khrew」，意即「老師」。
03:19
She said, "I have defended more than
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她說：「我曾經為
03:22
a hundred people, and I've never had to do
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一百多人辯護，, 但我從來沒有
03:25
any investigation,
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做任何調查，
03:27
because they all come with confessions."
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因為他們全都已經招認。」
03:29
And we talked about, as a class, the fact that
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然後，我們在課堂上討論到
03:32
number one, the confessions
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第一，那些供詞
03:34
might not be reliable, but number two,
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可能不可信，但第二是
03:36
we did not want to encourage the police
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我們不希望鼓勵警方
03:38
to keep doing this, especially
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繼續這樣做，特別是
03:40
as it was now against the law.
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因為現在它是違法的。
03:42
And it took a lot of courage for these
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這些辯護律師花了
03:44
defenders to decide that they would
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很大的勇氣才決定
03:46
begin to stand up and support each other
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開始站出來並且互相支持
03:48
in implementing these laws.
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來落實這些法律。
03:51
And I still remember the first cases where
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我還記得第一案例裡，
03:53
they came, all 25 together, she would
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他們25個一起來，
03:55
stand up, and they were in the back, and
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她會站着，其他的都站在後面
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they would support her, and the judges kept
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並且會支持她，而法官不停地說：
03:59
saying, "No, no, no, no, we're going to do things
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「不，不，不，不，我們要用以往相同的方式
04:01
the exact same way we've been doing them."
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去做我們的事情。」
04:03
But one day the perfect case came, and it
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有一天，一個完美的案件出現了，
04:05
was a woman who was a vegetable seller,
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一個賣蔬菜的女人，
04:07
she was sitting outside of a house.
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她坐在一所房子外面。
04:09
She said she actually saw the person
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她說她真的看到了
04:12
run out who she thinks stole
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她認為偷走了珠寶的人
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whatever the jewelry was, but the police
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從房子逃走出去，但警察來了
04:16
came, they got her, there was nothing on her.
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卻逮捕了她，她身上一無所有。
04:18
She was pregnant at the time. She had
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當時她身懷六甲。她身上有
04:20
cigarette burns on her. She'd miscarried.
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被煙頭燙傷的傷疤，而且她流產了。
04:22
And when they brought her case
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當他們把她的案件
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to the judge, for the first time he stood up
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拿來到法官前，他首次站了起來，
04:26
and he said, "Yes, there's no evidence
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說：「是的，這裡沒有證據,
04:28
except for your torture confession
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除了妳被逼供的招認，
04:30
and you will be released."
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而妳將會被釋放。」
04:32
And the defenders began to take cases
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而辯護律師開始一遍又一遍的
04:34
over and over again and
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接受案件，
04:36
you will see, they have step by step began
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你會看到，他們一步一步開始
04:39
to change the course of history in Cambodia.
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在改變柬埔寨的歷史。
04:42
But Cambodia is not alone.
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但柬埔寨並是唯一的例子。
04:44
I used to think, well is it Cambodia?
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我常想，是柬埔寨嗎？
04:46
Or is it other countries?
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抑或是其他國家呢？
04:48
But it is in so many countries.
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但這樣的事情在如此多的國家發生。
04:51
In Burundi I walked into a prison and it wasn't
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在布隆迪，我走進了監獄，這次不是
04:53
a 12-year-old boy, it was an 8-year-old boy
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一個12歲的男孩，而是一個8歲的男孩
04:56
for stealing a mobile phone.
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偷了一個手機。
04:58
Or a woman, I picked up her baby,
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或是一個女人，我抱起她的寶寶，
05:00
really cute baby, I said "Your baby is so cute."
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很可愛的寶寶，我說:「你的寶寶太可愛了。」
05:03
It wasn't a baby, she was three.
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只不過那不是一個嬰兒，她已經三歲。
05:05
And she said "Yeah, but she's why I'm here,"
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她說：「是啊，但她就是我在這裡的原因」,
05:07
because she was accused of stealing
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因為她被指控竊取了
05:09
two diapers and an iron for her baby and
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兩塊尿布和熨斗給她的嬰兒
05:11
still had been in prison.
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並且仍然被困在獄中。
05:13
And when I walked up to the prison director,
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當我走到監獄主管前，
05:15
I said, "You've got to let her out.
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我說，「你一定要把她放出來。
05:17
A judge would let her out."
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法官會放她出來。」
05:19
And he said, "Okay, we can talk about it,
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他說，「好吧，我們可以談談這件事，
05:21
but look at my prison. Eighty percent
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但看看我的監獄。在這裡的
05:23
of the two thousand people here
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兩千人中百分之八十
05:25
are without a lawyer. What can we do?"
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沒有律師，我們可以做些什麼？」
05:27
So lawyers began to courageously
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因此，律師開始勇敢地
05:29
stand up together to organize a system
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站出來，共同組織一套制度，
05:32
where they can take cases.
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在那裡他們可以接案。
05:34
But we realized that it's not only the training
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但我們意識到，重要的不僅是
05:36
of the lawyers, but the connection
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律師的訓練，而是律師們之間
05:38
of the lawyers that makes a difference.
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的聯繫。
05:40
For example, in Cambodia, it was that
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例如，在柬埔寨，[清不見的名字]
05:42
[inaudible name] did not go alone
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不是單槍匹馬，
05:44
but she had 24 lawyers with her
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她有24個律師
05:46
who stood up together. And in the same way,
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與她一起爭取。同樣地，
05:48
in China, they always tell me,
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在中國，他們常常告訴我，
05:50
"It's like a fresh wind in the desert
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「當我們能走到一起,
05:52
when we can come together."
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這就像在沙漠中的清風。」
05:54
Or in Zimbabwe, where I remember Innocent,
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或在辛巴威，我記得「無辜」,
05:56
after coming out of a prison where everybody
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在一個監獄裡走出來, 當每個人
05:58
stood up and said, "I've been here
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都站出來，並說:「我在這裡
06:00
for one year, eight years, 12 years
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已經一年，八年，十二年
06:02
without a lawyer,"
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沒有律師」,
06:04
he came and we had a training together
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他來和我們一同訓練,
06:06
and he said, "I have heard it said" --
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他說：「我聽到有人說」--
06:09
because he had heard people mumbling
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因為他聽說有人喃喃自語
06:11
and grumbling -- "I have heard it said that
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和抱怨 -- 「我聽有人說，
06:13
we cannot help to create justice
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我們不能不建立公平公正
06:16
because we do not have the resources."
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因為我們沒有資源。」
06:18
And then he said, "But I want you to know
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然後他說，「但我想讓你知道，
06:20
that the lack of resources
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資源的匱乏
06:23
is never an excuse for injustice."
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不應該是一個不公不義存在的藉口。」
06:25
And with that, he successfully
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而就這樣，他已成功地
06:27
organized 68 lawyers who have been
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組織了個68律師
06:30
systematically taking the cases.
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有系統地接案。
06:32
The key that we see, though, is training
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我們發現，關鍵是訓練,
06:35
and then early access.
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以及早期的法律顧問服務。
06:37
I was recently in Egypt, and was inspired
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最近我在埃及，並獲得了靈感，
06:39
to meet with another group of lawyers,
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去會見另一組律師，
06:41
and what they told me is that they said,
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他們告訴我，
06:43
"Hey, look, we don't have police
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「嗨，看看，現在
06:45
on the streets now. The police are
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我們的街道上沒有警察。
06:47
one of the main reasons why we had
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警察是我們掀起革命的
06:49
the revolution. They were torturing everybody
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主要原因之一。他們總是在
06:51
all the time."
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對人動刑。」
06:53
And I said, "But there's been tens of millions
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我說:「但最近不是有數千萬元
06:55
of dollars that have recently gone in
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去發展這裡的
06:57
to the development of the legal system here.
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法律制度嗎?
06:59
What's going on?"
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究竟發生了什麼事？」
07:01
I met with one of the development agencies,
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我會見了其中一個發展機構，
07:04
and they were training prosecutors
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他們正在培訓檢察官
07:06
and judges, which is the normal bias,
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和法官，
07:08
as opposed to defenders.
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而不是培訓辯護律師，而這是常見的錯誤作法。
07:10
And they showed me a manual which
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他們給我看了一本手冊，
07:12
actually was an excellent manual.
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實際上是一本很好的手冊。
07:14
I said, "I'm gonna copy this."
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我說：「我要去複製一份。」
07:16
It had everything in it. Lawyers can come
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它包含了一切。律師可以
07:18
at the police station. It was perfect.
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前往派出所。它是完美的。
07:20
Prosecutors were perfectly trained.
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檢察官得到了完整的訓練。
07:22
But I said to them, "I just have one question,
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但我對他們說:「我只有一個問題，
07:24
which is, by the time that everybody got to
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那便是，當每個人都到了
07:26
the prosecutor's office, what had happened to them?"
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檢察官的辦公室，他們會發生什麼？」
07:28
And after a pause, they said,
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停頓一會兒後，他們說:
07:30
"They had been tortured."
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「他們遭受過酷刑。」
07:32
So the pieces are,
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因此，不僅是
07:34
not only the training of the lawyers, but
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律師的培訓，我們還要找到一種方法，
07:36
us finding a way to systematically implement
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有系統地實施早期法律顧問服務，
07:39
early access to counsel, because they are
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因為那是
07:42
the safeguard in the system
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身處凌遲拷打中的人們
07:44
for people who are being tortured.
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唯一的保障。
07:47
And as I tell you this, I'm also aware of the
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正如我告訴你，我也知道
07:49
fact that it sounds like, "Oh, okay, it sounds
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事實上它聽起來像，「哦，好吧，這聽起來
07:51
like we could do it, but can we really do it?"
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像我們做得到的，但我們真的可以做到嗎？」
07:54
Because it sounds big.
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因為它聽起來像是一個大工程。
07:56
And there are many reasons why I believe it's possible.
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但有許多原因讓我相信這是可能的。
07:59
The first reason is the people on the ground
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第一個原因是，實際在這一行的人會
08:02
who find ways of creating miracles
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因為他們的承諾而找到
08:05
because of their commitment.
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創造奇蹟的方法。
08:07
It's not only Innocent, who I told you about
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不僅是「無辜」，我告訴你
08:10
in Zimbabwe, but defenders all over the world
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在辛巴威的人，但在世界各地。
08:13
who are looking for these pieces.
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搜尋着這些方法的辯護律師。
08:16
We have a program called JusticeMakers,
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我們有一個計畫稱為JusticeMakers，
08:19
and we realized there are people that are
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我們意識到有人是勇敢
08:21
courageous and want to do things, but
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和想做點事情，但我們
08:23
how can we support them?
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如何支持他們呢？
08:25
So it's an online contest where it's only
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所以它是一個網路競賽，
08:27
five thousand dollars if you come up with
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如果你能提出
08:29
and innovative way of implementing justice.
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創新的方式來實施司法，就有五千美元獎金。
08:31
And there are 30 JusticeMakers
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在世界各地
08:33
throughout the world, from Sri Lanka
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有30個JusticeMakers，從斯里蘭卡，
08:35
to Swaziland to the DRC, who with
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到史瓦濟蘭，到剛果，
08:38
five thousand dollars do amazing things,
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用五千美元就可以做到了不起的事情，
08:41
through SMS programs,
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通過 SMS程序，
08:43
through paralegal programs,
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通過法律輔導計劃，
08:45
through whatever they can do.
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通過他們可以做的任何事。
08:47
And it's not only these JusticeMakers,
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不僅是這些 JusticeMakers，
08:51
but people we courageously see
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還有我們看到的人勇敢地
08:53
figure out who their networks are
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找出他們的人際網絡，
08:56
and how they can move it forward.
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以及他們如何能繼續發展它。
08:58
So in China, for instance, great laws
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例如，在中國，偉大的法律被通過，
09:00
came out where it says police cannot
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禁止警察對人動刑，
09:03
torture people or they will be punished.
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否則將予以懲處。
09:06
And I was sitting side by side with one of our
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而且，有一次我跟我們一位很勇敢的
09:09
very courageous lawyers, and said,
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律師坐在一起，說:
09:12
"How can we get this out? How can we
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「我們怎樣才能把這個理念宣揚出去呢？
09:14
make sure that this is implemented?
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我們如何才能確保它被施行呢？
09:16
This is fantastic." And he said to me,
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這是太棒了。」他對我說:
09:18
"Well, do you have money?" And I said,
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「那麼，你有沒有錢？」我說:
09:20
"No." And he said, "That's okay,
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「沒有。」他說:「這沒關係，
09:22
we can still figure it out."
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我們仍然可以想想辦法。」
09:24
And on December 4, he organized
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在12月4日，他組織了
09:26
three thousand members
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3千個青年共產
09:28
of the Youth Communist League,
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主義青年團的成員，
09:30
from 14 of the top law schools,
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從14個頂尖的法律學校，
09:32
who organized themselves, developed
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他們組織起來，製作海報
09:34
posters with the new laws, and went
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宣傳新的法律，並去派出所，
09:36
to the police stations and began what he says
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並開始了他稱為的一個合法
09:38
is a non-violent legal revolution
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非暴力的革命
09:41
to protect citizen rights.
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以保護公民權利。
09:44
So I talked about the fact that we need
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我談過我們需要
09:46
to train and support defenders.
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培養和支持辯護律師。
09:48
We need to systematically implement
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我們需要有系統地提供
09:50
early access to counsel.
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早期法律顧問服務。
09:52
But the third and most important thing is that
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但第三以及最重要的是，
09:54
we make a commitment to this.
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我們要對此作出承諾。
09:56
And people often say to me, "You know,
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人們常常對我說:「你要知道，
09:58
this is great, but it's wildly idealistic.
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這是偉大的，但它是瘋狂地理想化。
10:00
Never going to happen."
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永遠也不會發生。」
10:02
And the reason that I think that
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我認為這些話很
10:04
those words are interesting is because
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有趣的原因是，
10:06
those were the same kinds of words
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因為是同樣像這些話,
10:08
that were used for people who decided
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使用在決定了將結束奴隸制的人，
10:10
they would end slavery, or end apartheid.
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或結束種族隔離的人。
10:12
It began with a small group of people
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它開始於一小群
10:14
who decided they would commit.
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下定承諾的人。
10:16
Now, there's one of our favorite poems
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現在，有一篇我們辯護律師們最喜歡的詩，
10:18
from the defenders, which they share
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在他們之間彼此分享著，
10:20
from each other, is:
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寫道：
10:22
"Take courage friends, the road is often long,
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「朋友, 鼓起勇氣，這條路總是漫長的，
10:24
the path is never clear,
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路徑永遠不會是明確的，
10:26
and the stakes are very high,
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賭注是非常高的，
10:28
but deep down, you are not alone."
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但內心深處，你並不孤獨。」
10:30
And I believe that if we can come together
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我相信，如果我們能團結在一起，
10:33
as a world community to support not only
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作為國際社會不僅支持
10:35
defenders, but also everyone in the system
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辯護律師，以及
10:38
who is looking towards it,
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所有指望這套系統的每個人，
10:40
we can end torture as an investigative tool.
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我們可以結束酷刑作為一項調查工具。
10:43
I end always, because I'm sure the questions are --
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我總是以這個結束，因為我敢肯定問題是 --
10:45
and I'd be happy to talk to you
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我很樂意在任何時候
10:47
at any point -- "But what can I really do?"
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與你談談 -- 「但我真的可以做些什麼呢？」
10:49
Well, I would say this. First of all,
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好吧，我會說。首先，
10:51
you know what you can do. But second of all,
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你知道你可以做些什麼。但第二，
10:53
I would leave you with the story of Vishna,
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我最後跟你們分享Vishna的故事，
10:55
who actually was my inspiration
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它是我發起
10:58
for starting International Bridges to Justice.
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〈國際司法橋樑〉的靈感。
11:00
Vishna was a 4-year-old boy when I met him
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當我與Vishna會面時，他是一個
11:03
who was born in a Cambodian prison
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在柬埔寨幹丹省監獄出生的
11:05
in Kandal Province. But because he was
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4歲的男孩。但因為他是在
11:08
born in the prison, everybody loved him,
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監獄出生，每個人都愛他，
11:10
including the guards, so he was the only one
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包括警衛，所以他是唯一
11:12
who was allowed to come
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一個被允許
11:14
in and out of the bars.
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進進出出監獄的人。
11:16
So, you know, there's bars. And by the time
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所以，你知道的，監獄有金屬柵欄。
11:18
that Vishna was getting bigger,
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當Vishna長大之後，
11:20
which means what gets bigger? Your head gets bigger.
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成長意味著什麼變大？你的頭變得更大。
11:22
So he would come to the first bar,
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他會來到第一條攔，
11:24
the second bar and then the third bar,
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第二條和第三條，
11:26
and then really slowly move his head
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然後真的慢慢地移動他的頭部，
11:28
so he could fit through, and come back,
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使他能穿過去，然後回來，
11:30
third, second, first. And he would
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第三，第二，第一。
11:32
grab my pinkie, because what he wanted
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他會拉我的小指，因為他每天想做的事
11:34
to do every day is he wanted to go visit.
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是他想去探訪。
11:36
You know, he never quite made it to
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你知道，他每天從來沒有
11:38
all of them every day, but he wanted to visit
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完全探訪所有人，但他希望探訪
11:40
all 156 prisoners. And I would lift him,
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所有156名犯人。我會舉起他，
11:42
and he would put his fingers through.
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他就會把他的手指通過。
11:44
Or if they were dark cells, it was like iron
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或者，如果他們是在黑暗的牢房，
11:46
corrugated, and he would put his fingers through.
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如波紋鐵，他會把他的手指伸過去。
11:48
And most of the prisoners said that he was
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大多數囚犯說，
11:50
their greatest joy and their sunshine, and they
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他是他們最大的快樂和他們的陽光，
11:52
looked forward to him. And I was like,
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他們期待著他來探望。我當時想，
11:54
here's Vishna. He's a 4-year-old boy.
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這裡站著Vishna。他是一名4歲男童。
11:56
He was born in a prison with almost nothing,
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他出生在幾乎一無所有，
11:58
no material goods, but he had a sense of
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沒有物質的一所監獄，但他體悟道他有
12:00
his own heroic journey, which I believe
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他自己的英雄之旅，我相信
12:02
we are all born into. He said,
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我們生來都有這種感覺。他說:
12:04
"Probably I can't do everything.
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「可能我不能做到一切。
12:06
But I'm one. I can do something.
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但我是一個人。我可以做到一些事情。
12:08
And I will do the one thing that I can do."
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所以我會做我可以做到的一件事情。」
12:10
So I thank you for having the prophetic
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因此，我感謝你預言般的
12:12
imagination to imagine the shaping
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想像力，去與我們一起
12:15
of a new world with us together,
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想像塑造一個新的世界，
12:17
and invite you into this journey with us.
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並邀請你們參與我們的旅程。
12:19
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:21
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
12:29
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:31
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
12:33
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:35
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Karen Tse - Anti-torture activistIn too many countries, it's still normal to torture prisoners for confessions and information. Karen Tse works to end that.
Why you should listen
A former public defender, Karen Tse developed an interest in the intersection of criminal law and human rights after observing Southeast Asian refugees held in a local prison without trial, often tortured to obtain "confessions." In 1994, she moved to Cambodia to train the country's first core group of public defenders. Under the auspices of the UN, she trained judges and prosecutors, and established the first arraignment court in Cambodia.
In 2000, Tse founded International Bridges to Justice to help create systemic change in criminal justice and promote basic rights of legal representation for defendants on the ground. Her foundation complements the work of witness groups, who do the equally vital work of advocacy, reports, photographs. Tse's group helps governments build new systems that respect individual rights. In IBJ's first years, she negotiated groundbreaking measures in judicial reform with the Chinese, Vietnamese and Cambodian governments. It now works in sixteen countries, including Rwanda, Burundi and India.
She says: "I believe it is possible to end torture in my lifetime."
Karen Tse | Speaker | TED.com