ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Sandel - Political philosopher
Michael Sandel teaches political philosophy at Harvard, exploring some of the most hotly contested moral and political issues of our time.

Why you should listen

Michael Sandel is one of the best known American public intellectuals. The London Observer calls him "one of the most popular teachers in the world" and indeed his lectures at Harvard draw thousands of students eager to discuss big questions of modern political life: bioethics, torture, rights versus responsibilities, the value we put on things. Sandel's class is a primer on thinking through the hard choices we face as citizens. The course has been turned into a public TV series with companion website and book: Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? In his newest book, What Money Can't Buy, he challenges the idea that markets are morally neutral.
 
"To understand the importance of his purpose," a Guardian reviewer wrote of the book, "you first have to grasp the full extent of the triumph achieved by market thinking in economics, and the extent to which that thinking has spread to other domains. This school sees economics as a discipline that has nothing to do with morality, and is instead the study of incentives, considered in an ethical vacuum. Sandel's book is, in its calm way, an all-out assault on that idea, and on the influential doctrine that the economic approach to "utility maximisation" explains all human behaviour."

Read more about his thinking on markets and morality: "Lunch with Michael Sandel" on FT.com >>  

More profile about the speaker
Michael Sandel | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2013

Michael Sandel: Why we shouldn't trust markets with our civic life

邁可.桑德爾: 在公民生活範疇內,我們為什麼不該相信市場力量

Filmed:
2,044,888 views

邁可.桑德爾說,過去三十年來,美國從市場經濟逐漸變為市場社會; 直白地説,一位美國人享有的公民生活共享經驗,常取決於他是否富有(三個關鍵的例子:接受教育、訴諸法律、政治影響力)。 在這場演說中,聽眾也能參與討論,桑德爾請我們實在地思考這問題:在目前的民主社會,是否太多事物可供出售?
- Political philosopher
Michael Sandel teaches political philosophy at Harvard, exploring some of the most hotly contested moral and political issues of our time. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
Here's這裡的 a question we need to rethink反思 together一起:
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現在有個問題需要我們一起反思
00:17
What should be the role角色 of money
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金錢和市場在我們的社會中
00:20
and markets市場 in our societies社會?
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該扮演什麼角色?
00:23
Today今天, there are very few少數 things
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現今,還有幾樣東西
00:26
that money can't buy購買.
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是金錢買不到的
00:28
If you're sentenced判刑 to a jail監獄 term術語
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如果你在加州聖巴巴拉
00:30
in Santa聖誕老人 Barbara芭芭拉, California加州,
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被判處有期徒刑
00:32
you should know
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你該知道
00:34
that if you don't like the standard標準 accommodations宿舍,
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如你不喜歡標準規格的住宿設施
00:36
you can buy購買 a prison監獄 cell細胞 upgrade升級.
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可花錢把牢房升級
00:41
It's true真正. For how much, do you think?
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這是真的,你們認為需要多少錢?
00:44
What would you guess猜測?
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你猜猜看?
00:46
Five hundred dollars美元?
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500 美元?
00:47
It's not the Ritz-Carlton麗思卡爾頓. It's a jail監獄!
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這可不是麗思卡爾頓飯店。
這是監獄!
00:51
Eighty-two八十二 dollars美元 a night.
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每晚 82 元
00:53
Eighty-two八十二 dollars美元 a night.
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每晚 82 元
00:55
If you go to an amusement娛樂 park公園
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如果你去遊樂園
00:57
and don't want to stand in the long lines
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不想為了熱門的遊樂設施
01:00
for the popular流行 rides遊樂設施,
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排隊等候
01:01
there is now a solution.
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現在有解決辦法了
01:04
In many許多 theme主題 parks公園, you can pay工資 extra額外
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在許多主題公園,你能花多點錢
01:09
to jump to the head of the line.
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搶到前頭
01:10
They call them Fast快速 Track跟踪 or VIP要人 tickets門票.
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這叫快速通關走道或 VIP 票
01:15
And this isn't only happening事件 in amusement娛樂 parks公園.
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這不僅發生在遊樂園
01:18
In Washington華盛頓, D.C., long lines,
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在華盛頓特區
往往也要大排長龍
01:21
queues隊列 sometimes有時 form形成
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01:23
for important重要 Congressional國會 hearings聽證會.
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才可出席重要的國會聽證會
01:27
Now some people don't like to wait in long queues隊列,
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現在部分人不喜歡排長隊
01:31
maybe overnight過夜, even in the rain.
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也許是通宵的,甚至淋雨
01:33
So now, for lobbyists說客 and others其他
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所以現在那些極渴望
01:35
who are very keen敏銳 to attend出席 these hearings聽證會
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參與聽證會的說客和其他人
01:37
but don't like to wait, there are companies公司,
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又不喜歡排隊的,有一些公司
01:40
line-standing線站立 companies公司,
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排隊公司
01:42
and you can go to them.
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你可找他們
01:44
You can pay工資 them a certain某些 amount of money,
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你只須向他們支付若干金額
01:46
they hire聘請 homeless無家可歸 people and others其他 who need a job工作
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他們就雇用一些無家可歸人士
或需要工作的人
01:49
to stand waiting等候 in the line for as long as it takes,
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排隊等候,要等多久就多久
01:52
and the lobbyist說客, just before the hearing聽力 begins開始,
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說客只須在聽證會開始前
01:55
can take his or her place地點 at the head of the line
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取代排在前面的人
01:58
and a seat座位 in the front面前 of the room房間.
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並坐在會場的前排位置
02:01
Paid付費 line standing常設.
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付費排隊
02:04
It's happening事件, the recourse追索權 to market市場 mechanisms機制
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在更大的舞臺上,仰賴市場機制
02:07
and market市場 thinking思維 and market市場 solutions解決方案,
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行銷思維和行銷解決方案
02:10
in bigger arenas競技場.
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這是正在發生的事
02:13
Take the way we fight鬥爭 our wars戰爭.
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看看我們的作戰方式
02:15
Did you know that, in Iraq伊拉克 and Afghanistan阿富汗,
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在伊拉克和阿富汗,你知否
02:18
there were more private私人的 military軍事 contractors承包商 on the ground地面
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私營軍事承包商的數量
02:22
than there were U.S. military軍事 troops軍隊?
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較美國軍隊人數還要多。
02:26
Now this isn't because we had a public上市 debate辯論
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現在並非因我們曾公開辯論
02:29
about whether是否 we wanted to outsource外包 war戰爭
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是否要將戰爭外包
02:32
to private私人的 companies公司,
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給私人公司
02:34
but this is what has happened發生.
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而是這已是既成事實
02:37
Over the past過去 three decades幾十年,
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過去三十多年來
02:40
we have lived生活 through通過 a quiet安靜 revolution革命.
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我們度過了一場靜靜的革命
02:44
We've我們已經 drifted漂流 almost幾乎 without realizing實現 it
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我們幾乎難以察覺到
02:49
from having a market市場 economy經濟
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經已由市場經濟漸漸
02:52
to becoming變得 market市場 societies社會.
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快要成為市場社會
02:56
The difference區別 is this: A market市場 economy經濟 is a tool工具,
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二者的分別在於:市場經濟是一種工具
02:59
a valuable有價值 and effective有效 tool工具,
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一種有價值和有效益的工具
03:01
for organizing組織 productive生產的 activity活動,
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用以組織生產活動
03:04
but a market市場 society社會 is a place地點 where
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但是市場社會是一處地方
03:07
almost幾乎 everything is up for sale拍賣.
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那裏差不多所有物件也可供出售
03:10
It's a way of life, in which哪一個 market市場 thinking思維
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這是一種生活方式
行銷思維和市場價值開始主導
03:14
and market市場 values begin開始 to dominate支配
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03:16
every一切 aspect方面 of life:
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生活各個層面
03:20
personal個人 relations關係, family家庭 life, health健康, education教育,
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個人關係、家庭生活、健康、教育
03:25
politics政治, law, civic公民 life.
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政治、法律、公民生活
03:28
Now, why worry擔心? Why worry擔心 about our becoming變得
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現在為什麼要擔心?
為何要擔心我們的社會
03:33
market市場 societies社會?
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變成市場社會呢?
03:36
For two reasons原因, I think.
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我認為有兩大原因
03:39
One of them has to do with inequality不等式.
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其中一個原因是不平等
03:44
The more things money can buy購買,
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錢能買到的東西越多
03:47
the more affluence富裕, or the lack缺乏 of it, matters事項.
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富裕程度就變得越重要
03:51
If the only thing that money determined決心
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如果錢只能讓人決定是否
03:54
was access訪問 to yachts遊艇 or fancy幻想 vacations休假 or BMWs寶馬,
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購買遊艇、豪華假期或寶馬
04:00
then inequality不等式 wouldn't不會 matter very much.
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那麼不平等就沒那麼重要
04:04
But when money comes increasingly日益 to govern治理
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但當金錢越來越能夠支配
04:08
access訪問 to the essentials要領 of the good life --
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美好生活的元素--
04:12
decent正經 health健康 care關心, access訪問 to the best最好 education教育,
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高品質的醫療保健、最好的教育
04:16
political政治 voice語音 and influence影響 in campaigns活動 --
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選舉中的政治發言權和影響力--
04:21
when money comes to govern治理 all of those things,
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當金錢支配了一切
04:25
inequality不等式 matters事項 a great deal合同.
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不平等就變得非常重要
04:27
And so the marketization市場化 of everything
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因此,所有事物被市場化後
04:30
sharpens銳化 the sting of inequality不等式
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凸顯出不平等的問題
04:33
and its social社會 and civic公民 consequence後果.
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及其社會和公民效應
04:35
That's one reason原因 to worry擔心.
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這只是一個需要擔心的原因
04:38
There's a second第二 reason原因
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除了對不平等的擔心
04:41
apart距離 from the worry擔心 about inequality不等式,
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第二個原因
04:45
and it's this:
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就是
04:47
with some social社會 goods產品 and practices做法,
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某些社會商品和常規
04:51
when market市場 thinking思維 and market市場 values enter輸入,
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當行銷思維和市場價值介入時
04:56
they may可能 change更改 the meaning含義 of those practices做法
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或會因此改變那些常規的意義
04:59
and crowd人群 out attitudes態度 and norms規範
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擠掉值得我們在意的
05:02
worth價值 caring愛心 about.
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態度和規範
05:04
I'd like to take an example
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給大家舉個例子
05:07
of a controversial爭論的 use of a market市場 mechanism機制,
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關於市場機制運用的爭議
05:11
a cash現金 incentive激勵, and see what you think about it.
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金錢獎勵,看看你們怎麼想的
05:15
Many許多 schools學校 struggle鬥爭 with the challenge挑戰
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許多學校面臨怎樣鼓勵孩子的挑戰
05:19
of motivating激勵 kids孩子, especially特別 kids孩子
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尤其是
05:21
from disadvantaged劣勢 backgrounds背景, to study研究 hard,
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來自弱勢背景的孩子,用功讀書
05:25
to do well in school學校, to apply應用 themselves他們自己.
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表現良好、努力向上
05:28
Some economists經濟學家 have proposed建議 a market市場 solution:
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有些經濟學家建議出一套市場解決方案
05:32
Offer提供 cash現金 incentives獎勵 to kids孩子 for getting得到 good grades等級
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提供金錢獎勵,鼓勵孩子爭取好成績
05:36
or high test測試 scores分數
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或高分
05:38
or for reading books圖書.
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或閱讀書籍
05:40
They've他們已經 tried試著 this, actually其實.
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他們也真的試過這方法
05:42
They've他們已經 doneDONE some experiments實驗
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他們在美國一些主要城市
05:43
in some major重大的 American美國 cities城市.
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進行過實驗
05:46
In New York紐約, in Chicago芝加哥, in Washington華盛頓, D.C.,
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紐約、芝加哥、華盛頓特區
05:50
they've他們已經 tried試著 this, offering 50 dollars美元 for an A,
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他們的做法是:
成續 A 等給 50 美元
05:54
35 dollars美元 for a B.
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成續 B 等給 35 美元
05:56
In Dallas達拉斯, Texas德州, they have a program程序 that offers報價
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德州達拉斯有這樣一個計畫
05:59
eight-year-olds八歲的孩子 two dollars美元 for each book they read.
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八歲學童每讀一本書就獎 2 美元
06:04
So let's see what -- Some people are in favor偏愛,
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讓我們來看看 -- 有些人支持
06:07
some people are opposed反對 to this cash現金 incentive激勵
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有些人則反對使用錢
06:10
to motivate刺激 achievement成就.
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鼓勵學生取得成就
06:12
Let's see what people here think about it.
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讓我們來看看這裡的人的看法
06:14
Imagine想像 that you are the head of a major重大的 school學校 system系統,
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假設你是一個主要學區的主管
06:19
and someone有人 comes to you with this proposal提案.
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有人向你提出這建議
06:22
And let's say it's a foundation基礎. They will provide提供 the funds資金.
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假設是一個基金會,他們將會出錢
06:24
You don't have to take it out of your budget預算.
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學校無須負擔費用
06:26
How many許多 would be in favor偏愛
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有多少人會贊成
06:28
and how many許多 would be opposed反對 to giving it a try?
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又多少人會反對試一試?
06:31
Let's see by a show顯示 of hands.
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透過以舉手方式表決,讓我們來看看
06:33
First, how many許多 think it might威力 at least最小 be worth價值 a try
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首先,多少人認為值得一試
06:36
to see if it would work? Raise提高 your hand.
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看看是否有效?請舉手
06:40
And how many許多 would be opposed反對? How many許多 would --
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有多少人反對?多少 --
06:43
So the majority多數 here are opposed反對,
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這裡多數人反對
06:46
but a sizable可觀 minority少數民族 are in favor偏愛.
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但相當一部分的少數也贊成
06:49
Let's have a discussion討論.
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我們來討論一下
06:50
Let's start開始 with those of you who object目的,
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由反對的開始吧
06:53
who would rule規則 it out even before trying.
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你們甚至在嘗試之前已排除這可能
06:56
What would be your reason原因?
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你的理由會是什麼呢?
06:58
Who will get our discussion討論 started開始? Yes?
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誰願意帶頭討論?你喔?
07:02
Heike海克 Moses摩西: Hello你好 everyone大家, I'm Heike海克,
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海克摩西:大家好,我是海克
07:04
and I think it just kills殺死 the intrinsic固有 motivation動機,
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我認為它只會抹殺學習的內在動機
07:06
so in the respect尊重 that children孩子, if they would like to read,
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所以在這方面,如果學童喜歡讀書的話
07:12
you just take this incentive激勵 away
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你只要把奬勵誘因拿走
07:14
in just paying付款 them, so it just changes變化 behavior行為.
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只給錢,這樣就會改變行為
07:17
Michael邁克爾 Sandel桑德爾: Takes the intrinsic固有 incentive激勵 away.
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邁可‧桑德爾:把內在的奬勵誘因拿走
07:21
What is, or should be, the intrinsic固有 motivation動機?
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內在動機是什麼,或該是什麼?
07:25
HMHM: Well, the intrinsic固有 motivation動機
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HM:內在動機嘛
07:26
should be to learn學習.
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該是學習吧
07:28
MS女士: To learn學習.
HMHM: To get to know the world世界.
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MS:去學習
HM:為了認識世界
07:31
And then, if you stop paying付款 them, what happens發生 then?
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然後如果你停止給他們錢,
會發生什麼事?
07:34
Then they stop reading?
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他們會否停止閱讀?
07:36
MS女士: Now, let's see if there's someone有人 who favors好處,
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MS:現在讓我們看看有沒有人贊成
07:39
who thinks it's worth價值 trying this.
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誰認為值得試試
07:41
Elizabeth伊麗莎白 Loftus洛夫特斯: I'm Elizabeth伊麗莎白 Loftus洛夫特斯,
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伊莉莎白‧羅芙特斯:我是
伊莉莎白‧羅芙特斯 (Elizabeth Loftus)
07:43
and you said worth價值 a try, so why not try it
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你說值得一試,所以為何不試試
07:47
and do the experiment實驗 and measure測量 things?
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來做個小實驗並估量一下?
07:51
MS女士: And measure測量. And what would you measure測量?
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MS:估量。你會估量些什麼?
07:54
You'd measure測量 how many許多 --
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你要估量有多少...
07:55
ELEL: How many許多 books圖書 they read
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EL:他們讀了多少本書
07:57
and how many許多 books圖書 they continued繼續 to read
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而當你不給錢後
08:00
after you stopped停止 paying付款 them.
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又繼續讀了多少本書
08:02
MS女士: Oh, after you stopped停止 paying付款.
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MS:噢,你不再給錢以後
08:04
All right, what about that?
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好,那又如何?
08:05
HMHM: To be frank坦率, I just think
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HM:老實說,我只認為
08:07
this is, not to offend得罪 anyone任何人, a very American美國 way.
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我無意冒犯任何人,
這是非常美式的作風
08:12
(Laughter笑聲) (Applause掌聲)
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(笑聲) (掌聲)
08:18
MS女士: All right. What's emerged出現 from this discussion討論
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MS:好,這次討論
08:21
is the following以下 question:
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出現了以下問題
08:23
Will the cash現金 incentive激勵 drive駕駛 out or corrupt腐敗
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金錢獎勵會否侵蝕或擠掉
08:27
or crowd人群 out the higher更高 motivation動機,
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或排擠更較高層面的動機
08:30
the intrinsic固有 lesson that we hope希望 to convey傳達,
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我們希望表達的心聲
08:35
which哪一個 is to learn學習 to love to learn學習 and to read
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即是要培養他們學習和閱讀的興趣
08:39
for their own擁有 sakes緣故?
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是要為他們自己著想?
08:41
And people disagree不同意 about what the effect影響 will be,
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大家對產生什麼樣的效果持不同意見
08:45
but that seems似乎 to be the question,
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但這似乎就是問題所在
08:48
that somehow不知何故 a market市場 mechanism機制
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不知何故市場機制或金錢獎勵
08:50
or a cash現金 incentive激勵 teaches the wrong錯誤 lesson,
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是錯誤的教導
08:55
and if it does, what will become成為 of these children孩子 later後來?
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如果真的錯了,學童未來會變成怎樣?
08:58
I should tell you what's happened發生 with these experiments實驗.
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我該告訴你們這些實驗發生了什麼事情
09:02
The cash現金 for good grades等級 has had very mixed results結果,
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用錢鼓勵學生取得好成績,
得出了不同的結果
09:06
for the most part部分 has not resulted導致 in higher更高 grades等級.
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大部分學生的成績不會更好
09:09
The two dollars美元 for each book
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閱讀一本書就給兩美元
09:12
did lead those kids孩子 to read more books圖書.
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確實使那些學童讀更多書
09:15
It also led them to read shorter books圖書.
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也使他們看頁數較少的書
09:18
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
09:22
But the real真實 question is,
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但真正問題是
09:23
what will become成為 of these kids孩子 later後來?
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未來這些孩子會變成怎樣?
09:26
Will they have learned學到了 that reading is a chore苦差事,
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會否認為閱讀是件苦差事
09:28
a form形成 of piecework計件工作 to be doneDONE for pay工資, that's the worry擔心,
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一項按件計酬的工作,那就令人擔心
09:31
or may可能 it lead them to read maybe for the wrong錯誤 reason原因 initially原來
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或許引領他們開始閱讀時動機不正
09:36
but then lead them to fall秋季 in love with reading for its own擁有 sake清酒?
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但日後引領他們愛上閱讀,
因興趣而讀?
09:41
Now, what this, even this brief簡要 debate辯論, brings帶來 out
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現在這簡短的辯論也指出
09:45
is something that many許多 economists經濟學家 overlook俯瞰.
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很多經濟學家忽略的地方
09:49
Economists經濟學家 often經常 assume承擔
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經濟學家時常假設
09:51
that markets市場 are inert惰性的,
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市場是沒有生命的
09:54
that they do not touch觸摸 or taint污點 the goods產品 they exchange交換.
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不會碰到或沾染進行交易的商品
09:58
Market市場 exchange交換, they assume承擔,
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他們假設市場交易
10:01
doesn't change更改 the meaning含義 or value
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不會改變要進行交易的商品
10:04
of the goods產品 being存在 exchanged交換.
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其意義和價值
10:05
This may可能 be true真正 enough足夠
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這或者是千真萬確的
10:07
if we're talking about material材料 goods產品.
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如果我們談的是物質產品
10:09
If you sell me a flat平面 screen屏幕 television電視
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如果你賣給我一部平面電視
10:12
or give me one as a gift禮品,
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或送一部給我當禮物
10:14
it will be the same相同 good.
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兩者都是同樣的產品
10:15
It will work the same相同 either way.
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兩種運作方式也一樣
10:18
But the same相同 may可能 not be true真正
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共同處就並不是正確的
10:20
if we're talking about nonmaterial非物質 goods產品
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如果我們談的是非物質產品
10:23
and social社會 practices做法 such這樣 as teaching教學 and learning學習
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社會實踐如教學和學習
10:27
or engaging together一起 in civic公民 life.
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或共同參與公民生活
10:30
In those domains, bringing使 market市場 mechanisms機制
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在那些領域,引進市場機制
10:34
and cash現金 incentives獎勵 may可能 undermine破壞
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和金錢獎勵或會削弱
10:38
or crowd人群 out nonmarket非市場 values and attitudes態度
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或擠掉我們該關心的
10:42
worth價值 caring愛心 about.
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非市場價值和態度
10:44
Once一旦 we see
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一旦我們了解到
10:47
that markets市場 and commerce商業,
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當市場和貿易
10:50
when extended擴展 beyond the material材料 domain,
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超越物質領域時
10:54
can change更改 the character字符 of the goods產品 themselves他們自己,
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就可改變商品本身的特性
10:59
can change更改 the meaning含義 of the social社會 practices做法,
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就可改變社會實踐的意義
11:02
as in the example of teaching教學 and learning學習,
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即如教學和學習的例子
11:05
we have to ask where markets市場 belong屬於
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我們必須問,哪裡是屬於市場的
11:10
and where they don't,
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哪裡不屬於市場
11:12
where they may可能 actually其實 undermine破壞
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哪裡事實上破壞了
11:14
values and attitudes態度 worth價值 caring愛心 about.
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值得我們關心的價值和態度
11:17
But to have this debate辯論,
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但是透過此辯論
11:21
we have to do something we're not very good at,
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我們必須去做一些不擅長的事情
11:24
and that is to reason原因 together一起 in public上市
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就是一起公開理性的辯論
11:28
about the value and the meaning含義
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我們所珍視的社會實踐
11:31
of the social社會 practices做法 we prize,
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其價值和意義
11:35
from our bodies身體 to family家庭 life
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從我們的身體到家庭生活
11:37
to personal個人 relations關係 to health健康
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到私人關係到健康
11:39
to teaching教學 and learning學習 to civic公民 life.
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到公民生活的學習和教學
11:43
Now these are controversial爭論的 questions問題,
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這些都是具爭議的問題
11:46
and so we tend趨向 to shrink收縮 from them.
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所以我們傾向退縮
11:49
In fact事實, during the past過去 three decades幾十年,
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事實上過去 30 年來
11:52
when market市場 reasoning推理 and market市場 thinking思維
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當市場論據和行銷思維
11:54
have gathered雲集 force and gained獲得 prestige聲望,
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凝聚起力量且贏得到聲望
11:58
our public上市 discourse演講 during this time
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這段期間我們的公共討論
12:01
has become成為 hollowed挖空 out,
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變得蕩然無存
12:03
empty of larger moral道德 meaning含義.
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缺乏更深遠的道德意義
12:07
For fear恐懼 of disagreement異議, we shrink收縮 from these questions問題.
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因為害怕爭論,我們避而不談
12:10
But once一旦 we see that markets市場
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不過一旦我們了解到
12:14
change更改 the character字符 of goods產品,
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市場會改變商品的特性
12:16
we have to debate辯論 among其中 ourselves我們自己
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我們就必須討論
12:21
these bigger questions問題
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這些更重要的問題
12:23
about how to value goods產品.
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怎樣給予商品評價
12:25
One of the most corrosive腐蝕性的 effects效果
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把每樣東西標價
12:28
of putting a price價錢 on everything
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其中最具腐蝕作用之一
12:31
is on commonality共性,
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就是共通性
12:33
the sense that we are all in it together一起.
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也就是我們全都混在一起的感覺
12:36
Against反對 the background背景 of rising升起 inequality不等式,
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在不平等情況與日俱增的背景下
12:41
marketizing不斷開創 every一切 aspect方面 of life
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把生活各個層面市場化
12:45
leads引線 to a condition條件 where those who are affluent富裕的
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導致一個情況,富裕的人
12:50
and those who are of modest謙虛 means手段
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和過著節制生活的人
12:52
increasingly日益 live生活 separate分離 lives生活.
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逐漸地過著不同的生活
12:57
We live生活 and work and shop and play
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我們生活、工作、購物和娛樂
13:00
in different不同 places地方.
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在不同的地方
13:02
Our children孩子 go to different不同 schools學校.
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我們的子女就讀不同的學校
13:05
This isn't good for democracy民主,
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這對民主毫無益處
13:07
nor也不 is it a satisfying滿意的 way to live生活,
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也並不是令人滿意的生活方式
13:10
even for those of us who can afford給予
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即使我們能夠花錢
13:13
to buy購買 our way to the head of the line.
255
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搶到前頭
13:16
Here's這裡的 why.
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原因如下
13:18
Democracy民主 does not require要求 perfect完善 equality平等,
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民主不須要完全平等
13:23
but what it does require要求
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但必須要的
13:25
is that citizens公民 share分享 in a common共同 life.
259
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就是公民可享有共同的生活
13:28
What matters事項 is that people
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重要的是
13:31
of different不同 social社會 backgrounds背景
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不同社會背景的人
13:33
and different不同 walks散步 of life
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不同身分的人
13:34
encounter遭遇 one another另一個,
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互相接觸
13:37
bump磕碰 up against反對 one another另一個
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在日常生活中
13:39
in the ordinary普通 course課程 of life,
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彼此相遇
13:42
because this is what teaches us
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因為這樣才教我們
13:45
to negotiate談判 and to abide遵守 our differences分歧.
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學習協商及容忍彼此間的差異
13:49
And this is how we come to care關心 for the common共同 good.
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這樣我們才會關心共同利益
13:53
And so, in the end結束, the question of markets市場
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因此,到最後,市場問題
13:56
is not mainly主要 an economic經濟 question.
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主要並不是一項經濟問題
14:00
It's really a question of how we want to live生活 together一起.
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而是我們到底想怎樣一起生活的問題
14:04
Do we want a society社會 where everything is up for sale拍賣,
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我們是否想要一個所有物件
也可出售的社會
14:09
or are there certain某些 moral道德 and civic公民 goods產品
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或是否存在某些德行和公民利益
14:12
that markets市場 do not honor榮譽
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市場不重視
14:14
and money cannot不能 buy購買?
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而金錢買不到的?
14:17
Thank you very much.
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非常感謝大家
14:19
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by William Choi
Reviewed by E Fan

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Sandel - Political philosopher
Michael Sandel teaches political philosophy at Harvard, exploring some of the most hotly contested moral and political issues of our time.

Why you should listen

Michael Sandel is one of the best known American public intellectuals. The London Observer calls him "one of the most popular teachers in the world" and indeed his lectures at Harvard draw thousands of students eager to discuss big questions of modern political life: bioethics, torture, rights versus responsibilities, the value we put on things. Sandel's class is a primer on thinking through the hard choices we face as citizens. The course has been turned into a public TV series with companion website and book: Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? In his newest book, What Money Can't Buy, he challenges the idea that markets are morally neutral.
 
"To understand the importance of his purpose," a Guardian reviewer wrote of the book, "you first have to grasp the full extent of the triumph achieved by market thinking in economics, and the extent to which that thinking has spread to other domains. This school sees economics as a discipline that has nothing to do with morality, and is instead the study of incentives, considered in an ethical vacuum. Sandel's book is, in its calm way, an all-out assault on that idea, and on the influential doctrine that the economic approach to "utility maximisation" explains all human behaviour."

Read more about his thinking on markets and morality: "Lunch with Michael Sandel" on FT.com >>  

More profile about the speaker
Michael Sandel | Speaker | TED.com

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