TEDGlobal 2013
Lian Pin Koh: A drone's-eye view of conservation
高良品（音譯）Lian Pin Koh: 無人機鳥瞰保育工作
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生態學家高良品為使用無人機來保護世界上的森林及野生動物，做出極具說服力的實例。這些輕巧的自動駕駛飛行器，可以追蹤在自然棲地內的動物，監測雨林的健康狀態，甚至可以經由熱感顯像偵測盜獵者以打擊犯罪。而且，它們經濟實惠。
Lian Pin Koh - Drones ecologist
Lian Pin Koh expands conservation efforts by championing the use of low-cost autonomous aerial vehicles. Full bio
Lian Pin Koh expands conservation efforts by championing the use of low-cost autonomous aerial vehicles. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
When we think of Nepal,
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當我們想到尼泊爾
00:15
we tend to think of the snow-capped mountains
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我們很容易想到積雪蓋頂的
00:17
of the Himalayas,
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喜馬拉雅山脈
00:19
the crystal-clear still waters of its alpine lakes,
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清澈如水晶的平靜高山湖水
00:22
or the huge expanse of its grasslands.
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或是綿延不盡的大草原
00:25
What some of us may not realize
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我們可能沒有意識到的是
00:27
is that in the Himalayan foothills,
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在喜馬拉雅山腳
00:30
where the climate is much warmer
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氣候更溫暖
00:32
and the landscape much greener,
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景色更青翠的地方
00:34
there lives a great diversity of wildlife,
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住著種類繁多的野生動物
00:36
including the one-horned rhinoceros,
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包括印度犀牛
00:39
the Asian elephant
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亞洲象
00:41
and the Bengal tiger.
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及孟加拉虎
00:43
But unfortunately, these animals
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但不幸的是，這些動物
00:45
are under constant threat from poachers
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不斷受到盜獵者威脅
00:47
who hunt and kill them for their body parts.
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這些人獵殺這些動物
只為了他們的身體的某部分
只為了他們的身體的某部分
00:51
To stop the killing of these animals,
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為了要停止殺戮這些動物
00:53
battalions of soldiers and rangers
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一隊隊的軍人及管理員
00:55
are sent to protect Nepal's national parks,
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被送去保護尼泊爾的國家公園
00:59
but that is not an easy task,
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但那不是件輕鬆的工作
01:00
because these soldiers have to patrol
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因為這些軍人必須巡守
01:03
thousands of hectares of forests on foot
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數千公頃的森林，或徒步
01:06
or elephant backs.
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或騎乘大象
01:08
It is also risky for these soldiers
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對這些軍人而言
01:10
when they get into gunfights with poachers,
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當他們與盜獵者槍戰時風險也很高
01:12
and therefore Nepal is always looking
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因此尼泊爾總是在找
01:14
for new ways to help with protecting the forests
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新的方法來幫助保護森林
01:18
and wildlife.
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及野生動物
01:20
Well recently, Nepal acquired a new tool
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最近，尼泊爾取得一種新的工具
01:22
in the fight against wildlife crime,
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來對抗打擊野生動物犯罪
01:25
and these are drones,
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而這些工具就是無人駕駛飛機
01:27
or more specifically, conservation drones.
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或更精確地說，保育型無人機
01:30
For about a year now, my colleagues and I
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大約有一年了，我的同事及我
01:32
have been building drones for Nepal
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為尼泊爾打造數架無人機
01:35
and training the park protection personnel
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並訓練公園保護人員
01:37
on the use of these drones.
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如何使用這些無人機
01:39
Not only does a drone give you
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無人機不僅給你
01:41
a bird's-eye view of the landscape,
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地形的鳥瞰圖
01:43
but it also allows you to capture detailed,
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同時也讓你拍攝詳細
01:46
high-resolution images of objects on the ground.
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高解析度的地面物體圖像
01:50
This, for example, is a pair of rhinoceros
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這個，舉例來說，是一對犀牛
01:54
taking a cooling bath on a hot summer day
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在炎夏的某天
01:57
in the lowlands of Nepal.
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在尼泊爾的低地泡冷水澡
01:59
Now we believe that drones have
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現在我們相信無人機
02:01
tremendous potential,
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有非常大的潛力
02:03
not only for combating wildlife crime,
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不只能對抗打擊野生動物犯罪
02:05
but also for monitoring the health
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同時也能監測
02:07
of these wildlife populations.
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這些野生動物族群的健康狀況
02:10
So what is a drone?
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所以什麼是無人機？
02:12
Well, the kind of drone I'm talking about
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嗯，我所說的這種無人機
02:14
is simply a model aircraft
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是非常簡單的一種模型飛機
02:16
fitted with an autopilot system,
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配備自動駕駛系統
02:19
and this autopilot unit contains a tiny computer,
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而這套自動駕駛系統
包含一個小電腦
包含一個小電腦
02:23
a GPS, a compass, a barometric altimeter
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一個衛星導航系統，一個羅盤
一個氣壓高度計
一個氣壓高度計
02:27
and a few other sensors.
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及幾個別種的偵測感應器
02:29
Now a drone like this
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那麼像這樣的無人機
02:31
is meant to carry a useful payload,
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還必須有一定程度的有效載荷
02:33
such as a video camera
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譬如要能載一台攝影機
02:35
or a photographic camera.
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或是一台相機
02:37
It also requires a software that allows the user
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它也需要一套軟體讓使用者
02:40
to program a mission,
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設計任務程式
02:42
to tell the drone where to go.
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告訴這架無人機飛到哪
02:44
Now people I talk to are often surprised
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現在聽到我解說的人通常都很驚訝
02:46
when they hear that these are the only
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當他們聽到只要
02:49
four components that make a conservation drone,
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這四個組成分
就能組成一架保育無人機
就能組成一架保育無人機
02:52
but they are even more surprised
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但他們通常更驚訝於
02:53
when I tell them how affordable
these components are.
these components are.
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當我告訴他們這些組成份有多平價
02:57
The facts is, a conservation drone
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事實是一架保育型無人機
02:59
doesn't cost very much more than
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不會比
03:01
a good laptop computer
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一台好的筆電
03:03
or a decent pair of binoculars.
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或一組像樣的雙筒望遠鏡貴多少
03:07
So now that you've built
your own conservation drone,
your own conservation drone,
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所以現在你已經造了一架
自己的保育型無人機
自己的保育型無人機
03:10
you probably want to go fly it,
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你大概會想去駕駛它
03:12
but how does one fly a drone?
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但要怎麼駕駛一架無人機？
03:14
Well, actually, you don't,
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嗯，其實你不需要
03:15
because the drone flies itself.
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因為這架無人機能自己飛
03:18
All you have to do is to program a mission
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你所要做的就是設計一個任務
03:21
to tell the drone where to fly.
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告訴無人機飛去哪
03:23
But you simply do that by clicking on
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但你只需要點擊
03:25
a few way points on the Google Maps interface
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Google 地圖介面上的幾個航點
03:29
using the open-source software.
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以開放原始碼軟體來做
03:31
Those missions could be as simple
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這些任務可以簡單到
03:33
as just a few way points,
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僅由幾個航點組成
03:35
or they could be slightly longer
and more complicated,
and more complicated,
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或也可以稍微長一點更複雜一點
03:38
to fly along a river system.
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譬如沿著一條河系飛
03:41
Sometimes, we fly the drone
in a lawnmower-type pattern
in a lawnmower-type pattern
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有時候我們以割草機模式飛無人機
03:45
and take pictures of that area,
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並且拍攝那片區域的相片
03:47
and those pictures can be processed
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而這些相片可再處理
03:49
to produce a map of that forest.
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以製作那片森林的地圖
03:51
Other researchers might want to fly the drone
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其它的研究員或許想讓無人機
03:54
along the boundaries of a forest
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沿著一片森林的邊際飛
03:56
to watch out for poachers or people
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以觀察注意盜獵者或其他
03:58
who might be trying to enter the forest illegally.
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想試著非法進入這片森林的人
04:01
Now whatever your mission is,
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現在不管你的任務是什麼
04:03
once you've programmed it,
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一但你寫好程式
04:05
you simply upload it to the autopilot system,
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你就只要上傳到那套自動飛航系統
04:08
bring your drone to the field,
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把你的無人機運到田野
04:09
and launch it simply by tossing it in the air.
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然後就把它丟到空中啟動它
04:12
And often we'll go about this mission
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而且我們常常會
04:15
taking pictures or videos along the way,
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在任務中拍照或拍影片
04:18
and usually at that point,
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所以在啟動之後
04:20
we will go grab ourselves a cup of coffee,
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我們會去給自己拿杯咖啡
04:22
sit back, and relax for the next few minutes,
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坐下來，休息個幾分鐘
04:25
although some of us sit back
and panic for the next few minutes
and panic for the next few minutes
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雖然有些人會在坐下後
恐慌個幾分鐘
恐慌個幾分鐘
04:28
worrying that the drone will not return.
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擔心這無人機飛不回來
04:31
Usually it does, and when it does,
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通常它都會飛回來，而且當它飛回來時
04:33
it even lands automatically.
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它甚至還能自動降落
04:36
So what can we do with a conservation drone?
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所以我們能拿一架
保育型無人機做什麼用？
保育型無人機做什麼用？
04:39
Well, when we built our first prototype drone,
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嗯，當我們造出第一架原型無人機時
04:43
our main objective was to fly it over
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我們的主要目標是要能飛越
04:45
a remote rainforest in North Sumatra, Indonesia,
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印尼北蘇門答臘一片偏遠的雨林
04:49
to look for the nest of a species of great ape
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去找一種巨猿物種的巢穴
04:52
known as the orangutan.
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稱為紅毛猩猩
04:54
The reason we wanted to do that was because
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我們想要做這個的原因是
04:57
we needed to know how many individuals
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我們必須知道有多少
04:59
of this species are still left in that forest.
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這種物種的個體還留在那片森林裡
05:02
Now the traditional method of surveying
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那麼傳統的方法
05:05
for orangutans is to walk the forest on foot
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調查紅毛猩猩，都是徒步走在森林裡
05:08
carrying heavy equipment
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背着笨重的器材
05:10
and to use a pair of binoculars
to look up in the treetops
to look up in the treetops
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並用雙筒望遠鏡在樹梢尋找
05:14
where you might find an orangutan or its nest.
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你很可能在樹梢找到一隻猩猩或其巢穴
05:17
Now as you can imagine,
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你可以想像的到
05:19
that is a very time-consuming, labor-intensive,
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那是個非常費時費力
05:22
and costly process,
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又昂貴的方法
05:23
so we were hoping that drones
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所以我們其實是希望無人機
05:25
could significantly reduce the cost of surveying
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能顯著的減少其成本
05:29
for orangutan populations in Indonesia
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於調查在印尼的紅毛猩猩
05:31
and elsewhere in Southeast Asia.
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及東南亞其他地方的數量
05:34
So we were very excited when we captured
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所以我們非常激動，當我們
05:36
our first pair of orangutan nests on camera.
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以攝影機拍到我們第一對紅毛猩猩巢穴
05:39
And this is it; this is the first ever picture
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就是這個；這就是有史以來第一張相片
05:42
of orangutan nests taken with a drone.
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以無人機拍到的紅毛猩猩巢穴
05:45
Since then we have taken pictures
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從那時起我們又拍了
05:47
of dozens of these nests
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數打的這種巢穴的照片
05:49
from around various parts of Southeast Asia,
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是從東南亞不同區域拍的
05:52
and we're now working with computer scientists
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現在我們與電腦科學家合作
05:54
to develop algorithms that can automatically count
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寫程式以自動計算
05:58
the number of nests from the thousands
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巢穴的數量，從成千上萬
06:00
of photos we've collected so far.
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我們收集到的照片中計算
06:03
But nests are not the only objects
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但巢穴並不是唯一
06:05
these drones can detect.
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無人機能偵測到的物體
06:07
This is a wild orangutan
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這是隻野生紅毛猩猩
06:09
happily feeding on top of a palm tree,
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在一棵棕櫚樹上餵奶
06:12
seemingly oblivious to our drone
that was flying overhead,
that was flying overhead,
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幾乎無視我們的無人機從頭上飛過
06:15
not once but several times.
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不止一次，很多次
06:18
We've also taken pictures of other animals
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我們還拍了其它動物的相片
06:21
including forest buffalos in Gabon,
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包括加彭國的非洲紅水牛
06:24
elephants, and even turtle nests.
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大象甚至是烏龜巢
06:27
But besides taking pictures
of just the animals themselves,
of just the animals themselves,
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但除了拍攝動物本身的相片
06:30
we also take pictures of the habitats
these animals live in,
these animals live in,
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我們還拍了這些動物的棲地
06:34
because we want to keep track
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因為我們想追蹤
06:36
of the health of these habitats.
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這些棲地的健康狀況
06:39
Sometimes, we zoom out a little
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有時候我們縮小鏡頭一點點
06:41
and look at other things that might be happening
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看看其他還有可能發生
06:44
in the landscape.
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在這片大地上的事
06:45
This is an oil palm plantation in Sumatra.
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這是一座位於蘇門答臘上的油棕樹園
06:48
Now oil palm is a major driver of deforestation
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現在油棕樹是森林砍伐的主要元兇
06:52
in that part of the world,
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在世界的那塊區域
06:53
so we wanted to use this new drone technology
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所以我們想要使用
這種新的無人機技術
這種新的無人機技術
06:56
to keep track of the spread of these plantations
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以追蹤這種農園
06:59
in Southeast Asia.
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在東南亞的傳播速度
07:01
But drones could also be used to keep track of
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但無人機也能拿來追蹤
07:04
illegal logging activities.
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非法伐木活動
07:06
This is a recently logged forest,
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這是最近才被砍伐的森林
07:09
again in Sumatra.
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還是在蘇門答臘
07:10
You could even still see the processed
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你甚至還能看見處理過的
07:12
wooden planks left on the ground.
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木板留在地上
07:16
But perhaps the most exciting part
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但或許最令人興奮的部分
07:18
about taking pictures from the air is
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與空拍有關的是
07:21
we could later stitch these pictures together
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我們可以在之後把這些照片接起來
07:23
using special software to create a map
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用特別的軟體來製造一幅地圖
07:26
of the entire landscape, and this map
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是整個地面景觀的，而這張地圖
07:29
gives us crucial information
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給我們重要的資訊
07:31
for monitoring land use change,
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來監測土地使用的變遷
07:33
to let us know where and when
plantations might be expanding,
plantations might be expanding,
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讓我們知道在何處何時農園可能擴張
07:37
where forests might be contracting,
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哪裡的森林可能因此縮小
07:39
or where fires might be breaking out.
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或哪裡可能有火燒森林的情況
07:42
Aerial images could also be processed
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空拍圖也能被再處理
07:45
to produce three-dimensional
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以製造三度空間
07:47
computer models of forests.
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電腦模擬的森林
07:49
Now these models are not just visually appealing,
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現在這些模擬不只是視覺好看而已
07:52
but they are also geometrically accurate,
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他們在幾何上也很正確
07:54
which means researchers can now measure
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也就是說研究員現在能測量
07:57
the distance between trees,
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樹與樹間的距離
07:59
calculate surface area, the volume of vegetation,
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計算表面積，植被的體積
08:02
and so on, all of which are important information
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等等，所有這些都是重要的資料
08:06
for monitoring the health of these forests.
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用以監測這些森林的健康狀態
08:09
Recently, we've also begun experimenting
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最近，我們也開始實驗
08:11
with thermal imaging cameras.
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使用熱像儀
08:13
Now these cameras can detect
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現在這些攝像機能偵測
08:15
heat-emitting objects from the ground,
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在地面放熱的物體
08:17
and therefore they are very useful
for detecting poachers or their campfires at night.
for detecting poachers or their campfires at night.
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因此這些相機對偵測盜獵者
或是他們夜間生的營火非常有用
或是他們夜間生的營火非常有用
08:25
So I've told you quite a lot about
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所以我已經告訴你不少關於
08:27
what conservation drones are,
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什麼是保育型無人機
08:29
how you might operate one of these drones,
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你可以如何操作一架這種無人機
08:31
and what a drone could do for you.
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及無人機能為你做些什麼
08:33
I will now tell you where conservation drones
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我現在還要告訴你保育型無人機
08:35
are being used around the world.
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可在全世界的那裡被使用
08:38
We built our first prototype drones in Switzerland.
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我們在瑞士造了第一批無人機的原型機
08:41
We brought a few of these to Indonesia
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我們拿了幾個到印尼
08:43
for the first few test flights.
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來做首次的幾個試飛
08:45
Since then, we've been building drones
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從那時起，我們又造了無人機
08:47
for our collaborators from around the world,
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給我們在全世界的合作單位
08:50
and these include fellow biologists
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而這些單位包括了幾位資深生物學家
08:52
and partners from major conservation organizations.
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及主要保育機構的幾位合夥人
08:56
Perhaps the best and most rewarding part
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或許最棒及最有成就感的部分
08:58
about working with these collaborators
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在與這些合作者共事之處
09:00
is the feedback they give us
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就是他們給予我們的回饋意見
09:02
on how to improve our drones.
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該如何改善我們的無人機
09:04
Building drones for us is
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對我們而言造無人機是
09:06
a constant work in progress.
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持續不斷的工作
09:09
We are constantly trying to improve them in terms of
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我們不斷地嘗試改善它們，無論在
09:12
their range, their ruggedness,
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它們的航程，它們的耐用性
09:14
and the amount of payload they can carry.
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及它們能承載的有效載荷量都有
09:17
We also work with collaborators
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我們也與合作者共事
09:19
to discover new ways of using these drones.
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開發新方法使用這些無人機
09:22
For example, camera traps are a common tool
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舉個例，相機陷阱是常見的工具
09:26
used by biologists to take pictures of shy animals
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被生物學家拿來捕捉害羞的動物
09:30
hiding in the forests,
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藏在森林裡的照片
09:31
but these are motion-activated cameras,
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但這些是以動作感應觸發快門的相機
09:33
so they snap a picture every time an animal
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所以每次一有動物穿越路徑
09:36
crosses their path.
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就會拍下一張照片
09:38
But the problem with camera traps
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但相機陷阱的問題
09:39
is that the researcher has to go back to the forest
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是研究員必須每隔一段時間
09:43
every so often to retrieve those images,
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就回到森林拿回相片
09:46
and that takes a lot of time,
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而這很費時
09:48
especially if there are dozens
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特別是如果有上打
09:50
or hundreds of these cameras placed in the forest.
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或上百的這種相機放在森林裡
09:53
Now a drone could be designed to perform the task
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現在一架無人機可以設計來做這個工作
09:56
much more efficiently.
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效率就好多了
09:58
This drone, carrying a special sensor,
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這種無人機，載著一個特別的感應器
10:00
could be flown over the forest
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可以飛越森林
10:03
and remotely download these images
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且遙控下載這些相片
10:05
from wi-fi–enabled cameras.
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從可以無線上網的相機傳送
10:10
Radio collars are another tool
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無線電追蹤項圈是另一種
10:12
that's commonly used by biologists.
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常被生物學家使用的工具
10:14
Now these collars are put onto animals.
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那麼這些項圈被套在動物上
10:17
They transmit a radio signal which allows
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它們傳輸一種無線電信號
10:19
the researcher to track the movements
of these animals across the landscape.
of these animals across the landscape.
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讓研究者追蹤這些動物在大地上的移動
10:25
But the traditional way of tracking animals
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但這種傳統的追蹤動物法
10:27
is pretty ridiculous,
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還挺好笑的
10:29
because it requires the researcher to be walking
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因為這需要研究員在
10:32
on the ground carrying a huge
and cumbersome radio antenna,
and cumbersome radio antenna,
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地上走來走去背着一個
巨大又笨重的無線電天線
巨大又笨重的無線電天線
10:36
not unlike those old TV antennae we used to have
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就像我們以前用的那些
老式的電視天線一樣
老式的電視天線一樣
10:39
on our rooftops. Some of us still do.
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架在屋頂上那種。我們中間應該還有人用
10:42
A drone could be used to do the same job
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一架無人機可以拿來做同樣的事
10:45
much more efficiently.
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還更有效率
10:46
Why not equip a drone
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為什麼不在一架無人機上
10:48
with a scanning radio receiver,
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裝上掃描無線電接收器
10:50
fly that over the forest canopy
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飛越整片林冠
10:52
in a certain pattern
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以特別的飛行模式
10:53
which would allow the user or the operator
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能讓使用者或操縱者
10:56
to triangulate the location
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以三角測量法遙控測出
10:59
of these radio-collared animals remotely
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這些帶著無線電項圈的動物
11:02
without having to step foot in the forest.
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而無需實際進入森林
11:05
A third and perhaps most exciting way
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第三種也可能是最令人振奮的
11:07
of using these drones
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無人機使用方法
11:09
is to fly them to a really remote,
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就是把它們飛到一個真正偏僻
11:12
never-explored-before rainforest
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從未被人探險過的雨林
11:14
somewhere hidden in the tropics,
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那些藏在熱帶地區的秘境
11:16
and parachute down a tiny spy microphone
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然後以降落傘降下一個
很小的間諜麥克風
很小的間諜麥克風
11:20
that would allow us to eavesdrop on the calls
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能讓我們竊聽
11:22
of mammals, birds, amphibians,
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哺乳動物、鳥類及兩棲類的叫聲
11:26
the Yeti, the Sasquatch, Bigfoot, whatever.
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還有雪怪、野人、大腳怪，什麼都可以
11:30
That would give us biologists
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那將給我們這些生物學者
11:32
a pretty good idea of what animals
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一個起碼的概念有什麼動物
11:33
might be living in those forests.
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可能住在那些森林裡
11:36
And finally, I would like to show you
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而最後，我想給各位看
11:38
the latest version of our conservation drone.
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我們最新款的保育型無人機
11:41
The MAJA drone has a wingspan
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這款 MAJA 無人機有
11:43
of about two meters.
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大約兩公尺的翼展
11:45
It weighs only about two kilograms,
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重量僅約兩公斤
11:47
but it can carry half its weight.
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但它可以承載其一半重量
11:49
It is a fully autonomous system.
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它是全自治系統
11:52
During its mission, it can even transmit
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在任務中，它可以傳輸
11:54
a live video feed back to a ground station laptop,
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現場直播的影像回去地面站的筆電
11:58
which allows the user
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這樣能讓使用者
12:00
to see what the drone is seeing in real time.
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即時看到無人機所看到的東西
12:03
It carries a variety of sensors,
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它也攜帶各式感應器
12:05
and the photo quality of some of these sensors
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而其中一些感應器的相片畫質
12:08
can be as high as one to two centimeters per pixel.
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可高達每像素一至二公分
12:12
This drone can stay in the air for 40 to 60 minutes,
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這個無人機可以
在空中飛行 40 到 60 分鐘
在空中飛行 40 到 60 分鐘
12:15
which gives it a range of up to 50 kilometers.
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這可使航程達到 50 公里
12:19
That is quite sufficient for most
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這對大部分
12:20
of our conservation applications.
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保育行動都很夠用
12:23
Now, conservation drones began as
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那麼，保育型無人機從
12:26
a crazy idea from two biologists
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兩個生物學家的瘋狂點子開始
12:28
who are just deeply passionate
about this technology.
about this technology.
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他們只是深深熱愛著這項科技
12:31
And we believe, strongly believe,
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而我們相信，強烈地相信
12:33
that drones can and will be a game changer
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無人機可以，並將成為
改變遊戲規則的器具
改變遊戲規則的器具
12:37
for conservation research and applications.
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以用在保育研究及應用上
12:40
We've had our fair share of skeptics and critics
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我們已經得到太多的懷疑及批評
12:43
who thought that we were just
fooling around with toy planes.
fooling around with toy planes.
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他們認為我們只是
把弄著玩具飛機鬼混
把弄著玩具飛機鬼混
12:46
And in a way, they are right.
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從某種程度上看，他們是對的
12:48
I mean, let's be honest,
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我的意思是，說實話
12:49
drones are the ultimate toys for boys.
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無人機的確是男孩們的終極玩具
12:53
But at the same time, we've also gotten to know
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但同時我們也必須瞭解
12:55
many wonderful colleagues and collaborators
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許多優秀的同事及合作者
12:58
who share our vision
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與我們同享願景
12:59
and see the potential of conservation drones.
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並看到保育型無人機的潛能
13:02
To us, it is obvious that conservation biologists
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對我們而言，毫無疑問地，生態保育學家
13:06
and practitioners should make full use
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及從事這行的人都應該充分利用
13:08
of every available tool, including drones,
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手邊可用的每一項工具，包括無人機
13:11
in our fight to save the last remaining forests
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在我們拯救這星球上最後僅存的森林
13:14
and wildlife of this planet.
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及野生動物的奮鬥中
13:16
Thank you.
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謝謝
13:18
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lian Pin Koh - Drones ecologistLian Pin Koh expands conservation efforts by championing the use of low-cost autonomous aerial vehicles.
Why you should listen
Lian Pin Koh is a relentless tinkerer and science fiction movie geek, though most know him as an environmental scientist. His dreams of combining these interests led him to cofound, with colleague Serge Wich, the site ConservationDrones.org, a project dedicated to gathering intelligence on forests and wildlife through the use of low-cost unmanned flying machines.
Ground surveys are expensive, and are not conducted at a sufficient frequency. Furthermore, some remote tropical forests have never been really surveyed for biodiversity. Koh's machines have already collected valuable information in Sumatra, Congo, Gabon, and Madagascar.
He is an assistant professor of applied ecology and conservation at the ETH Zurich.
Lian Pin Koh | Speaker | TED.com